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Chen Y, Gan W, Cheng Z, Zhang A, Shi P, Zhang Y. Plant molecules reinforce bone repair: Novel insights into phenol-modified bone tissue engineering scaffolds for the treatment of bone defects. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100920. [PMID: 38226013 PMCID: PMC10788623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defects have become a major cause of disability and death. To overcome the limitations of natural bone implants, including donor shortages and immune rejection risks, bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds have emerged as a promising therapy for bone defects. Despite possessing good biocompatibility, these metal, ceramic and polymer-based scaffolds are still challenged by the harsh conditions in bone defect sites. ROS accumulation, bacterial infection, excessive inflammation, compromised blood supply deficiency and tumor recurrence negatively impact bone tissue cells (BTCs) and hinder the osteointegration of BTE scaffolds. Phenolic compounds, derived from plants and fruits, have gained growing application in treating inflammatory, infectious and aging-related diseases due to their antioxidant ability conferred by phenolic hydroxyl groups. The prevalent interactions between phenols and functional groups also facilitate their utilization in fabricating scaffolds. Consequently, phenols are increasingly incorporated into BTE scaffolds to boost therapeutic efficacy in bone defect. This review demonstrated the effects of phenols on BTCs and bone defect microenvironment, summarized the intrinsic mechanisms, presented the advances in phenol-modified BTE scaffolds and analyzed their potential risks in practical applications. Overall, phenol-modified BTE scaffolds hold great potential for repairing bone defects, offering novel patterns for BTE scaffold construction and advancing traumatological medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anran Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pengzhi Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Wang M, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Tan X, Wu S, Ding L, Liu Y, Qin S, Gu J, Xu L. Syringic acid promotes cartilage extracellular matrix generation and attenuates osteoarthritic cartilage degradation by activating TGF-β/Smad and inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1000-1012. [PMID: 38126609 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative disease which is characterized by the disruption of articular cartilage. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other effects including promoting osteogenesis. However, the effect of SA on OA has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of SA on OA in a mouse model of medial meniscal destabilization. The expressions of genes were evaluated by qPCR or western blot or immunofluorescence. RNA-seq analysis was performed to examine gene transcription alterations in chondrocytes treated with SA. The effect of SA on OA was evaluated using destabilization of the medial meniscus model of mice. We found that SA had no obvious toxic effect on chondrocytes, while promoting the expressions of chondrogenesis-related marker genes. The results of RNA-seq analysis showed that extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were enriched among the up-regulated genes by SA. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SA transcriptionally activated Smad3. In addition, we found that SA inhibited the overproduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation-related cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, as well as matrix metalloproteinase 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 13. The cell apoptosis and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling were also inhibited by SA treatment. Most importantly, SA attenuated cartilage degradation in a mouse OA model. Taken together, our study demonstrated that SA could alleviate cartilage degradation in OA by activating the TGF-β/Smad and inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Er Sha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinfang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siluo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingli Ding
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Qin
