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Yang Y, Liu M, Huang Z. Genomic and Expression Analysis of Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) Chalcone Synthase Genes in Defense against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Infestation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:336. [PMID: 38540395 PMCID: PMC10970205 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cassava is susceptible to mites, especially Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Secondary metabolism products such as flavonoids play an important role as antimicrobial metabolites protecting plants against biotic stressors including fungal, pathogen, bacterial, and pest defense. The chalcone synthase (CHS) is the initial step of the phenylpropanoid pathway for producing flavonoids and is the gatekeeper of the pathway. Until recently, the CHS genes family has not been systematically studied in cassava. Thirty-nine CHS genes were identified from the cassava genome database. Based on phylogenetic and sequence composition analysis, these CHSs were divided into 3 subfamilies. Within the same subfamily, the gene structure and motif compositions of these CHS genes were found to be quite conserved. Duplication events, particularly segmental duplication of the cassava CHS genes, were identified as one of the main driving force of its expansion. Various cis-elements contained in the promoter might regulate the gene expression patterns of MeCHS. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that MeCHS1 and MeCHS10 protein are more closely related to other family members. The expression of MeCHS genes in young leaves was higher than that in other tissues, and their expression varies even within the same tissue. Coincidentally, these CHS genes of most LAP subclasses were highly expressed in young leaves. The verified MeCHS genes showed consistent with the real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and proteomic expression in protected and affected leaves respectively, indicating that these MeCHS genes play crucial roles in the response to T. cinnabarinus. This study is the first to comprehensively expatiate the information on MeCHS family members. These data will further enhance our understanding both the molecular mechanisms and the effects of CHS genes. In addition, the results will help to further clarify the effects on T. cinnabarinus and provide a theoretical basis for the potential functions of the specific CHS gene in resistance to mites and other biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China;
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China;
| | - Zenghui Huang
- Nanning New Technology Entrepreneur Center, Nanning 530007, China;
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Sadeghnejad S, Abdollahi H, Davoodi D, Tatari M, Khosroshahli M. Identification of self-incompatibility alleles in Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297595. [PMID: 38330081 PMCID: PMC10852308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), typically known for its self-compatibility, surprisingly presents a degree of self-incompatibility. This research focused on exploring the diversity within the self-incompatibility gene locus (S) in various C. oblonga genotypes. Through meticulous DNA sequencing, the study sought to unearth potential novel S alleles. In the process of genotyping the S gene across multiple quince genotypes, not only were the previously documented S1 and S2 alleles identified, but this investigation also uncovered two previously unrecognized alleles, termed S4 and S5. These alleles, particularly S4, emerged as the most prevalent among the tested genotypes. To corroborate the findings derived from DNA sequencing, the study employed pollen tube growth germination assays. These assays elucidated a higher pollen germination rate in the Ardabil2 genotype in contrast to Behta. Additionally, the study involved assessing pollen tube growth in both Ardabil2 and Behta through cross-pollination techniques, meticulously tracking the development of pollen tubes at various stages. Remarkably, the outcomes demonstrated that the Behta genotype possesses self-incompatibility, whereas the Ardabil2 genotype showcases a notable degree of self-compatibility. This groundbreaking discovery of new S alleles in quince not only affirms the species' self-compatibility but also sheds light on the complexities of allelic diversity and its impact on self-incompatibility. Such insights are invaluable for enhancing the yield of quince orchards through strategic breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadeghnejad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Daryoush Davoodi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Tatari
- Horticulture Crops Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khosroshahli
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang C, Jia X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Adaptive response of flavonoids in Robinia pseudoacacia L. affected by the contamination of cadmium and elevated CO 2 to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115379. [PMID: 37597290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
As a key component in non-enzyme resistance system, flavonoids play a crucial role in the plant growth and defenses, which are significantly affected by biotic and abiotic factors such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and atmospheric CO2. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in enhancing plant tolerance to adverse environments, which can significantly affect the synthesis of flavonoids by forming mycorrhizal symbionts with plant roots. However, few studies explored the combined effects of AMF, elevated CO2, and heavy metals on flavonoids in plants. Here, we investigated the adaptive response of flavonoids accumulation in Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings affected by the contamination of cadmium (Cd) and elevated CO2 to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The results showed that G. mosseae decreased (p < 0.05) Cd content in leaves by 62.2% under elevated CO2. Moreover, G. mosseae colonization led to significant decreases in robinin, quercetin, kaempferol and acacetin by 17.4%, 11.1%, 15.5% and 23.1% under elevated CO2 + Cd, respectively. Additionally, G. mosseae down-regulated (p < 0.05) expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) genes under elevated CO2 + Cd, and CHS and uridine diphosphate flavonoid glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activities decreased (p < 0.05). Quercetin, kaempferol and acacetin showed positive (p < 0.05) correlation with PAL and CHS genes expression and PAL, CHS, and UFGT activities. Cadmium, C/N ratio, carotenoids, leaf biomass, total chlorophyll, P, and starch in leaves and G. mosseae colonization rate in roots influenced (p < 0.05) flavonoids content. Overall, G. mosseae