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Beltran-Lobo P, Hughes MM, Troakes C, Croft CL, Rupawala H, Jutzi D, Ruepp MD, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Perkinton MS, Kassiou M, Golde TE, Hanger DP, Verkhratsky A, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. P2X 7R influences tau aggregate burden in human tauopathies and shows distinct signalling in microglia and astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:414-429. [PMID: 37716378 PMCID: PMC10896738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinoceptor P2X7R is a promising therapeutic target for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of P2X7R ameliorates cognitive deficits and reduces pathological tau burden in mice that model aspects of tauopathy, including mice expressing mutant human frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-causing forms of tau. However, disagreements remain over which glial cell types express P2X7R and therefore the mechanism of action is unresolved. Here, we show that P2X7R protein levels increase in human AD post-mortem brain, in agreement with an upregulation of P2RX7 mRNA observed in transcriptome profiles from the AMP-AD consortium. P2X7R protein increases mirror advancing Braak stage and coincide with synapse loss. Using RNAScope we detect P2RX7 mRNA in microglia and astrocytes in human AD brain, including in the vicinity of senile plaques. In cultured microglia, P2X7R activation modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by promoting the formation of active complexes and release of IL-1β. In astrocytes, P2X7R activates NFκB signalling and increases production of the cytokines CCL2, CXCL1 and IL-6 together with the acute phase protein Lcn2. To further explore the role of P2X7R in a disease-relevant context, we expressed wild-type or FTD-causing mutant forms of tau in mouse organotypic brain slice cultures. Inhibition of P2X7R reduces insoluble tau levels without altering soluble tau phosphorylation or synaptic localisation, suggesting a non-cell autonomous role of glial P2X7R on pathological tau aggregation. These findings support further investigations into the cell-type specific effects of P2X7R-targeting therapies in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beltran-Lobo
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Martina M Hughes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Cara L Croft
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane P Hanger
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beatriz G Perez-Nievas
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK.
| | - Wendy Noble
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; University of Exeter, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
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Grabarczyk M, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A, Szpakowski P. Dietary Polyphenols Decrease Chemokine Release by Human Primary Astrocytes Responding to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2294. [PMID: 37765263 PMCID: PMC10537369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are considered to be the dominant cell fraction of the central nervous system. They play a supportive and protective role towards neurons, and regulate inflammatory processes; they thus make suitable targets for drugs and supplements, such as polyphenolic compounds. However, due to their wide range, knowledge of their anti-inflammatory potential remains relatively incomplete. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether myricetin and chrysin are able to decrease chemokine release in reactive astrocytes. To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols, human primary astrocytes were cultured in the presence of a reactive and neurotoxic astrocyte-inducing cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IL-1a, C1q), either alone or in the presence of myricetin or chrysin. The examined polyphenols were able to modify the secretion of chemokines by human cortical astrocytes, especially CCL5 (chrysin), CCL1 (myricetin) and CCL2 (both), while cell viability was not affected. Surprisingly, the compounds did not demonstrate any antioxidant properties in the astrocyte cultures.
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Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1929-1951. [PMID: 35821178 PMCID: PMC9392685 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder manifested by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline due to profound damage of cholinergic neurons. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ). Mounting evidence indicates that intensified neuroinflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Chemokines serve as signaling molecules in immune cells but also in nerve cells. Under normal conditions, neuroinflammation plays a neuroprotective role against various harmful factors. However, overexpression of chemokines initiates disruption of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, facilitating immune cells infiltration into the brain. Then activated adjacent glial cells–astrocytes and microglia, release massive amounts of chemokines. Prolonged inflammation loses its protective role and drives an increase in Aβ production and aggregation, impairment of its clearance, or enhancement of tau hyperphosphorylation, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbation of AD. Moreover, chemokines can be further released in response to growing deposits of toxic forms of Aβ. On the other hand, chemokines seem to exert multidimensional effects on brain functioning, including regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in regions responsible for memory and cognitive abilities. Therefore, underexpression or complete genetic ablation of some chemokines can worsen the course of AD. This review covers the current state of knowledge on the role of particular chemokines and their receptors in the development and progression of AD. Special emphasis is given to their impact on forming Aβ and NFTs in humans and in transgenic murine models of AD.
