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Fischer JC, Zänker K, van Griensven M, Schneider M, Kindgen-Milles D, Knoefel WT, Lichtenberg A, Tamaskovics B, Djiepmo-Njanang FJ, Budach W, Corradini S, Ganswindt U, Häussinger D, Feldt T, Schelzig H, Bojar H, Peiper M, Bölke E, Haussmann J, Matuschek C. The role of passive immunization in the age of SARS-CoV-2: an update. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:16. [PMID: 32404189 PMCID: PMC7220618 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the corona virus pandemic is an existential problem for many people in numerous countries. So far, there is no effective vaccine protection or proven therapy available against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this review, we describe the role of passive immunization in times of the corona virus. Passive immunization could be a bridging technology to improve the immune defense of critically ill patients until better approaches with effective medications are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kurt Zänker
- The Nanjing Han & Zaenker Cancer Institute, Nanjing and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department cBITE, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Schneider
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Detlef Kindgen-Milles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Balint Tamaskovics
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Budach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Corradini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Ganswindt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Bojar
- NEXTGEN ONCOLOGY GROUP, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Edwin Bölke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jan Haussmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Matuschek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhang J, He J, Johnson JL, Napolitano G, Ramadass M, Rahman F, Catz SD. Cross-regulation of defective endolysosome trafficking and enhanced autophagy through TFEB in UNC13D deficiency. Autophagy 2019; 15:1738-1756. [PMID: 30892133 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the occurrence of cross-regulation between the endocytic pathway and autophagy, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are not well-understood. Here, we show that the calcium sensor UNC13D regulates the molecular mechanism of late endosomal trafficking and endosomal maturation, and defects in UNC13D lead to macroautophagy upregulation. unc13d-null cells showed impaired endosomal trafficking and defective endocytic flux. The defective phenotypes were rescued by the expression of UNC13D but not by its STX7-binding-deficient mutant. This defective endosomal function in UNC13D-deficient cells resulted in increased autophagic flux, increased long-lived protein degradation, decreased SQSTM1/p62 protein levels and increased autolysosome formation as determined by biochemical, microscopy and structural methods. The autophagic phenotype was not associated with increased recruitment of the UNC13D-binding proteins and autophagy regulators, RAB11 or VAMP8, but was caused, at least in part, by TFEB-mediated upregulation of a subset of autophagic and lysosomal genes, including Atg9b. Downregulation of TFEB decreased Atg9b levels and decreased macroautophagy in unc13d-null cells. UNC13D upregulation corrected the defects in endolysosomal trafficking and decreased the number of accumulated autophagosomes in a cellular model of the lysosomal-storage disorder cystinosis, under both fed and starvation conditions, identifying UNC13D as an important new regulatory molecule of autophagy regulation in cells with lysosomal disorders. Abbreviations ACTB: actin, beta; CTSB: cathepsin B; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FHL3: familial hemophagocytic; lymphohistiocytosis type 3; HEX: hexosaminidase; HLH: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; LSD: lysosomal storage disorder; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; SEM: standard errors of the mean; SNARE: soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment receptor; STX: syntaxin; SYT7: synaptotagmin VII; TFE3: transcription factor E3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TIRF: total internal reflection fluorescence ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; UNC13D: unc-13 homolog d; VAMP: vesicle-associate membrane protein; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Ramadass
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Farhana Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Exosomes, DAMPs and miRNA: Features of Stress Physiology and Immune Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:768-776. [PMID: 28838855 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychological/physical stressors and local tissue damage increase inflammatory proteins in tissues and blood in humans and animals, in the absence of pathogenic disease. Stress-evoked cytokine/chemokine responses, or sterile inflammation, can facilitate host survival and/or negatively affect health, depending on context. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that systemic stress-evoked sterile inflammation is initiated by the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the elevation of exosome-associated immunostimulatory endogenous danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a reduction in immunoinhibitory miRNA, which are carried in the circulation to tissues throughout the body. We propose that sterile inflammation should be considered an elemental feature of the stress response and that circulating exosomes transporting immunomodulatory signals, may play a role fundamental role in immune homeostasis.
