1
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Ivey A, Pratt H, Boone BA. Molecular pathogenesis and emerging targets of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1079-1095. [PMID: 35481910 PMCID: PMC9069999 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is a devastating disease and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This heterogeneous disease has several different classification systems that consider histological appearance and genomic alterations. Understanding the etiology of GC, including infection, hereditary conditions, and environmental factors, is of particular importance and is discussed in this review. To improve survival in GC, we also must improve our therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss new targets that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Ivey
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hillary Pratt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brian A Boone
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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2
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Li S, Zhang F, Li J, Hu X, Zhao W, Zhang K, Li J. The role of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 gene expressed in human gastric epithelial cells. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021; 31:775-781. [PMID: 33361040 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.18827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The study aimed to explore the effects of Epstein-Barr virus--encoded BARF1 in human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). MATERIALS AND METHODS A eukaryotic expression vector carrying BARF1 gene (pcDNA3.1-BARF1) was constructed. The pcDNA3.1-BARF1 was transfected into GES-1 cells, and they were selected by G418. The GES-1 cells lines that expressed BARF1 (GES-1-BARF1) were obtained. The cycle of GES-1-pcDNA3.1 cells (GES-1 cells transfected with empty vector), GES-1-BARF1 cells (GES-1 cells transfected with BARF1), and TPA-GES-1-BARF1(GES-1-BARF1 cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Colony formation in soft agar and tumorigenicity of the transfected cells in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were also observed. RESULTS The morphology of GES-1-BARF1 cells were changed from the original shuttle to round, the adhesion between the cells and bottle wall was weakened, and the cells showed overlapping growth. The proliferation rate of GES-1-BARF1 and TPA-GES-1-BARF1 cells were faster than GES-1 and GES-1-pcDNA3.1 cells; the S phase was significantly prolonged for GES-1-BARF1 and TPA-GES-1-BARF1. GES-1-BARF1 and TPA-GES-1-BARF1 cells formed colonies in soft agar, with a cloning rate of 24.2% (58/240) and 40.0% (96/240), respectively; GES-1 and GES-1-pcDNA3.1 cells did not form colonies in soft agar. Tumors were formed in mice with SCID after injecting TPA-GES-1-BARF1 cell groups. Tumor formation did not occur in mice with SCID after injecting GES-1 and GES-1-pcDNA3.1 cell groups, but nodules were formed in the mice with SCID after injecting GES-1-BARF1 cell groups. CONCLUSION GES-1-BARF1 cells malignant transformation was induced by transfected BARF1 gene and TPA stimulation. This result indicated that tumor formation not only require oncogenes, but also the stimulation of cancer-promoting substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Ji Li
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Xuya Hu
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology (Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases), Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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3
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Wang Z, Lv Z, Xu Q, Sun L, Yuan Y. Identification of differential proteomics in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer and related functional analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:368. [PMID: 34247602 PMCID: PMC8274036 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is the most common EBV-related malignancy. A comprehensive research for the protein expression patterns in EBVaGC established by high-throughput assay remains lacking. In the present study, the protein profile in EBVaGC tissue was explored and related functional analysis was performed. METHODS Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) was applied to EBV detection in GC cases. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) was performed for proteomics assay of EBVaGC. Functional analysis of identified proteins was conducted with bioinformatics methods. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was employed to detect protein expression in tissue. RESULTS The proteomics study for EBVaGC was conducted with 7 pairs of GC cases. A total of 137 differentially expressed proteins in EBV-positive GC group were identified compared with EBV-negative GC group. A PPI network was constructed for all of them, and several proteins with relatively high interaction degrees could be the hub genes in EBVaGC. Gene enrichment analysis showed they might be involved in the biological pathways related to energy and biochemical metabolism. Combined with GEO datasets, a highly associated protein (GBP5) with EBVaGC was screened out and validated with IHC staining. Further analyses demonstrated that GBP5 protein might be associated with clinicopathological parameters and EBV infection in GC. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified proteins with significant differences and potential central roles could be applied as diagnostic markers of EBVaGC. Our study would provide research clues for EBVaGC pathogenesis as well as novel targets for the molecular-targeted therapy of EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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4
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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5