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Gao Y, Li B, Zhao W, Cai Q, Yin W, Zeng S, Li X, Gao H, Cheng M. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis of D-pinitol function during hippocampal damage in streptozocin-induced aging-accelerated mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1251513. [PMID: 38025258 PMCID: PMC10664147 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1251513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes can cause hippocampal damage and lead to cognitive impairment. Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a chronic complication of diabetes associated with a high disability rate; however, its pathogenesis and therapeutic targets are unclear. We aimed to explore the mechanism of hippocampal damage during diabetes and evaluate the potential role of D-pinitol (DP) in protecting hippocampal tissue and improving cognitive dysfunction. Methods DP (150 mg/kg/day) was administered intragastrically to streptozocin-induced aging-accelerated mice for 8 weeks. Hippocampal tissues were examined using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS-based non-targeted metabolomic analysis. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) were screened for further analysis, and some DEPs were verified using western blotting. Results Our results showed that 329 proteins had significantly altered hippocampal expression in untreated diabetic mice (DM), which was restored to normal after DP treatment in 72 cases. In total, 207 DRMs were identified in the DM group, and the expression of 32 DRMs was restored to normal post-DP treatment. These proteins and metabolites are involved in metabolic pathways (purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and histidine metabolism), actin cytoskeleton regulation, oxidative phosphorylation, and Rap1-mediated signaling. Conclusions Our study may help to better understand the mechanism of diabetic hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment and suggest a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Diabetes, The Third People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Baoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Health Management Center (East Area), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbin Yin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shudong Zeng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Jinan, China
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Ma M, Zeng H, Yang P, Xu J, Zhang X, He W. Drug Delivery and Therapy Strategies for Osteoporosis Intervention. Molecules 2023; 28:6652. [PMID: 37764428 PMCID: PMC10534890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the aging society, osteoporosis (OP) risk increases yearly. Currently, the clinical usage of anti-OP drugs is challenged by recurrent side effects and poor patient compliance, regardless of oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration. Properly using a drug delivery system or formulation strategy can achieve targeted drug delivery to the bone, diminish side effects, improve bioavailability, and prolong the in vivo residence time, thus effectively curing osteoporosis. This review expounds on the pathogenesis of OP and the clinical medicaments used for OP intervention, proposes the design approach for anti-OP drug delivery, emphatically discusses emerging novel anti-OP drug delivery systems, and enumerates anti-OP preparations under clinical investigation. Our findings may contribute to engineering anti-OP drug delivery and OP-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huiling Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pei Yang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China;
| | - Jiabing Xu
- Taizhou Institute for Drug Control, Taizhou 225316, China;
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
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5
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Proia P, Rossi C, Alioto A, Amato A, Polizzotto C, Pagliaro A, Kuliś S, Baldassano S. MiRNAs Expression Modulates Osteogenesis in Response to Exercise and Nutrition. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1667. [PMID: 37761807 PMCID: PMC10529960 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many articles have been published describing the impact of physical activity and diet on bone health. This review has aimed to figure out the possible epigenetic mechanisms that influence bone metabolism. Many studies highlighted the effects of macro and micronutrients combined with exercise on the regulation of gene expression through miRs. The present review will describe how physical activity and nutrition can prevent abnormal epigenetic regulation that otherwise could lead to bone-metabolism-related diseases, the most significant of which is osteoporosis. Nowadays, it is known that this effect can be carried out not only by endogenously produced miRs, but also through those intakes through the diet. Indeed, they have also been found in the transcriptome of animals and plants, and it is possible to hypothesise an interaction between miRNAs produced by different kingdoms and epigenetic influences on human gene expression. In particular, the key to the activation pathways triggered by diet and physical activity appears to be the activation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), the expression of which is regulated by several miRs. Among the main miRs involved are exercise-induced miR21 and 21-5p, and food-induced miR 221-3p and 222-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.A.); (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.A.); (C.P.); (A.P.)