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Li H, Wu M, Zhao X. Role of chemokine systems in cancer and inflammatory diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e147. [PMID: 35702353 PMCID: PMC9175564 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small secreted proteins that have fundamental roles in organ development, normal physiology, and immune responses upon binding to their corresponding receptors. The primary functions of chemokines are to coordinate and recruit immune cells to and from tissues and to participate in regulating interactions between immune cells. In addition to the generally recognized antimicrobial immunity, the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis also exerts a tumorigenic function in many different cancer models and is involved in the formation of immunosuppressive and protective tumor microenvironment (TME), making them potential prognostic markers for various hematologic and solid tumors. In fact, apart from its vital role in tumors, almost all inflammatory diseases involve chemokines and their receptors in one way or another. Modulating the expression of chemokines and/or their corresponding receptors on tumor cells or immune cells provides the basis for the exploitation of new drugs for clinical evaluation in the treatment of related diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances of chemokine systems in protumor and antitumor immune responses and discuss the prevailing understanding of how the chemokine system operates in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we also emphatically highlight the complexity of the chemokine system and explore its potential to guide the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Gutiérrez IL, Dello Russo C, Novellino F, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Noradrenaline in Alzheimer's Disease: A New Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116143. [PMID: 35682822 PMCID: PMC9181823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates the important role of the noradrenergic system in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative processes, especially Alzheimer’s disease, due to its ability to control glial activation and chemokine production resulting in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Noradrenaline involvement in this disease was first proposed after finding deficits of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Based on this, it has been hypothesized that the early loss of noradrenergic projections and the subsequent reduction of noradrenaline brain levels contribute to cognitive dysfunctions and the progression of neurodegeneration. Several studies have focused on analyzing the role of noradrenaline in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review we summarize some of the most relevant data describing the alterations of the noradrenergic system normally occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as experimental studies in which noradrenaline concentration was modified in order to further analyze how these alterations affect the behavior and viability of different nervous cells. The combination of the different studies here presented suggests that the maintenance of adequate noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system constitutes a key factor of the endogenous defense systems that help prevent or delay the development of Alzheimer’s disease. For this reason, the use of noradrenaline modulating drugs is proposed as an interesting alternative therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Fabiana Novellino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - José L. M. Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1463
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Gutiérrez IL, Novellino F, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. CCL2 Inhibition of Pro-Resolving Mediators Potentiates Neuroinflammation in Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063307. [PMID: 35328727 PMCID: PMC8949263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL2 participates in multiple neuroinflammatory processes, mainly through the recruitment of glial cells. However, CCL2 has also been proven to exert different types of actions on these cells, including the modification of their response to inflammatory stimuli. In the present study we analyzed the effect of CCL2 on the resolution of inflammation in astrocytes. We observed that genetic removal of CCL2 increases the expression of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase in the brain cortex of 5xFAD mice. The expression of FPR2 receptor, known to mediate the activity of pro-resolving mediators was also increased in mice lacking CCL2.The downregulation of these proteins by CCL2 was also observed in cultured astrocytes. This suggests that CCL2 inhibition of the resolution of inflammation could facilitate the progression of neuroinflammatory processes. The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta by astrocytes was analyzed, and allowed us to confirm that CCL2 potentiates the activation of astrocytes trough the inhibition of pro-resolving pathways mediated by Resolvin D1. In addition, the analysis of the expression of TNFalpha, MIP1alpha and NOS2 further confirmed CCL2 inhibition of inflammation resolution in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Fabiana Novellino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - José L. M. Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913941463