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Sun K, Jia K, Lv H, Wang SQ, Wu Y, Lei H, Chen X. EBV-Positive Gastric Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583463. [PMID: 33381453 PMCID: PMC7769310 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignant tumor and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. With the improved understanding of gastric cancer, a subset of gastric cancer patients infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been identified. EBV-positive gastric cancer is a type of tumor with unique genomic aberrations, significant clinicopathological features, and a good prognosis. After EBV infects the human body, it first enters an incubation period in which the virus integrates its DNA into the host and expresses the latent protein and then affects DNA methylation through miRNA under the action of the latent protein, which leads to the occurrence of EBV-positive gastric cancer. With recent developments in immunotherapy, better treatment of EBV-positive gastric cancer patients appears achievable. Moreover, studies show that treatment with immunotherapy has a high effective rate in patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer. This review summarizes the research status of EBV-positive gastric cancer in recent years and indicates areas for improvement of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijun Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Hu J, Li Y, Li H, Shi F, Xie L, Zhao L, Tang M, Luo X, Jia W, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Qiu S, Wu W, Zhang X, Liao W, Bode AM, Cao Y. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein LMP1-mediated high oxidative stress suppresses EBV lytic reactivation and sensitizes tumors to radiation therapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:11921-11937. [PMID: 33204320 PMCID: PMC7667690 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating oxidative stress is a critical mechanism by which host cells defend against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Radiation resistance is a critical problem in radiotherapy against cancer. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-causing virus and its reactivation plays an important role in the development of EBV-related tumors. This study aimed to explore the inner relationship and regulatory mechanism among oxidative stress, EBV reactivation, and radioresistance and to identify new molecular subtyping models and treatment strategies to improve the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy. Methods: ROS, NADP+/NADPH, and GSSG/GSH were detected to evaluate the oxidative stress of cells. 8-OHdG is a reliable oxidative stress marker to evaluate the oxidative stress in patients. Its concentration in serum was detected using an ELISA method and in biopsies was detected using IHC. qPCR array was performed to evaluate the expression of essential oxidative stress genes. qPCR, Western blot, and IHC were used to measure the level of EBV reactivation in vitro and in vivo. A Rta-IgG ELISA kit and EBV DNA detection kit were used to analyze the reactivation of EBV in serum from NPC patients. NPC tumor tissue microarrays was used to investigate the prognostic role of oxidative stress and EBV reactivation. Radiation resistance was evaluated by a colony formation assay. Xenografts were treated with NAC, radiation, or a combination of NAC and radiation. EBV DNA load of tumor tissue was evaluated using an EBV DNA detection kit. Oxidative stress, EBV reactivation, and the apoptosis rate in tumor tissues were detected by using 8-OHdG, EAD, and TUNEL assays, respectively. Results: We found that EBV can induce high oxidative stress, which promotes its reactivation and thus leads to radioresistance. Basically, EBV caused NPC cells to undergo a process of 'Redox Resetting' to acquire a new redox status with higher levels of ROS accumulation and stronger antioxidant systems by increasing the expression of the ROS-producing enzyme, NOX2, and the cellular master antioxidant regulator, Nrf2. Also, EBV encoded driving protein LMP1 promotes EBV reactivation through production of ROS. Furthermore, high oxidative stress and EBV reactivation were positively associated with poor overall survival of patients following radiation therapy and were significant related to NPC patients' recurrence and clinical stage. By decreasing oxidative stress using an FDA approved antioxidant drug, NAC, sensitivity of tumors to radiation was increased. Additionally, 8-OHdG and EBV DNA could be dual prognostic markers for NPC patients. Conclusions: Oxidative stress mediates EBV reactivation and leads to radioresistance. Targeting oxidative stress can provide therapeutic benefits to cancer patients with radiation resistance. Clinically, we, for the first time, generated a molecular subtyping model for NPC relying on 8-OHdG and EBV DNA level. These dual markers could identify patients who are at a high risk of poor outcomes but who might benefit from the sequential therapy of reactive oxygen blockade followed by radiation therapy, which provides novel perspectives for the precise treatment of NPC.
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7
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The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting BARF1 in EBV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071940. [PMID: 32708965 PMCID: PMC7409022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely linked to the development of a number of human cancers. EBV-associated malignancies are characterized by a restricted pattern of viral latent protein expression which is sufficient for the virus to both initiate and sustain cell growth and to protect virus-infected cells from immune attack. Expression of these EBV proteins in malignant cells provides an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Among the viral proteins expressed in the EBV-associated epithelial malignancies, the protein encoded by the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is of particular interest. BARF1 is a viral oncoprotein selectively expressed in latently infected epithelial cancers, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-positive gastric cancer (EBV-GC). Here, we review the roles of BARF1 in oncogenesis and immunomodulation. We also discuss potential strategies for targeting the BARF1 protein as a novel therapy for EBV-driven epithelial cancers.