reduced flavonoids synthesis by down-regulating gene expression levels and activities of key enzymes under elevated CO2 + Cd. The results improved our understanding of the regulation of AMF on non-enzymatic resistance of plants grown in heavy metal-contaminated soils under increasing atmospheric CO2 scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Xia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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El-Garhy HAS, Sherif HSA, Soliman SM, Haredy SA, Bonfill M. Effect of gamma rays and colchicine on silymarin production in cell suspension cultures of Silybum marianum: A transcriptomic study of key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway. Gene 2021; 790:145700. [PMID: 33964378 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate secondary metabolite production in Silybum marianum L. cell suspension cultures obtained from seeds treated with gamma rays (200 and 600 Gy) and 0.05% colchicine. The effects of these treatments on callus induction, growth, viability, and silymarin production were studied, along with the changes in the transcriptome and DNA sequence of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. The effect of gamma radiation (200 and 600 Gy) on silymarin production in S. marianum dry seeds was also studied using HPLC-UV. All three treatments induced high callus biomass production from leaf segments. The viability of the cell suspension cultures was over 90%. The flavonolignan content measured in the extracellular culture medium of the S. marianum cell suspension was highest after treatment with 600 Gy, followed by 0.05% colchicine, and finally, 200 Gy, after a growth period of 12 days. In general, an increased expression of CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3 genes, accompanied by an increase of silymarin content, was observed in response to all the studied treatments, although the effect was greatest on CHS2 expression. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that the three CHS2 clones exhibited the highest genetic variation, both in relation to each other and to the CHS1 and CHS3 clones. Based on the results, S. marianum plants obtained from seeds previously exposed to 600 and 200 Gy as well as colchicine constitute a renewable resource with the potential to obtain large amounts of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A S El-Garhy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Hassan S A Sherif
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Sara M Soliman
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Haredy
- Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Gad D, El-Shora H, Fraternale D, Maricchiolo E, Pompa A, Dietz KJ. Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2149. [PMID: 33670070 PMCID: PMC7926748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the enzymatic potential of Silybum marianum leaves to bioconvert phenolic acids produced in S. marianum callus into silymarin derivatives as chemopreventive agent. Here we demonstrate that despite the fact that leaves of S. marianum did not accumulate silymarin themselves, expanding leaves had the full capacity to convert di-caffeoylquinic acid to silymarin complex. This was proven by HPLC separations coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis. Soaking the leaf discs with S. marianum callus extract for different times revealed that silymarin derivatives had been formed at high yield after 16 h. Bioconverted products displayed the same retention time and the same mass spectra (MS or MS/MS) as standard silymarin. Bioconversion was achieved only when using leaves of a specific age, as both very young and old leaves failed to produce silymarin from callus extract. Only medium leaves had the metabolic capacity to convert callus components into silymarin. The results revealed higher activities of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in medium leaves than in young and old leaves. It is concluded that cotyledon-derived callus efficiently produces compounds that can be bio-converted to flavonolignans in leaves tissue of S. marianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Gad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin EL-Koum 32511, Egypt
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology W5, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Hamed El-Shora
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt;
| | - Daniele Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maricchiolo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology W5, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;
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Fulvio F, Martinelli T, Paris R. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization in different tissues of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Gaert.). Gene 2021; 768:145272. [PMID: 33122080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR is a sensitive technique for evaluating transcriptional profiles in different experimental datasets. To obtain a reliable quantification of the transcripts level, data normalization with stable reference genes is required. Stable reference genes are identified after analysis of their transcripts profile in every new experiment and species of interest. In Silybum marianum, a widely cultivated officinal plant, only few gene expression studies exist, and reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in the diverse plant tissues have never been investigated before. In this work, the expression stability of 10 candidate reference genes was evaluated in leaves, roots, stems and fruits of S. marianum grown under physiological environmental condition. The stability values for each candidate reference gene were calculated by four canonical statistical algorithms GeNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and ΔCt method in different subsets of samples, then they were ranked with RefFinder from the most to the least suitable for normalization. Best combinations of reference genes are finally proposed for different experimental data sets, including all tissues, vegetative, and reproductive tissues separately. Three target genes putatively involved in important biosynthetic pathway leading to key metabolites in the fruits of milk thistle, such as silymarin and fatty acids, were analyzed with the chosen panels of reference genes, in comparison to the ones used in previous papers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a reliable and systematic identification and validation of the reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization to study gene expression in S. marianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fulvio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Martinelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Via di Lanciola 12/A, Loc. Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy.