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Gao S, Zhang X, Xu H, Miao D, Qian J, Wu Z, Shi W. Promoting the hippocampal PPARα expression participates in the antidepressant mechanism of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113535. [PMID: 34416301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reboxetine, the first selective norepinephrine (NA) reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of depression, mainly acts by binding to the NA transporter and blocking reuptake of extracellular NA. Recently, some other pharmacological targets beyond the NA transporter are being demonstrated for reboxetine. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Previous reports have demonstrated the role of hippocampal PPARα in the pathophysiology of depression. Here we assume that hippocampal PPARα may participate in the antidepressant mechanism of reboxetine. Therefore, the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression, various behavioral tests, the western blotting and adenovirus associated virus (AAV)-mediated genetic knockdown methods were used together in the present study. Our results showed that repeated reboxetine treatment markedly restored the decreasing effects of CSDS on the expression of hippocampal PPARα, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB). Pharmacological blockade of PPARα notably prevented the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in the CSDS model. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of hippocampal PPARα also fully abolished the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in the CSDS model. Taken together, promoting the hippocampal PPARα expression participates in the antidepressant mechanism of reboxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjin Miao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaoni Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weihua Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Ghosh P, Singh R, Ganeshpurkar A, Pokle AV, Singh RB, Singh SK, Kumar A. Cellular and molecular influencers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Recent concepts & roles. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105212. [PMID: 34656693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an extremely common neurodegenerative disorder of the older generation, is one of the leading causes of death globally. Besides the conventional hallmarks i.e. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation also serves as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. There are mounting evidences to support the fundamental role of cellular (microglia, astrocytes, mast cells, and T-cells) and molecular (cytokines, chemokines, caspases, and complement proteins) influencers of neuroinflammation in producing/promoting neurodegeneration and dementia in AD. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed the involvement of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes related to neuroinflammation with the risk of developing AD. Modulating the release of the neuroinflammatory molecules and targeting their relevant mechanisms may have beneficial effects on the onset, progress and severity of the disease. Here, we review the distinct role of various mediators and modulators of neuroinflammation that impact the pathogenesis and progression of AD as well as incite further research efforts for the treatment of AD through a neuroinflammatory approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powsali Ghosh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Vyankatrao Pokle
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Singh
- Institute of Pharmacy Harischandra PG College, Bawanbigha, Varanasi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Cui W, Fu W, Lin Y, Zhang T. Application of Nanomaterials in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 16:83-94. [PMID: 32213159 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200326093410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease are very harmful brain lesions. Due to the difficulty in obtaining therapeutic drugs, the best treatment for neurodegenerative diseases is often not available. In addition, the bloodbrain barrier can effectively prevent the transfer of cells, particles and macromolecules (such as drugs) in the brain, resulting in the failure of the traditional drug delivery system to provide adequate cellular structure repair and connection modes, which are crucial for the functional recovery of neurodegenerative diseases. Nanomaterials are designed to carry drugs across the blood-brain barrier for targets. Nanotechnology uses engineering materials or equipment to interact with biological systems at the molecular level to induce physiological responses through stimulation, response and target site interactions, while minimizing the side effects, thus revolutionizing the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Some magnetic nanomaterials play a role as imaging agents or nanoprobes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging to assist in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the current research on nanomaterials is not as useful as expected in clinical applications, it achieves a major breakthrough and guides the future development direction of nanotechnology in the application of neurodegenerative diseases. This review briefly discusses the application and advantages of nanomaterials in neurodegenerative diseases. Data for this review were identified by searches of PubMed, and references from relevant articles published in English between 2015 and 2019 using the search terms "nanomaterials", "neurodegenerative diseases" and "blood-brain barrier".