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8
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Song S, Jiang Z, Spezia-Lindner DE, Liang T, Xu C, Wang H, Tian Y, Bai Y. BHRF1 Enhances EBV Mediated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Tumorigenesis through Modulating Mitophagy Associated with Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization Transition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051158. [PMID: 32392902 PMCID: PMC7290790 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a major contributor to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumorigenesis. Mitochondria have been shown to be a target for tumor viral invasion, and to mediate viral tumorigenesis. In this study, we detected that mitochondrial morphological changes in tumor tissues of NPC patients infected with EBV were accompanied by an elevated expression of BHRF1, an EBV encoded protein homologue to Bcl-2. High expression of BHRF1 in human NPC cell lines enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis features. With BHRF1 localized to mitochondria, its expression induced cyclophlin D dependent mitochondrial membrane permeabilization transition (MMPT). The MMPT further modulated mitochondrial function, increased ROS production and activated mitophagy, leading to enhanced tumorigenesis. Altogether, our results indicated that EBV-encoded BHRF1 plays an important role in NPC tumorigenesis through regulating cyclophlin D dependent MMPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Song
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China;
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China; (Z.J.); (T.L.)
- No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University School of Medicine, Xi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China; (Z.J.); (T.L.)
| | - David Ethan Spezia-Lindner
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA;
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China; (Z.J.); (T.L.)
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA;
| | - Chang Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Haifeng Wang
- No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University School of Medicine, Xi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Ye Tian
- No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University School of Medicine, Xi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yidong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China; (Z.J.); (T.L.)
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (Y.B.)
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9
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Huang M, Zhong Y, Lin L, Liang B, Liu J, Jiang J, Hu M, Huang Y, Lin X, Lu L, Bian Z, Zhong W, Wu J, Zheng J, Rong W, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Wu J, Zhang X, Yang X, Hu Q, Huang Z. 1,2-Dichloroethane induces cerebellum granular cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:87-97. [PMID: 31935479 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) is a widely used chlorinated organic toxicant, but little is known about the cerebellar dysfunction induced by excessive exposure to it. To uncover 1,2-DCE-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granular cells (CGCs), and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, we explored this, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings showed significant cell viability inhibition in human CGCs (HCGCs) treated with 1,2-DCE. Flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses discovered an increase in apoptotic-mediated cell death in HCGCs after 1,2-DCE treatment. This HCGC apoptosis was involved in the increases of protein expression in Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, Bad, Bim, transformation related protein 53, Caspase-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Survivin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot confirmed the increases in Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3, and Bad in HCGCs after 1,2-DCE treatment. Bax inhibitor peptide V5 rescued 1,2-DCE-induced HCGC apoptosis. Furthermore, 80 CD-1 male mice were exposed to 1,2-DCE by inhalation at 0, 100, 350, and 700 mg/m3 for 6 h/day for 4 weeks. An open field test found abnormal neurobehavioral changes in the mice exposed to 1,2-DCE. Histopathological examination showed significantly shrunken and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm with nuclear pyknosis in mouse CGCs from the 700 mg/m3 1,2-DCE group. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay verified significant increases in apoptotic positive cells in the mouse CGCs after 1,2-DCE exposure. We confirmed the increases in the expressions of Cytochrome c, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3 and Bad in the mice exposed to 1,2-DCE. These findings suggest that 1,2-DCE exposure can induce CGC apoptosis and cerebellar dysfunction, at least in part, through mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqi Huang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junying Jiang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Manjiang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lvliang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziwei Bian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenyu Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiejiao Wu
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiewei Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Weifeng Rong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jieling Wu
- Department of Healthcare, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Corvalán AH, Ruedlinger J, de Mayo T, Polakovicova I, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Aguayo F. The Phylogeographic Diversity of EBV and Admixed Ancestry in the Americas⁻Another Model of Disrupted Human-Pathogen Co-Evolution. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020217. [PMID: 30769835 PMCID: PMC6406347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological agent for gastric cancer with significant worldwide variations. Molecular characterizations of EBV have shown phylogeographical variations among healthy populations and in EBV-associated diseases, particularly the cosegregated BamHI-I fragment and XhoI restriction site of exon 1 of the LMP-1 gene. In the Americas, both cosegregated variants are present in EBV carriers, which aligns with the history of Asian and European human migration to this continent. Furthermore, novel recombinant variants have been found, reflecting the genetic makeup of this continent. However, in the case of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBV-associated GC), the cosegregated European BamHI-“i” fragment and XhoI restriction site strain prevails. Thus, we propose that a disrupted coevolution between viral phylogeographical strains and mixed human ancestry in the Americas might explain the high prevalence of this particular gastric cancer subtype. This cosegregated region contains two relevant transcripts for EBV-associated GC, the BARF-1 and miR-BARTs. Thus, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or targeted sequencing of both transcripts may be required to clarify their role as a potential source of this disrupted coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Corvalán
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Jenny Ruedlinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Tomas de Mayo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7510041, Chile.