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Fleshner M, Frank M, Maier SF. Danger Signals and Inflammasomes: Stress-Evoked Sterile Inflammation in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:36-45. [PMID: 27412959 PMCID: PMC5143484 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mood disorders remain difficult to effectively treat, and innovative interventions and therapeutic targets are needed. Psychological stressors and inappropriate inflammation increase the risk and severity of mood disorders; however, only recently have the importance of sterile inflammatory processes in this effect been revealed. This review will introduce the reader to pathogen vs sterile inflammation, inflammatory receptor-ligand interactions, microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and the more recent discovery of the role of the inflammasome in peripheral and central nervous system cytokine/chemokine inflammatory responses. The review will focus on current preclinical and clinical evidence that sterile inflammation and inflammasome-dependent signaling may contribute to mood disorders. By understanding these inflammatory signaling processes, new approaches for quieting chronic or inappropriate inflammatory states may be revealed and this could serve as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Frank
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Unnewehr H, Rittirsch D, Sarma JV, Zetoune F, Flierl MA, Perl M, Denk S, Weiss M, Schneider ME, Monk PN, Neff T, Mihlan M, Barth H, Gebhard F, Ward PA, Huber-Lang M. Changes and regulation of the C5a receptor on neutrophils during septic shock in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4215-25. [PMID: 23479227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During experimental sepsis, excessive generation of the anaphylatoxin C5a results in reduction of the C5a receptor (C5aR) on neutrophils. These events have been shown to result in impaired innate immunity. However, the regulation and fate of C5aR on neutrophils during sepsis are largely unknown. In contrast to 30 healthy volunteers, 60 patients in septic shock presented evidence of complement activation with significantly increased serum levels of C3a, C5a, and C5b-9. In the septic shock group, the corresponding decrease in complement hemolytic activity distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors. Neutrophils from patients in septic shock exhibited decreased C5aR expression, which inversely correlated with serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and clinical outcome. In vitro exposure of normal neutrophils to native pentameric CRP led to a dose- and time-dependent loss of C5aR expression on neutrophils, whereas the monomeric form of CRP, as well as various other inflammatory mediators, failed to significantly alter C5aR levels on neutrophils. A circulating form of C5aR (cC5aR) was detected in serum by immunoblotting and a flow-based capture assay, suggestive of an intact C5aR molecule. Levels of cC5aR were significantly enhanced during septic shock, with serum levels directly correlating with lethality. The data suggest that septic shock in humans is associated with extensive complement activation, CRP-dependent loss of C5aR on neutrophils, and appearance of cC5aR in serum, which correlated with a poor outcome. Therefore, cC5aR may represent a new sepsis marker to be considered in tailoring individualized immune-modulating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Unnewehr
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Manthei DM, Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Tisler CJ, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Denlinger LC. Protection from asthma in a high-risk birth cohort by attenuated P2X(7) function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:496-502. [PMID: 22743305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral illnesses are important factors in both asthma inception and exacerbations, and allergic sensitization in early life further enhances asthma risk through unclear mechanisms. Cellular damage caused by infection or allergen inhalation increases ATP levels in the airways with subsequent purinergic receptor activation. The purinergic receptor P2X(7) can enhance airway leukocyte recruitment to the airways, and P2X(7) knockout mice display a reduced asthma-like phenotype. OBJECTIVE Based on the P2X(7) knockout mouse, we hypothesized that children with low P2X(7) function would have decreased rates of asthma. METHODS We used a functional assay to determine P2X(7) pore-producing capacity in whole-blood samples in a birth cohort at high risk for asthma development. The P2X(7) assay was validated with known loss-of-function alleles in human subjects. P2X(7) pore status categorization was used to assess asthma and allergy status in the cohort. RESULTS Attenuated P2X(7) function was associated with lower asthma rates at ages 6 and 8 years, and the greatest effects were observed in boys. Children with asthma at age 11 years who had low P2X(7) capacity had less severe disease in the previous year. Attenuated P2X(7) function was also associated with sensitization to fewer aeroallergens. CONCLUSION P2X(7) functional capacity is associated with asthma risk or disease severity, and these relationships appear to be age related.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Manthei
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Kuppe C, Westphal S, Bücher E, Moeller MJ, Heintz B, Schneider ME, Floege J. Macrophage activation syndrome in a patient with pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 8:6. [PMID: 22607519 PMCID: PMC3473307 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time a case of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in a patient with a history of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (inflammatory pseudotumour, IPT) of the lung and thoracic spine. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with a history of prolonged remitting fever, hepatosplenomegaly, bilaterally enlarged thoracic lymph nodes and an acute severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Up-regulated cytokine production (e.g. IL-1ß and IL-6), increased levels of ferritin and circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R, sCD25) led to the differential diagnosis of MAS. Bone marrow aspiration, the main tool for a definite diagnosis, revealed macrophages phagocytosing haematopoietic cells. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and cyclosporine was an effective treatment in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kuppe
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Westphal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Bücher
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heintz
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion E Schneider
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
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Geistlinger J, Du W, Groll J, Liu F, Hoegel J, Foehr KJ, Pasquarelli A, Schneider EM. P2RX7 genotype association in severe sepsis identified by a novel Multi-Individual Array for rapid screening and replication of risk SNPs. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:39-47. [PMID: 21640086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are relevant to individual therapeutic approaches and may play a role in disease susceptibility. Genome-wide scans, which are now widely applied to detect disease-associated SNPs, provide only limited evidence about SNP associations. Their usefulness as disease markers requires appropriate phenotype analysis and retesting of the gene providing SNP information. Larger data sets of thousands of samples are necessary to confirm the suggested SNPs. METHODS We applied a newly established microarray-based technology that significantly accelerates and simplifies such studies. A tailor-made microarray surface chemistry, sample/probe immobilization and a primer extension reaction are central to the multi-individual array (MIA) platform, which simultaneously identifies the same variable nucleotide in thousands of samples. The set of SNPs to be typed for is highly flexible and can be adapted to the demands of defined clinical questions. RESULTS A MIA-SNP analysis of functional SNPs in the P2RX7 calcium channel is presented. One risk genotype has been verified by functional analysis using patch clamping. Two clinically relevant genotypes composed of 5 functional SNPs in the P2RX7 gene have been identified in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, whereas no significant association has been found in patient suffering from hemophagocytic syndromes. CONCLUSIONS These results support a functional SNP genotyping of the P2RX7 gene in patients at risk of severe sepsis following surgical trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geistlinger
- Array-On GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1b, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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