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Hajipour S, Farbood Y, Dianat M, Nesari A, Sarkaki A. Effect of Berberine against Cognitive Deficits in Rat Model of Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy (Behavioral, Biochemical, Molecular and Histological Evaluations). Brain Sci 2023; 13:944. [PMID: 37371422 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis (LC) is one of the chronic liver diseases with high disability and mortality accompanying hepatic encephalopathy (HE) followed by cognitive dysfunctions. In this work, the effect of berberine (Ber) on spatial cognition was studied in a rat model of LC induced by thioacetamide (TAA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into six groups: (1) control; (2) TAA, 200 mg/kg/day, i.p.; (3-5) TAA + Ber; received Ber (10, 30, and 60 mg/kg, i.p., daily after last TAA injection); (6) Dizocilpine (MK-801) + TAA, received MK-801 (2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) 30 m before TAA injection. The spatial memory, BBB permeability, brain edema, liver enzymes, urea, serum and brain total bilirubin, oxidative stress and cytokine markers in the hippocampus were measured. Furthermore, a histological examination of the hippocampus was carried out. RESULTS The BBB permeability, brain edema, liver enzymes, urea, total bilirubin levels in serum and hippocampal MDA and TNF-α increased significantly after TAA injection (p < 0.001); the spatial memory was impaired (p < 0.001), and hippocampal IL-10 decreased (p < 0.001). Ber reversed all the above parameters significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). MK-801 prevented the development of LC via TAA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results showed that Ber improves spatial learning and memory in TAA-induced LC by improving the BBB function, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Ber might be a promising therapeutic agent for cognitive improvement in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
| | - Mahin Dianat
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
| | - Ali Nesari
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz P.O. Box 61355-15795, Iran
- National Institute for Medical Research Development "NIMAD", Tehran 1419693111, Iran
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Kong W, Sun X, Yu S, Liu P, Zheng X, Zhang J, Zhu L, Jiang T, Jin M, Gao J, Fan X, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation increased dopamine levels in the cerebral cortex of rats partly due to induction of tyrosine hydroxylase. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36692417 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver failure is associated with psychiatric alterations, partly resulting from the increased brain dopamine levels. We investigated the relationship between increased dopamine levels and mental abnormalities using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats and the mechanism by which liver failure increased dopamine levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Behavioural tests were carried out on day 13 and 27 following BDL, along with measurements of dopamine and metabolites, expressions of enzymes and transporters related to dopamine metabolism, and its transport into the cortex and the hippocampus. SH-SY5Y cells were used to investigate whether NH4 Cl, bile acids and bilirubin affected expression of tyrosine hydroxylase or not. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in SH-SY5Y cells co-incubated with bilirubin and signal pathway inhibitors was measured. KEY RESULTS Open-field test results demonstrated BDL rats showed anxiety-like behaviour, accompanied by increased dopamine levels and expression of TH protein in the cortex. Membrane bound long form (MB)-COMT, slightly but significantly decreased. SH-SY5Y cells indicated that increased bilirubin levels was a factor in inducing TH expression. Both inhibitor of NF-κB pathway BAY 11-7082 and silencing NF-κB p65 reversed bilirubin-induced upregulation of TH protein. NF-κB activator TNF-α increased expression of TH protein. Roles of bilirubin in increases of TH protein expressions and dopamine levels were measured using hyperbilirubinemia rats. Anxiety-like behaviour, was associated with increased dopamine levels and TH protein expressions in hyperbilirubinemia rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS BDL significantly increased dopamine levels in rat cortex partly due to bilirubin-mediated TH induction. Increased bilirubin induced TH expression via activating NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Yu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxin Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomin Fan
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Zheng X, Yang H, Qin L, Wang S, Xie L, Yang L, Kong W, Zhu L, Liu L, Liu X. Bile Duct Ligation Upregulates Expression and Function of L-Amino Acid Transporter 1 at Blood-Brain Barrier of Rats via Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Bilirubin. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101320. [PMID: 34680437 PMCID: PMC8533316 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is associated with increased levels of brain aromatic amino acids (AAAs), whose transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is mainly mediated by L-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). We aimed to investigate whether liver failure induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) increases levels of brain AAAs by affecting the expression and function of LAT1. The LAT1 function was assessed using the brain distribution of gabapentin. It was found that BDL significantly increased levels of gabapentin, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of rats, and upregulated the expression of total LAT1 protein in hippocampus and striatum as well as cortex membrane LAT1 protein. HCMEC/D3 served as in vitro BBB model, and the data showed that both the serum of BDL rats and bilirubin induced LAT1 expression and function, while bilirubin oxidase almost abolished the upregulation of LAT1 protein by bilirubin and the serum of BDL rats. The enhanced function and expression of LAT1 were also observed in the hippocampus and striatum of hyperbilirubinemia rats. Both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist α-naphthoflavone and AhR silencing obviously attenuated the upregulation of LAT1 protein by bilirubin or omeprazole. This study provides the first evidence that BDL upregulates LAT1 at the rat BBB, attributed to the activation of AhR by the increased plasma bilirubin. The results highlight the mechanisms causing BDL-increased levels of brain AAAs and their physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Liu
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-025-8327-1006 (X.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-025-8327-1006 (X.L.)