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Program of Human Genetics, Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
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11
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Kalra M, Gerdemann U, Luu JD, Ngo MC, Leen AM, Louis CU, Rooney CM, Gottschalk S. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-derived BARF1 encodes CD4- and CD8-restricted epitopes as targets for T-cell immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 21:212-223. [PMID: 30396848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS EBV type II latency tumors, such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, express a limited array of EBV antigens including Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)1, latent membrane protein (LMP)1, LMP2, and BamH1-A right frame 1 (BARF1). Adoptive immunotherapy for these malignancies have focused on EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2 because little is known about the cellular immune response to BARF1. METHODS To investigate whether BARF1 is a potential T-cell immunotherapy target, we determined the frequency of BARF1-specific T-cell responses in the peripheral blood of EBV-seropositive healthy donor and patients with EBV-positive malignancies, mapped epitopes and evaluated the effector function of ex vivo-generated BARF1-specific T-cell lines. RESULTS BARF1-specific T cells were present in the peripheral blood of 12/16 (75%) EBV-positive healthy donors and 13/20 (65%) patients with EBV-positive malignancies. Ex vivo expanded BARF1-specific T-cell lines contained CD4- and CD8-positive T-cell subpopulations, and we identified 23 BARF1 peptides, which encoded major histocompatibility complex class I- and/or II-restricted epitopes. Epitope mapping identified one human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02-restricted epitope that was recognized by 50% of HLA-A*02, EBV-seropositive donors and one HLA-B*15(62)-restricted epitope. Exvivo expanded BARF1-specific T cells recognized and killed autologous, EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and partially HLA-matched EBV-positive lymphoma cell lines. DISCUSSION BARF1 should be considered as an immunotherapy target for EBV type II (and III) latency. Targeting BARF1, in addition to EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2, has the potential to improve the efficacy of current T-cell immunotherapy approaches for these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kalra
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics
| | - Ulrike Gerdemann
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics
| | - Jessica D Luu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics
| | - Minthran C Ngo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics; Pathology and Immunology
| | - Chrystal U Louis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics; Pathology and Immunology; Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Departments of Pediatrics; Pathology and Immunology.
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12
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Hu J, Li H, Luo X, Li Y, Bode A, Cao Y. The role of oxidative stress in EBV lytic reactivation, radioresistance and the potential preventive and therapeutic implications. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1722-1729. [PMID: 28571118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Ann Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota; Austin MN 55912
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
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13
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Kim DH, Chang MS, Yoon CJ, Middeldorp JM, Martinez OM, Byeon SJ, Rha SY, Kim SH, Kim YS, Woo JH. Epstein-Barr virus BARF1-induced NFκB/miR-146a/SMAD4 alterations in stomach cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:82213-82227. [PMID: 27438138 PMCID: PMC5347686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is a putative viral oncogene in EBV-infected stomach cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate BARF1-induced cellular protein and microRNA alterations. In this study, BARF1-expressing stomach cancer cells showed a high rate of proliferation, high levels of NFκB, and miR-146a upregulation, which was reversed by NFκB knockdown. During BARF1-induced NFκB upregulation, hCSF1 receptor level was unchanged. Knockdown of BARF1 in the naturally EBV-infected YCCEL1 stomach cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation, and downregulated NFκB and miR-146a. SMAD4 was identified as a miR-146a target and was downregulated in BARF1-expressing cells, whereas SMAD4 expression was restored by anti-miR-146a. Knockdown of BARF1 in YCCEL1 cells upregulated SMAD4, and this effect was reversed by miR-146a overexpression. Transfection of BARF1-expressing cells with pCEP4-SMAD4 abolished the cell proliferating effect of BARF1. In stomach cancer tissues, miR-146a was expressed at higher levels, and more frequent NFκB nuclear positivity immunohistochemically, but not of SMAD4 nuclear loss was found in the EBV-positive group compared with the EBV-negative group. In conclusion, EBV-encoded BARF1 promotes cell proliferation in stomach cancer by upregulating NFκB and miR-146a and downregulating SMAD4, thereby contributing to EBV-induced stomach cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ha Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Jin Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olivia M. Martinez
- Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sun-ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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