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Cone AS, Yuan X, Sun L, Duke LC, Vreones MP, Carrier AN, Kenyon SM, Carver SR, Benthem SD, Stimmell AC, Moseley SC, Hike D, Grant SC, Wilber AA, Olcese JM, Meckes DG. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes in a preclinical mouse model. Theranostics 2021; 11:8129-8142. [PMID: 34373732 PMCID: PMC8344012 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 44 million people worldwide. Despite the high disease burden, there is no effective treatment for people suffering from AD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have been widely studied due to their therapeutic potential. However, administration of cells has been found to have a multitude of limitations. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs have been studied as a therapeutic candidate, as they exhibit similar immunoprotective and immunomodulatory abilities as the host human MSCs. Methods: To test the potential therapeutic effects of MSC EVs, human bone-marrow derived MSCs were grown in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, and small EVs were harvested using differential ultracentrifugation. These small EVs were given to non-transgenic (NT) or 5XFAD (5 familial Alzheimer's disease mutations) mice intranasally (IN) every 4 days for 4 months. The mice were then required to perform a variety of behavioral assays to measure changes in learning and memory. Afterwards, immunohistochemistry was performed on brain slices to measure amyloid beta (Aβ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. Results: The data revealed that 5XFAD mice that received hMSC-EV treatment behaved significantly better in cognitive tests than saline treated 5XFAD mice, with no significant change between EV-treated 5XFAD mice and NT mice. Additionally, we found lower Aβ plaque load in the hippocampus of the EV-treated mice. Finally, less colocalization between GFAP and Aβ plaques was found in the brain of EV-treated mice compared to saline. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that IN administration of MSC-derived EVs can slow down AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Leanne C. Duke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michael P. Vreones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Allison N. Carrier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Kenyon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Spencer R. Carver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Sarah D. Benthem
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Alina C. Stimmell
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Shawn C. Moseley
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - David Hike
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Aaron A. Wilber
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - James M. Olcese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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11
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Curzytek K, Leśkiewicz M. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1052-1062. [PMID: 34031863 PMCID: PMC8142870 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since affective disorders are considered to be underlain by the immune system malfunction, an important role in their pathophysiology is assigned to the proinflammatory mediators. Recently, chemokines, the group of chemotactic cytokines, have become a focus for basic and clinical scientists in the context of the development and treatment of brain diseases. Among them, chemokine CCL2 and its main receptor CCR2 have become candidate mediators of abnormal brain-immune system dialogue in depression. Besides the chemotactic activity, the CCL2-CCR2 axis is involved in various neurobiological processes, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroregeneration. Given the range of immunomodulatory possibilities that the CCL2-CCR2 pair can exert on the nervous system, its proinflammatory properties were initially thought to be a major contributor to the development of depressive disorders. However, further research suggests that the malfunctions of the nervous system are rather associated with impaired homeostatic properties manifested by the CCL2-CCR2 dyad dysfunctions. This review aims to present literature data on the action of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the contribution of this ligand-receptor system to the processes underlying affective disorders. Additionally, this article draws attention to the importance of the CCL2-CRR2 pathway as a potential pharmacological target with antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Chambers M, Delport A, Hewer R. The use of the cellular thermal shift assay for the detection of intracellular beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 ligand binding. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2957-2962. [PMID: 33665787 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the Alzheimer's disease associated protein β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) remains a potential avenue for treatment of this disease. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is an attractive method of screening for protein binding molecules due to its ability to detect intracellular binding while avoiding the need to purify the protein in question. Here, the CETSA was carried out using the known BACE1 inhibitor verubecestat, where an increase in Tagg to 53.27 ± 0.89 °C from 49.53 ± 0.69 °C was observed. Three test compounds from the ChemBridge DiverSet compound library, identified to bind BACE1 using differential scanning fluorimetry, were then screened using the CETSA. Only compound C34 yielded a significant increase in Tagg (p value ≤ 0.05), indicative of intracellular binding. This is the first description of the cellular thermal shift assay being used to detect BACE1 binding molecules, with one novel BACE1 binding molecule being validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chambers
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
| | - Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
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13