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Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, Gabr AM. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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ElSayed AI, El-hamahmy MAM, Rafudeen MS, Mohamed AH, Omar AA. The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E611. [PMID: 31888166 PMCID: PMC6963737 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonolignans in plants are influenced by different environmental conditions. Biosynthesis and accumulation of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) were studied under drought stress with respect to the antioxidant defense system at the physiological and gene expression level. The results revealed a reduction in leaf chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contents. In contrast, H2O2, proline, and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), were increased. These results confirmed that milk thistle undergoes oxidative stress under drought stress. Furthermore, transcription levels of APX, SOD, CAT, 1-Cys-Prx, and PrxQ were significantly increased in milk thistle under drought stress. Overall this suggests that protection against reactive oxygen species and peroxidation reactions in milk thistle are provided by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds after different drought treatments were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and showed that severe drought stress enhanced the accumulation of silymarin and its components compared with seeds from the control (100% water capacity). Silybin is the major silymarin component and the most bioactive ingredient of the milk thistle extract. Silybin accumulation was the highest among all silymarin components in seeds obtained from drought-stressed plants. The expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes (CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3), which are associated with the silybin biosynthetic pathway, was also increased during drought stress. These results indicated that milk thistle exhibits tolerance to drought stress and that seed derived from severe drought-stressed plants had higher levels of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaleim I. ElSayed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. M. El-hamahmy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Rafudeen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
| | - Azza H. Mohamed
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Ahmad A. Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Wang Z, Yu Q, Shen W, El Mohtar CA, Zhao X, Gmitter FG. Functional study of CHS gene family members in citrus revealed a novel CHS gene affecting the production of flavonoids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:189. [PMID: 30208944 PMCID: PMC6134715 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus flavonoids are considered as the important secondary metabolites because of their biological and pharmacological activities. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme that catalyses the first committed step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. CHS genes have been isolated and characterized in many plants. Previous studies indicated that CHS is a gene superfamily. In citrus, the number of CHS members and their contribution to the production of flavonoids remains a mystery. In our previous study, the copies of CitCHS2 gene were found in different citrus species and the sequences are highly conserved, but the flavonoid content varied significantly among those species. RESULTS From seventy-seven CHS and CHS-like gene sequences, ten CHS members were selected as candidates according to the features of their sequences. Among these candidates, expression was detected from only three genes. A predicted CHS sequence was identified as a novel CHS gene. The structure analysis showed that the gene structure of this novel CHS is very similar to other CHS genes. All three CHS genes were highly conserved and had a basic structure that included one intron and two exons, although they had different expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages. These genes also presented different sensitivities to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. In transgenic plants, the expression of CHS genes was significantly correlated with the production of flavonoids. The three CHS genes contributed differently to the production of flavonoids. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that CitCHS is a gene superfamily including at least three functional members. The expression levels of the CHS genes are highly correlated to the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The CHS enzyme is dynamically produced from several CHS genes, and the production of total flavonoids is regulated by the overall expression of CHS family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Wanxia Shen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Choaa A. El Mohtar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Fredrick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
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Lv Y, Gao S, Xu S, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn]. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:995-1004. [PMID: 28990236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a collection of compounds extracted from the medicinal herb milk thistle, among which silybin is the major flavonolignan. However, the biosynthesis pathway of silybin remains unclear. In this study, biomimetic reactions demonstrated that silybin can be synthesized from coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin by the action of peroxidase. The concentration profiles of silybin and its precursors and RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression revealed that the amount of taxifolin and the activity of peroxidase serve as the limiting factors in silybin biosynthesis. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profile of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway distinguished flowers from other organs. RNA-Seq revealed five candidates for the peroxidase involved in silybin production, among which APX1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1) showed a distinct peroxidase activity and the capacity to synthesize silybin. The spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle was elucidated, which could help our understanding of the biosynthesis of silybin and other flavonolignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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11
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AbouZid SF, Ahmed HS, Moawad AS, Owis AI, Chen SN, Nachtergael A, McAlpine JB, Brent Friesen J, Pauli GF. Chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic relationships between flavonolignans produced by Silybum marianum populations. Fitoterapia 2017; 119:175-184. [PMID: 28392269 PMCID: PMC5532885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavonolignans constitute an important class of plant secondary metabolites formed by oxidative coupling of one flavonoid and one phenylpropanoid moiety. The standardized flavonolignan-rich extract prepared from the fruits of Silybum marianum is known as silymarin and has long been used medicinally, prominently as an antihepatotoxic and as a chemopreventive agent. Principal component analysis of the variation in flavonolignan content in S. marianum samples collected from different locations in Egypt revealed biosynthetic relationships between the flavonolignans. Silybin A, silybin B, and silychristin are positively correlated as are silydianin, isosilychristin, and isosilybin B. The detection of silyamandin in the extracts of S. marianum correlates with isosilychristin and silydianin content. The positive correlation between silydianin, isosilychristin, and silyamandin was demonstrated using quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qHNMR). These correlations can be interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a flavonoid radical in the biosynthesis of the flavonolignans in S. marianum. The predominance of silybins A & B over isosilybin A & B in the silybin-rich samples is discussed in light of the relative stabilities of their respective radical flavonoid biosynthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh F AbouZid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt.