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Zhang Y, Tan SL, Du J, Chen Y, Jia J, Feng JG, Liu KX, Zhou J. Dexmedetomidine alleviates neuroinflammation, restores sleep disorders and neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107795. [PMID: 34162157 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and progress of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is closely related to the inflammatory response; however, inflammation contributes to behavioral abnormalities and sleep disorders. Dexmedetomidine has anti-inflammatory effects against various diseases. Whether dexmedetomidine improves MHE and the underlying mechanism is yet unclear. The present study aimed to explore the effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep structure, neurobehavior, and brain morphology of MHE rats and investigate its underlying mechanism. A rat MHE model was established by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA). Dexmedetomidine or yohimbine was administered intraperitoneally to investigate the role of α2 adrenoreceptor in the protection conferred by dexmedetomidine. The 24-h sleep, neurobehavioral changes, the liver function, blood ammonia and morphological changes of the liver and brain were assessed. Also, the microglia, astrocytes, neurons, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18), and NLRP3 inflammasomes were detected. The results showed that marked sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, anxiety, abnormal liver function and pathological damage of liver and brain were detected in the MHE rats. The microglia in the prefrontal cortex was highly activated along with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory factors and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Interestingly, dexmedetomidine improved above indicators, however, yohimbine significantly abolished the protection of dexmedetomidine. These findings showed that dexmedetomidine restored the changes in the sleep disorders and neurobehavior in rats and reduced brain damage. The mechanism might be partially related to the activation of α2 adrenergic receptors, reduction of neuroinflammatory response, and inhibition of the activation of microglia and NLRP3/Caspase1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Su-Lan Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Ke-Xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China.
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Zhuge W, Zhuge Q, Wang W, Lu X, You R, Liu L, Yu H, Wang J, Wang X, Ye Y, Ding S. Hydrogen sulphide ameliorates dopamine-induced astrocytic inflammation and neurodegeneration in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13634-13647. [PMID: 33118312 PMCID: PMC7753993 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the action of dopamine (DA) could enhance the production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by astrocytes and potentiate neuronal apoptosis in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Recently, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found to have neuroprotective properties. Our study addressed whether NaHS could rescue DA‐challenged inflammation and apoptosis in neurons to ameliorate memory impairment in MHE rats and in the neuron and astrocyte coculture system. We found that NaHS suppressed DA‐induced p65 acetylation, resulting in reduced TNF‐α production in astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, decreased apoptosis was observed in neurons exposed to conditioned medium from DA + NaHS‐challenged astrocytes, which was similar to the results obtained in the neurons exposed to TNF‐α + NaHS, suggesting a therapeutic effect of NaHS on the suppression of neuronal apoptosis via the reduction of TNF‐α level. DA triggered the inactivation of p70 S6 ribosomal kinase (S6K1) and dephosphorylation of Bad, resulting in the disaggregation of Bclxl and Bak and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt. c), and this process could be reversed by NaHS administration. Our work demonstrated that NaHS attenuated DA‐induced astrocytic TNF‐α release and ameliorated inflammation‐induced neuronal apoptosis in MHE. Further research into this approach may uncover future potential therapeutic strategies for MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weikan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoai Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruimin You
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leping Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Dopamine Burden Triggers Cholesterol Overload Following Disruption of Synaptogenesis in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2019; 410:1-15. [PMID: 31078686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of Dopamine (DA) to minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) has been demonstrated. However, recent studies have revealed that cholesterol (CHO) treatment substantially increased the risk of dementia. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether CHO was induced by DA overload and its involvement in DA-induced cognitive impairment in MHE. Our study showed that DA treatment triggered CHO biosynthesis via the activation of JNK3/SREBP2 signaling pathway in primary cultured astrocytes. Conditioned media from DA-treated astrocytes increased CHO uptake by primary cultured neurons and disrupted synaptic formations; at the same time, inhibition of CHO synthesis and transportation from astrocytes diminished the disruption of synaptogenesis, which indicates the involvement of CHO in the perturbation of neural synaptogenesis in vitro. Secondary secretion of DA from primary cultured neurons was stimulated by CHO secreted from astrocytes. DA induced synergistic decreases of PPARγ/pERK/pCREB expressions in the presence of CHO in neurons, leading to synergistic synaptic impairment. Memory impairments were observed in MHE/DA-treated rats, which were partially rescued by atorvastatin (ATVS) treatment, confirming the involvement of CHO burden in vivo. Overall, our study suggests that DA overload triggers obvious CHO production from astrocytes. Excessive CHO in turn triggered neurons to secrete abundant DA and DA burden in combination with CHO overload elicit the cognitive decline and memory loss via PPARγ/ERK/CREB pathway in MHE.
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Ding S, Zhuge W, Hu J, Yang J, Wang X, Wen F, Wang C, Zhuge Q. Baicalin reverses the impairment of synaptogenesis induced by dopamine burden via the stimulation of GABA AR-TrkB interaction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1163-1178. [PMID: 29404643 PMCID: PMC5869945 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that D1 receptor (D1R) activation reduces GABAA receptor (GABAAR) current, and baicalin (BAI) displays therapeutic efficacy in diseases involving cognitive impairment. METHODS We investigated the mechanisms by which BAI could improve DA-induced minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS BAI did not induce toxicity on the primary cultured neurons. And no obvious toxicity of BAI to the brain was found in rats. DA activated D1R/dopamine and adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP32) to reduce the GABAAR current; BAI treatment did not change the D1R/DARPP32 levels but blocked DA-induced reduction of GABAAR levels in primary cultured neurons. DA decreased the interaction of GABAAR with TrkB and the expression of downstream AKT, which was blocked by BAI treatment. Moreover, BAI reversed the decrease in the expression of GABAAR/TrkB/AKT and prevented the impairment of synaptogenesis and memory deficits in MHE rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BAI has neuroprotective and synaptoprotective effects on MHE which are not related to upstream D1R/DARPP32 signaling, but to the targeting of downstream GABAAR signaling to TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengde Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Ding S, Wang X, Zhuge W, Yang J, Zhuge Q. Dopamine induces glutamate accumulation in astrocytes to disrupt neuronal function leading to pathogenesis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2017; 365:94-113. [PMID: 28965835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is induced by elevated intracranial dopamine (DA). Glutamate (Glu) toxicity is known to be involved in many neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated whether DA increased Glu levels and collaborated with Glu to impair memory. We found that DA upregulated TAAR1, leading to reduced EAAT2 expression and Glu clearance in primary cortical astrocytes (PCAs). High DA increased TAAR1 expression, and high Glu increased AMPAR expression, inducing the activation of CaN/NFAT signaling and a decrease in the production of BDNF (Brain Derived Nerve Growth Factor)/NT3 (neurotrophin-3) in primary cortical neurons (PCNs). DA activated TAAR1 to downregulate EAAT2 and increase extracellular Glu levels in MHE. Additionally, DA together with Glu caused decreased production of neuronal BDNF/NT3 and memory impairment through the activation of CaN/NFAT signaling in MHE. From these findings, we conclude that DA increases Glu levels via interaction with TAAR1 and disruption of EAAT2 signaling in astrocytes, and DA interacting with TAAR1 and Glu interacting with AMPAR synergistically decreased the production of BDNF by activation of CaN/NFAT signaling to impair memory in MHE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Ding S, Zhuge W, Wang X, Yang J, Lin Y, Wang C, Hu J, Zhuge Q. DA Negatively Regulates IGF-I Actions Implicated in Cognitive Function via Interaction of PSD95 and nNOS in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:258. [PMID: 28932186 PMCID: PMC5592740 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been positively correlated with cognitive ability. Cognitive decline in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) was shown to be induced by elevated intracranial dopamine (DA). The beneficial effect of IGF-I signaling in MHE remains unknown. In this study, we found that IGF-I content was reduced in MHE rats and that IGF-I administration mitigated cognitive decline of MHE rats. A protective effect of IGF-I on the DA-induced interaction between postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was found in neurons. Ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK) phosphorylated nNOS in response to IGF-I by recruiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). In turn, DA inactivated the ERK1/2/RSK pathway and stimulated the PSD95–nNOS interaction by downregulating IGF-I. Inhibition of the interaction between PSD95 and nNOS ameliorated DA-induced memory impairment. As DA induced deficits in the ERK1/2/RSK pathway and the interaction between PSD95 and nNOS in MHE brains, IGF-I administration exerted a protective effect via interruption of the interaction between PSD95 and nNOS. These results suggest that IGF-I antagonizes DA-induced cognitive loss by disrupting PSD95–nNOS interactions in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Yuanshao Lin
- Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Chengde Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy describes the array of neurological alterations that occur during acute liver failure or chronic liver injury. While key players in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, such as increases in brain ammonia, alterations in neurosteroid levels, and neuroinflammation, have been identified, there is still a paucity in our knowledge of the precise pathogenic mechanism. This review gives a brief overview of our understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and then summarizes the significant recent advances made in clinical and basic research contributing to our understanding, diagnosis, and possible treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A literature search using the PubMed database was conducted in May 2017 using "hepatic encephalopathy" as a keyword, and selected manuscripts were limited to those research articles published since May 2014. While the authors acknowledge that many significant advances have been made in the understanding of hepatic encephalopathy prior to May 2014, we have limited the scope of this review to the previous three years only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Liere
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, TX, USA
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Ding S, Yang J, Huang X, Liu L, Hu J, Xu Z, Zhuge Q. Dopamine Burden Induced the Inactivation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling to Cognitive Decline in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Aging Dis 2017; 8:442-457. [PMID: 28840059 PMCID: PMC5524807 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is induced by elevated intracranial dopamine (DA). The relationship of the Shh pathway with memory loss in MHE, however, is elusive. In the current study, rats with MHE induced with DA displayed downregulation of the Shh pathway. Additionally, injection of Shh into MHE/DA-treated rats reversed downregulation of BDNF/NT3, whereas administration of cyclopamine (Cyc) enhanced the inhibition of expression of BDNF/NT3. Furthermore, naringin (Nrg) substantially prevented cognitive impairment in MHE/DA-treated rats and upregulated the Shh pathway, paralleling the elevated expression of BDNF/NT3. Overall, our results indicate that the Shh pathway can induce the expression of BDNF/NT3, and DA causes memory loss by inactivation of Shh pathway signaling to BDNF/NT3 in MHE rats, which is reversed by Nrg. Our study may provide new theory basis of pathogenesis and therapeutic target of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xueli Huang
- 3School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Leping Liu
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- 4Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Zhu Xu
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China
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12
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Galland F, Negri E, Da Ré C, Fróes F, Strapazzon L, Guerra MC, Tortorelli LS, Gonçalves CA, Leite MC. Hyperammonemia compromises glutamate metabolism and reduces BDNF in the rat hippocampus. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:46-55. [PMID: 28506823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is putatively the major toxin associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neuropsychiatric manifestation that results in cognitive impairment, poor concentration and psychomotor alterations. The hippocampus, a brain region involved in cognitive impairment and depressive behavior, has been studied less than neocortical regions. Herein, we investigated hippocampal astrocyte parameters in a hyperammonemic model without hepatic lesion and in acute hippocampal slices exposed to ammonia. We also measured hippocampal BDNF, a neurotrophin commonly related to synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficit, and peripheral S100B protein, used as a marker for brain damage. Hyperammonemia directly impaired astrocyte function, inducing a decrease in glutamate uptake and in the activity of glutamine synthetase, in turn altering the glutamine-glutamate cycle, glutamatergic neurotransmission and ammonia detoxification itself. Hippocampal BDNF was reduced in hyperammonemic rats via a mechanism that may involve astrocyte production, since the same effect was observed in astrocyte cultures exposed to ammonia. Ammonia induced a significant increase in S100B secretion in cultured astrocytes; however, no significant changes were observed in the serum or in cerebrospinal fluid. Data demonstrating hippocampal vulnerability to ammonia toxicity, particularly due to reduced glutamate uptake activity and BDNF content, contribute to our understanding of the neuropsychiatric alterations in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Negri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carollina Da Ré