- Centro Medico di Fisioterapia “Villa Sarina”, 91011 Alcamo, Italy
| | - Anna Alioto
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.A.); (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Caterina Polizzotto
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.A.); (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Pagliaro
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.A.); (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Szymon Kuliś
- Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Kalhori MR, Soleimani M, Alibakhshi R, Kalhori AA, Mohamadi P, Azreh R, Farzaei MH. The Potential of miR-21 in Stem Cell Differentiation and its Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1232-1251. [PMID: 36899116 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two important types of non-coding RNAs that are not translated into protein. These molecules can regulate various biological processes, including stem cell differentiation and self-renewal. One of the first known miRNAs in mammals is miR-21. Cancer-related studies have shown that this miRNA has proto-oncogene activity and is elevated in cancers. However, it is confirmed that miR-21 inhibits stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal and induces differentiation by targeting various genes. Regenerative medicine is a field of medical science that tries to regenerate and repair damaged tissues. Various studies have shown that miR-21 plays an essential role in regenerative medicine by affecting stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the function of miR-21 in regenerative medicine of the liver, nerve, spinal cord, wound, bone, and dental tissues. In addition, the function of natural compounds and lncRNAs will be analyzed as potential regulators of miR-21 expression in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Kalhori
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Alibakhshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Kalhori
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohamadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rasoul Azreh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosien Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Loh HY, Norman BP, Lai KS, Cheng WH, Nik Abd Rahman NMA, Mohamed Alitheen NB, Osman MA. Post-Transcriptional Regulatory Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Canonical TGF-β/BMP Signalling Cascades on Osteoblast Lineage: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076423. [PMID: 37047394 PMCID: PMC10094338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, single-stranded, and non-protein coding RNAs about 19 to 22 nucleotides in length, that have been reported to have important roles in the control of bone development. MiRNAs have a strong influence on osteoblast differentiation through stages of lineage commitment and maturation, as well as via controlling the activities of osteogenic signal transduction pathways. Generally, miRNAs may modulate cell stemness, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by binding the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of the target genes, which then can subsequently undergo messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or protein translational repression. MiRNAs manage the gene expression in osteogenic differentiation by regulating multiple signalling cascades and essential transcription factors, including the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Wingless/Int-1(Wnt)/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog signalling pathways; the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); and osterix (Osx). This shows that miRNAs are essential in regulating diverse osteoblast cell functions. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals and exert diverse functions in osteoblastogenesis, skeletal development and bone formation, bone homeostasis, and diseases. Herein, we highlighted the current state of in vitro and in vivo research describing miRNA regulation on the canonical TGF-β/BMP signalling, their effects on osteoblast linage, and understand their mechanism of action for the development of possible therapeutics. In this review, particular attention and comprehensive database searches are focused on related works published between the years 2000 to 2022, using the resources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Loh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brendan P Norman
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azuraidi Osman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Chen Y, Sun Y, Xue X, Ma H. Comprehensive analysis of epigenetics mechanisms in osteoporosis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1153585. [PMID: 37056287 PMCID: PMC10087084 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification pertains to the alteration of genetic-expression, which could be transferred to the next generations, without any alteration in the fundamental DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification could include various processes such as DNA methylation, histone alteration, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and chromatin adjustment are among its primary operations. Osteoporosis is a metabolic disorder that bones become more fragile due to the decrease in mineral density, which could result in a higher risk of fracturing. Recently, as the investigation of the causal pathology of osteoporosis has been progressed, remarkable improvement has been made in epigenetic research. Recent literatures have illustrated that epigenetics is estimated to be one of the most contributing factors to the emergence and progression of osteoporosis. This dissertation primarily focuses on indicating the research progresses of epigenetic mechanisms and also the regulation of bone metabolism and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in light of the significance of epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, it aims to provide new intelligence for the treatment of diseases related to bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yumiao Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangyu Xue
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huanzhi Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Huanzhi Ma,
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9