| | - Hayam S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Moawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Owis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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12
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El-Garhy HAS, Khattab S, Moustafa MMA, Abou Ali R, Abdel Azeiz AZ, Elhalwagi A, El Sherif F. Silybin content and overexpression of chalcone synthase genes in Silybum marianum L. plants under abiotic elicitation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:191-202. [PMID: 27448793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a Silybum marianum seed extract containing a mixture of flavonolignans including silybin, is being used as an antihepatotoxic therapy for liver diseases. In this study, the enhancing effect of gamma irradiation on plant growth parameters of S. marianum under salt stress was investigated. The effect of gamma irradiation, either as a single elicitor or coupled with salinity, on chalcone synthase (CHS) gene expression and silybin A + B yield was also evaluated. The silybin A + B content in S. marianum fruits was estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An increase in silybin content was accompanied by up-regulation of the CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3 genes, which are involved in the silybin biosynthetic pathway. The highest silybin A + B production (0.77 g/100 g plant DW) and transcript levels of the three studied genes (100.2-, 91.9-, and 24.3-fold increase, respectively) were obtained with 100GY gamma irradiation and 4000 ppm salty water. The CHS2 and CHS3 genes were partially sequenced and submitted to the NCBI database under the accession numbers KT252908.1 and KT252909.1, respectively. Developing new approaches to stimulate silybin biosynthetic pathways could be a useful tool to potentiate the use of plants as renewable resources of medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A S El-Garhy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Salah Khattab
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box. 380, Al-Asia, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M A Moustafa
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Rania Abou Ali
- Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Abdel Azeiz
- Colleges of Biotechnology, Miser University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Abeer Elhalwagi
- Chemical Analysis Lab., National Gene Bank of Egypt, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Fadia El Sherif
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box. 380, Al-Asia, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Torres M, Corchete P. Gene expression and flavonolignan production in fruits and cell cultures of Silybum marianum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 192:111-7. [PMID: 26905197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hepatoprotectant flavonolignan silymarin (Sm) is synthesized through 4-coumaroyl-CoA, which enters both the flavonoid and the monolignol pathway giving the two immediate precursors taxifolin (Tx) and coniferyl alcohol (CA), respectively. Sm formation occurs via oxidative radicalization of Tx and CA and is accumulated at high levels at final stages of maturation of Silybum marianum fruits. By contrast, Sm production is severely reduced in cell cultures of this species, although suspensions are able to excrete Sm compounds into the medium upon elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or cyclodextrins (CD). Knowledge of gene expression is important to understand Sm dynamics and to develop strategies aimed at increasing production by means of cell cultures but, to date, only one gene of the pathway (chalcone synthase, SmCHS) has been cloned. Therefore, to elucidate the relationship between expression of Sm pathway genes and production of these metabolites, four cDNA fragments of genes putatively involved in flavonolignan biosynthesis, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonol 3'-hydroxylase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, were isolated from Sm producing S. marianum fruits and their expression, together with that of the SmCHS, were studied both in fruits at different maturation stages and in elicited cell suspensions. Combined results at both transcript expression and metabolite levels at three different stages of fruit maturation revealed that the formation of the flavonoid moiety precedes flavonolignan biosynthesis, being Sm accumulation associated to expression of the monolignol pathway. There was not detectable accumulation of transcripts in cell suspensions, however, elicitation with MeJA or CD notably induced expression of the studied fragments. These results indicate that the five genes expressed during maturation of S. marianum fruits may contribute to observed increases in flavonolignan accumulation upon treatment of cell cultures with elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Torres
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Purificación Corchete
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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