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fróes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Liliane Strapazzon
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina Guerra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva Tortorelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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13
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Ding S, Wang W, Wang X, Liang Y, Liu L, Ye Y, Yang J, Gao H, Zhuge Q. Dopamine Burden Triggers Neurodegeneration via Production and Release of TNF-α from Astrocytes in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5324-43. [PMID: 26433377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA)-induced learning and memory impairment is well documented in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), but the contribution of DA to neurodegeneration and the involved underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, the effect of DA on neuronal apoptosis was initially detected. The results showed that MHE/DA (10 μg)-treated rats displayed neuronal apoptosis. However, we found that DA (10 μM) treatment did not induce evident apoptosis in primary cultured neurons (PCNs) but did produce TNF-α in primary cultured astrocytes (PCAs). Furthermore, co-cultures between PCAs and PCNs exposed to DA exhibited increased astrocytic TNF-α levels and neuronal apoptosis compared with co-cultures exposed to the vehicle, indicating the attribution of the neuronal apoptosis to astrocytic TNF-α. We also demonstrated that DA enhanced TNF-α production from astrocytes by activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and secreted astrocytic TNF-α-potentiated neuronal apoptosis through inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that DA stimulates substantial production and secretion of astrocytic TNF-α, consequently and indirectly triggering progressive neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive decline and memory loss in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikan Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leping Liu
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Ding S, Yang J, Liu L, Ye Y, Wang X, Hu J, Chen B, Zhuge Q. Elevated dopamine induces minimal hepatic encephalopathy by activation of astrocytic NADPH oxidase and astrocytic protein tyrosine nitration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Ding S, Huang W, Ye Y, Yang J, Hu J, Wang X, Liu L, Lu Q, Lin Y. Elevated intracranial dopamine impairs the glutamate‑nitric oxide‑cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in cortical astrocytes in rats with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1215-24. [PMID: 25059564 PMCID: PMC4121426 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study by our group memory impairment in rats with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) was associated with the inhibition of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (Glu-NO-cGMP) pathway due to elevated dopamine (DA). However, the effects of DA on the Glu-NO-cGMP pathway localized in primary cortical astrocytes (PCAs) had not been elucidated in rats with MHE. In the present study, it was identified that when the levels of DA in the cerebral cortex of rats with MHE and high-dose DA (3 mg/kg)-treated rats were increased, the co-localization of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors subunit 1 (NMDAR1), calmodulin (CaM), nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) with the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker protein of astrocytes, all significantly decreased, in both the MHE and high-dose DA-treated rats (P<0.01). Furthermore, NMDA-induced augmentation of the expression of NMDAR1, CaM, nNOS, sGC and cGMP localized in PCAs was decreased in MHE and DA-treated rats, as compared with the controls. Chronic exposure of cultured cerebral cortex PCAs to DA treatment induced a dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of intracellular calcium, nitrites and nitrates, the formation of cGMP and the expression of NMDAR1, CaM, nNOS and sGC/cGMP. High doses of DA (50 μM) significantly reduced NMDA-induced augmentation of the formation of cGMP and the contents of NMDAR1, CaM, nNOS, sGC and cGMP (P<0.01). These results suggest that the suppression of DA on the Glu-NO-cGMP pathway localized in PCAs contributes to memory impairment in rats with MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Weilong Huang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Ye
- Department of Computer, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Leping Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Lu
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanshao Lin
- First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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16
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Dopamine in the pathogenesis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a new player? Hepatol Int 2013. [PMID: 26201915 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-013-9465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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