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Zhang Q, Long Y, Jin L, Li C, Long J. Non-coding RNAs regulate the BMP/Smad pathway during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:151998. [PMID: 36630753 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.151998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. The BMP/Smad pathway is a key signaling pathway for classical regulation of osteogenic differentiation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the BMP/Smad pathway both have important roles for osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, bone regeneration, and development of bone diseases. There is increasing evidence that ncRNAs interact with the BMP/Smad pathway to regulate not only osteogenic differentiation of stem cells but also progression of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP), myeloma, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), by controlling the expression of bone disease-related genes. Therefore, ncRNAs that interact with BMP/Smad pathway molecules are potential targets for bone regeneration as well as bone disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. However, despite extensive studies on ncRNAs associated with the BMP/Smad pathway and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, there is a lack of comparability. Moreover, some bone disease-associated ncRNAs with low abundance can be difficult to detect and there is a lack of mature delivery systems for their stable translocation to target sites, thus limiting their application. In this review, we summarize the research progress on interactions between ncRNAs and the BMP/Smad pathway during osteogenic differentiation of various stem cells and in the regulation of bone regeneration and bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yifei Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Liangyu Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chenghao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Jie Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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10
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Shanmugavadivu A, Balagangadharan K, Selvamurugan N. Angiogenic and Osteogenic Effects of Flavonoids in Bone Regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2313-2330. [PMID: 35718883 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a highly vascularised tissue that relies on a close spatial and temporal interaction between blood vessels and bone cells. As a result, angiogenesis is critical for bone formation and healing. The vascular system supports bone regeneration by delivering oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors, as well as facilitating efficient cell-cell contact. Most clinical applications of engineered bone grafts are hampered by insufficient vascularization after implantation. Over the last decade, a number of flavonoids have been reported to have osteogenic-angiogenic potential in bone regeneration because of their excellent bioactivity, low cost, availability, and minimal in vivo toxicity. During new bone formation, the osteoinductive nature of certain flavonoids is involved in regulating multiple signaling pathways contributing toward the osteogenic-angiogenic coupling. This review briefly outlines the osteogenic-angiogenic potential of those flavonoids and the mechanisms of their action in promoting bone regeneration. However, further studies are needed to investigate their delivery strategies and establish their clinical efficacy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Shanmugavadivu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Balagangadharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Ogut E, Armagan K, Gül Z. The role of syringic acid as a neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative disorders and future expectations. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:859-880. [PMID: 35334041 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people are influenced by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), traumatic disorders of the nervous system, dementia, and various neurological disorders. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound that is found in medicinal herbs and dietary plants. The therapeutic potential of SA is due to its anti-oxidative, chemoprotective, anti-angiogenic, anti-glycating, anti-proliferative, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant properties. However, in recent studies, its neuroprotective effect has drawn attention. The current review focuses on the neuroprotective bioactivities of SA and putative mechanisms of action. An electronic data search was performed using different search engines, and the relevant articles (with or without meta-analysis) with any language were selected. In the central and peripheral nervous system, SA has been shown a significant role in excitatory neurotransmitters and alleviate behavioral dysfunctions. The consensus of the literature search was that SA treatment may help neurological dysfunction or behavioral impairments management with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, administration and proper dose of SA could be crucial factors for the effective treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kutay Armagan
- Medical Faculty Student, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zülfiye Gül
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Ogut E, Armagan K, Gül Z. The role of syringic acid as a neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative disorders and future expectations. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:859-880. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-00960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
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13
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Krishnan RH, Sadu L, Das UR, Satishkumar S, Pranav Adithya S, Saranya I, Akshaya R, Selvamurugan N. Role of p300, a histone acetyltransferase enzyme, in osteoblast differentiation. Differentiation 2022; 124:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Gao X, Hong G, Zhan W, Liu T, Yan S, Deng M, Tu C, Li P. DPA promotes hBMSCs osteogenic differentiation by miR-9-5p/ERK/ALP signaling pathway. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1879-1887. [PMID: 36438924 PMCID: PMC9682506 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.77729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been reported potentiate osteogenic differentiation, while Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), another Omega-3 fatty acid, its contribution to the osteogenic differentiation of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) is not entirely elucidated. The Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining and the expression of osteogenesis‑associated genes were analyzed during osteogenic induction by DPA. Then, bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter assays were investigated to confirm the interactions between miR-9-5p and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). miR-9-5p mimics / inhibitor were transfected to human hBMSCs and the osteogenic assay above was also performed. Furthermore, DPA significantly promoted the phosphorylation of ERK via miR-9-5p. PD98059, a highly specific and potent ERK1/2 inhibitor, inhibited the activation of ALP and partially reversed the role of DPA during osteogenic differentiation. These data indicated that DPA promoted osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs potentially through miR-9-5p/ERK/ALP signaling pathway, providing a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for patients to improve bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Guanhao Hong