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Abd el‐Rady NM, Ahmed A, Abdel‐Rady MM, Ismail OI. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog improves neuronal and behavioral impairment and promotes neuroprotection in a rat model of aluminum-induced dementia. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14651. [PMID: 33355990 PMCID: PMC7757676 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide severe medical and social burden. Liraglutide (LIR) has neuroprotective effects in preclinical animal models. AIM To explore the probable neuroprotective impact of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on rats' behavior and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS A total of 24 male albino rats were assigned to control, LIR (300 µg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.)), AD only (100 mg/kg aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) orally) and LIR + AD treated groups. Eight radial arm maze was performed. Serum blood glucose, proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers were measured and hippocampal tissue homogenate neurotransmitters were evaluated. Histopathological and immunofluorescent examinations were performed. RESULTS LIR prevents the impairment of learning and improves both working memory and reference memory through significant reduction of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (INF-γ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and through the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. LIR also improves hippocampal histological features of ALCL3 administrated rats and decreases the percentage of neuronal loss. CONCLUSION LIR normalizes ALCL3 -induced dementia. It improves cognitive dysfunction and ameliorates cerebral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amel Ahmed
- Department of Histology and Cell BiologyFaculty of MedicineAssiut UniversityEgypt
| | | | - Omnia I. Ismail
- Department of Human Anatomy and EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineAssiut UniversityAssiutEgypt
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14
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Locus Coeruleus Modulates Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonism and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228630. [PMID: 33207731 PMCID: PMC7697920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the central nervous system, and its neurons widely innervate the whole brain. LC is severely degenerated both in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), years before the onset of clinical symptoms, through mechanisms that differ among the two disorders. Several experimental studies have shown that noradrenaline modulates neuroinflammation, mainly by acting on microglia/astrocytes function. In the present review, after a brief introduction on the anatomy and physiology of LC, we provide an overview of experimental data supporting a pathogenetic role of LC degeneration in AD and PD. Then, we describe in detail experimental data, obtained in vitro and in vivo in animal models, which support a potential role of neuroinflammation in such a link, and the specific molecules (i.e., released cytokines, glial receptors, including pattern recognition receptors and others) whose expression is altered by LC degeneration and might play a key role in AD/PD pathogenesis. New imaging and biochemical tools have recently been developed in humans to estimate in vivo the integrity of LC, the degree of neuroinflammation, and pathology AD/PD biomarkers; it is auspicable that these will allow in the near future to test the existence of a link between LC-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration directly in patients.
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15
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dos Santos Guilherme M, Zevallos VF, Pesi A, Stoye NM, Nguyen VTT, Radyushkin K, Schwiertz A, Schmitt U, Schuppan D, Endres K. Dietary Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors Impact Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in 5xFAD Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176288. [PMID: 32878020 PMCID: PMC7503408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) represent a common dietary protein component of gluten-containing cereals (wheat, rye, and barley). They act as toll-like receptor 4 ligands, and are largely resistant to intestinal proteases, eliciting a mild inflammatory response within the intestine after oral ingestion. Importantly, nutritional ATIs exacerbated inflammatory bowel disease and features of fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome in mice. For Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both inflammation and altered insulin resistance are major contributing factors, impacting onset as well as progression of this devastating brain disorder in patients. In this study, we evaluated the impact of dietary ATIs on a well-known rodent model of AD (5xFAD). We assessed metabolic, behavioral, inflammatory, and microbial changes in mice consuming different dietary regimes with and without ATIs, consumed ad libitum for eight weeks. We demonstrate that ATIs, with or without a gluten matrix, had an impact on the metabolism and gut microbiota of 5xFAD mice, aggravating pathological hallmarks of AD. If these findings can be translated to patients, an ATI-depleted diet might offer an alternative therapeutic option for AD and warrants clinical intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.d.S.G.); (N.M.S.); (V.T.T.N.)
| | - Victor F. Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.F.Z.); (A.P.)
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Department of Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Aline Pesi
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.F.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicolai M. Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.d.S.G.); (N.M.S.); (V.T.T.N.)
| | - Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.d.S.G.); (N.M.S.); (V.T.T.N.)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (K.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.F.Z.); (A.P.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (K.E.); Tel.: +49-6131-177356 (D.S.); +49-6131-172133 (K.E.)
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.d.S.G.); (N.M.S.); (V.T.T.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (K.E.); Tel.: +49-6131-177356 (D.S.); +49-6131-172133 (K.E.)
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16
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González-Prieto M, Gutiérrez IL, García-Bueno B, Caso JR, Leza JC, Ortega-Hernández A, Gómez-Garre D, Madrigal JLM. Microglial CX3CR1 production increases in Alzheimer's disease and is regulated by noradrenaline. Glia 2020; 69:73-90. [PMID: 32662924 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of noradrenergic neurons and subsequent reduction of brain noradrenaline (NA) levels are associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This seems to be due mainly to the ability of NA to reduce the activation of microglial cells. We previously observed that NA induces the production of the chemokine Fractalkine/CX3CL1 in neurons. The activation of microglial CX3CR1, sole receptor for CX3CL1, reduces the activation of microglia, which is known to largely contribute to the neuronal damage characteristic of AD. Therefore, alterations of CX3CR1 production in microglia could translate into the enhancement or inhibition of CX3CL1 anti-inflammatory effects. In order to determine if microglial CX3CR1 production is altered in AD and if NA can control it, CX3CR1 expression and synthesis were analyzed in 5xFAD mice and human AD brain samples. In addition, the effects of NA and its reuptake inhibitor reboxetine were analyzed in microglial cultures and mice respectively. Our results indicate that in AD CX3CR1 production is increased in the brain cortex and that reboxetine administration further increases it and enhances microglial reactivity toward amyloid beta plaques. However, direct administration of NA to primary rat microglia or human HMC3 cells inhibits CX3CR1 production, suggesting that microglia responses to NA may be altered in the absence of CX3CL1-producing neurons or other nonmicroglial external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Ortega-Hernández
- Vascular Biology Laboratory and Flow Cytometric Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulcenombre Gómez-Garre
- Vascular Biology Laboratory and Flow Cytometric Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Joly-Amado A, Hunter J, Quadri Z, Zamudio F, Rocha-Rangel PV, Chan D, Kesarwani A, Nash K, Lee DC, Morgan D, Gordon MN, Selenica MLB. CCL2 Overexpression in the Brain Promotes Glial Activation and Accelerates Tau Pathology in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:997. [PMID: 32508844 PMCID: PMC7251073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation is a major contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathophysiology, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 is produced by neurons and glial cells and is upregulated in the AD brain. Transgene expression of CCL2 in mouse models of amyloidosis produces microglia-induced amyloid β oligomerization, a strong indication of the role of these activation pathways in the amyloidogenic processes of AD. We have previously shown that CCL2 polarizes microglia in wild type mice. However, how CCL2 signaling contributes to tau pathogenesis remains unknown. To address this question, CCL2 was delivered via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 into both cortex and hippocampus of a mouse model with tau pathology (rTg4510). We report that CCL2 overexpression aggravated tau pathology in rTg4510 as shown by the increase in Gallyas stained neurofibrillary tangles as well as phosphorylated tau-positive inclusions. In addition, biochemical analysis showed a reduction in the levels of detergent-soluble tau species followed by increase in the insoluble fraction, indicating a shift toward larger tau aggregates. Indeed, increased levels of high molecular weight species of phosphorylated tau were found in the mice injected with CCL2. We also report that worsening of tau pathology following CCL2 overexpression was accompanied by a distinct inflammatory response. We report an increase in leukocyte common antigen (CD45) and Cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) expression in the brain of rTg4510 mice without altering the expression levels of a cell-surface protein Transmembrane Protein 119 (Tmem119) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) in resident microglia. Furthermore, the analysis of cytokines in brain extract showed a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 and CCL3, while CCL5 levels were decreased in CCL2 mice. No changes were observed in IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α. IL-4, Vascular endothelial growth factor-VEGF, IL-13 and CCL11. Taken together our data report for the first time that overexpression of CCL2 promotes the increase of pathogenic tau species and is associated with glial neuroinflammatory changes that are deleterious. We propose that these events may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jordan Hunter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Zainuddin Quadri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Frank Zamudio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Patricia V Rocha-Rangel
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Deanna Chan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Anisha Kesarwani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kevin Nash
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B Selenica