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhan
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Shouquan Yan
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Scientific Research Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Mingzhu Deng
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Chenlin Tu
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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15
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Guo N, Yu Y, Gao Y. miR-21-5p and canonical Wnt signaling pathway promote osteoblast function through a feed-forward loop induced by fluoride. Toxicology 2021; 466:153079. [PMID: 34942272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term excessive exposure to fluoride from environmental sources can cause serious public health problems such as dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. The aberrant activation of osteoblasts in the early stage is one of the critical steps during the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and canonical Wnt signaling pathway participate in the progress. However, the specific mechanism that how canonical Wnt signaling pathway was mediated is not yet clear. In this study, we found that miR-21-5p induced the activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway via targeting PTEN and DKK2 during fluoride induced osteoblasts activation and firstly demonstrated the forward loop between canonical Wnt signaling and miR-21-5p in the process. These findings suggested an important regulatory role of miR-21-5p on canonical Wnt signaling pathway during skeletal fluorosis and miR-21-5p might be a potential therapeutic target for skeletal fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Yanling Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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16
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Vadaye Kheiry E, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Kerachian MA. Implantation of stem cells on synthetic or biological scaffolds: an overview of bone regeneration. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:238-268. [PMID: 34789069 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.2003590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a wide range of bone tissue injuries. In severe cases, bone damages could be only treated with transplantation of autologous or allogeneic grafting.In recent years, tissue engineering has become a promising strategy for repairing damaged organs and tissues, providing a great opportunity to cure several diseases. Bone tissue engineering consists of three components: scaffold, cells, and growth factors. Current bone tissue engineering strategies combine the use of stem cells with biologically active materials and gene therapy to mimic the natural microenvironment of bone. The combination of the scaffold with growth factors and extracellular matrix protein molecules can promote cell attachment, proliferation, and induce osteogenesis, which could provide signals for cell migration to begin the healing process during repair and bone formation.This article reviews the principles of bone regeneration and the most current developments of bone tissue engineering related to bone growth factors, the biologically active materials, such as bacterial cellulose, and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Vadaye Kheiry
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Cerqueni G, Scalzone A, Licini C, Gentile P, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Insights into oxidative stress in bone tissue and novel challenges for biomaterials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112433. [PMID: 34702518 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in bone can influence resident cells behaviour as well as the extra-cellular matrix composition and the tissue architecture. Aging, in addition to excessive overloads, unbalanced diet, smoking, predisposing genetic factors, lead to an increase of ROS and, if it is accompanied with an inappropriate production of scavengers, promotes the generation of oxidative stress that encourages bone catabolism. Furthermore, bone injuries can be triggered by numerous events such as road and sports accidents or tumour resection. Although bone tissue possesses a well-known repair and regeneration capacity, these mechanisms are inefficient in repairing large size defects and bone grafts are often necessary. ROS play a fundamental role in response after the implant introduction and can influence its success. This review provides insights on the mechanisms of oxidative stress generated by an implant in vivo and suitable ways for its modulation. The local delivery of active molecules, such as polyphenols, enhanced bone biomaterial integration evidencing that the management of the oxidative stress is a target for the effectiveness of an implant. Polyphenols have been widely used in medicine for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, bone disorders and cancer, thanks to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the perspective of new smart biomaterials and molecular medicine for the oxidative stress modulation in a programmable way, by the use of ROS responsive materials or by the targeting of selective molecular pathways involved in ROS generation, will be analysed and discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Annachiara Scalzone
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Caterina Licini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy; Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 204, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy.