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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18
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Early intraneuronal amyloid triggers neuron-derived inflammatory signaling in APP transgenic rats and human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6844-6854. [PMID: 32144141 PMCID: PMC7104377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914593117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This work provides evidence that soluble and oligomeric amyloid protein stokes neuronal inflammation during the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Identifying neuron-derived factors that engage the brain’s immune system will provide insight into how vulnerable neurons might interact with other immune cells to propagate cytotoxic signaling cascades and cellular dysfunction during disease development. Chronic inflammation during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is most often attributed to sustained microglial activation in response to amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits and cell death. However, cytokine release and microgliosis are consistently observed in AD transgenic animal models devoid of such pathologies, bringing into question the underlying processes that may be at play during the earliest AD-related immune response. We propose that this plaque-independent inflammatory reaction originates from neurons burdened with increasing levels of soluble and oligomeric Aβ, which are known to be the most toxic amyloid species within the brain. Laser microdissected neurons extracted from preplaque amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic rats were found to produce a variety of potent immune factors, both at the transcript and protein levels. Neuron-derived cytokines correlated with the extent of microglial activation and mobilization, even in the absence of extracellular plaques and cell death. Importantly, we identified an inflammatory profile unique to Aβ-burdened neurons, since neighboring glial cells did not express similar molecules. Moreover, we demonstrate within disease-vulnerable regions of the human brain that a neuron-specific inflammatory response may precede insoluble Aβ plaque and tau tangle formation. Thus, we reveal the Aβ-burdened neuron as a primary proinflammatory agent, implicating the intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ as a significant immunological component in the AD pathogenesis.
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19
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Vargas-Caraveo A, Sayd A, Robledo-Montaña J, Caso JR, Madrigal JLM, García-Bueno B, Leza JC. Toll-like receptor 4 agonist and antagonist lipopolysaccharides modify innate immune response in rat brain circumventricular organs. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 31906991 PMCID: PMC6945636 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are blood-brain-barrier missing structures whose activation through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a starting point for TLR-driven (Toll-like receptors) neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate in the CVO area postrema (AP), subfornical organ (SFO), and median eminence (ME), the inflammatory response to two TLR4 agonists: LPS from Escherichia coli (EC-LPS), the strongest endotoxin molecule described, and LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG-LPS), a pathogenic bacteria present in the periodontium related to neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative/psychiatric diseases. The response to LPS from the cyanobacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RS-LPS), a TLR4 antagonist with an interesting anti-inflammatory potential, was also assessed. Methods LPSs were intraperitoneally administered to Wistar rats and, as indicatives of neuroinflammation in CVOs, the cellular localization of the nuclear factor NF-κB was studied by immunofluorescence, and microglia morphology was quantified by fractal and skeleton analysis. Results Data showed that EC-LPS increased NF-κB nuclear translocation in the three CVOs studied and PG-LPS only induced NF-κB nuclear translocation in the ME. RS-LPS showed no difference in NF-κB nuclear translocation compared to control. Microglia in the three CVOs showed an ameboid-shape after EC-LPS exposure, whereas PG-LPS only elicited a mild tendency to induce an ameboid shape. On the other hand, RS-LPS produced a markedly elongated morphology described as “rod” microglia in the three CVOs. Conclusions In conclusion, at the doses tested, EC-LPS induces a stronger neuroinflammatory response than PG-LPS in CVOs, which might be related to their different potency as TLR4 agonists. The non-reduction of basal NF-κB activation and induction of rod microglia by RS-LPS, a cell morphology only present in severe brain injury and infections, suggests that this molecule must be carefully studied before being proposed as an anti-inflammatory treatment for neuroinflammation related to neurodegenerative/psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vargas-Caraveo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Biological and Health Sciences Division, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, 52005, Lerma, Mexico.
| | - Aline Sayd
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan C Leza
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12); Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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