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18
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Bellavia D, Caradonna F, Dimarco E, Costa V, Carina V, De Luca A, Raimondi L, Fini M, Gentile C, Giavaresi G. Non-flavonoid polyphenols in osteoporosis: preclinical evidence. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:515-529. [PMID: 33895073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of progressive osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP) is due to the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, determining a lower bone resistance, major risks of fractures, with consequent pain and functional limitations. Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have been extensively studied for their therapeutic activities against bone resorption, but less attention has been given to a whole series of molecules belonging to the polyphenolic compounds. However, these classes have begun to be studied for the treatment of OP. In this systematic review, comprehensive information is provided on non-flavonoid polyphenolic compounds, and we highlight pathways implicated in the action of these molecules that act often epigenetically, and their possible use for OP treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Section of Cellular Biology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eufrosina Dimarco
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Section of Cellular Biology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Costa
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Carina
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Gentile
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Section of Cellular Biology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Bologna, Italy
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19
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The Influence of Ripeness on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pumpkins ( Cucurbita moschata Duchesne). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123623. [PMID: 34199320 PMCID: PMC8231950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant food highly appreciated for the content of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and carotenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. The purpose of this study was to identify phenolic acids and flavonoids of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS) at different ripening stages (young, mature, ripened) and determine its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. According to the results, phenolic acids and flavonoids were dependent on the maturity stage. The mature fruits contain the highest total phenolic and flavonoids contents (97.4 mg GAE. 100 g−1 and 28.6 mg QE. 100 g−1).A total of 33 compounds were identified. Syringic acid was the most abundant compound (37%), followed by cinnamic acid (12%) and protocatechuic acid (11%). Polyphenol extract of the mature fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity when measured by DPPH (0.065 μmol TE/g) and ABTS (0.074 μmol TE/g) assays. In the antimicrobial assay, the second stage of ripening had the highest antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain with an inhibition zone of 12 mm and a MIC of 0.75 mg L−1. The lowest inhibition zone was obtained with Salmonella typhimurium (5 mm), and the MIC value was 10 mg L−1.
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20
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Rashedinia M, Khoshnoud MJ, Fahlyan BK, Hashemi SS, Alimohammadi M, Sabahi Z. Syringic Acid: A Potential Natural Compound for the Management of Renal Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diabetic Rats. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 18:405-413. [PMID: 32072913 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200211101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy can lead to renal diseases; oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have critical roles in its development. OBJECTIVES In this study, the effect of syringic acid (SYR), a natural phenolic acid, on diabetic nephropathy and mitochondrial biogenesis was examined. METHODS Diabetes was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin. SYR (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 6 weeks. SYR effects on factors, such as antioxidant activities and mRNA expression level of mitochondrial biogenesis indexes, were evaluated. RESULTS In SYR-treated rats, blood glucose and ALP level were significantly reduced. SYR increased kidney GSH content in the diabetic group. Elevated renal catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in diabetic rats were restored to normal levels after treatment. SYR significantly reduced the renal TBARS level, which had increased in diabetic rats. This compound also significantly upregulated renal mRNA expression of PGC-1α and NRF-1, and increased mtDNA/nDNA ratio in diabetic rats. These values were reduced in the non-treated diabetic group. The results show improvement of histopathological damages of kidney in the SYR treated group in comparison with the diabetic group. CONCLUSION According to the results, SYR alters renal antioxidant defense mechanisms. Also, it could be considered as a novel approach by targeting mitochondria in renal diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khoshnoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh-Sara Hashemi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Alimohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabahi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Ornelas-González A, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Microcarrier-based stem cell bioprocessing: GMP-grade culture challenges and future trends for regenerative medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1081-1095. [PMID: 33730936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1898328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as an alternative for the treatment of many diseases. Stem cells (SCs) are well known for their capacity to preserve themselves, proliferate, and differentiate into multiple lineages. These characteristics allow stem cells to be a viable option for the treatment of diverse diseases. Traditional methodologies based on 2-dimensional culture techniques (T-flasks and Petri dishes) are simple and well standardized; however, they present disadvantages that limit the production of the cell yield required for regenerative medicine applications. Lately, microcarrier (MC)-based culture techniques have emerged as an attractive platform for expanding stem cells in suspension systems. Although the use of stem cell expansion on MCs has recently shown significant increase, their implementation for medical purposes is been hampered by bottlenecks in upstream and downstream processing. Therefore, there is an urgent need in the development of bioprocesses that simplify stem cell cultures under xeno-free conditions and detachment from MCs without diminishing their pluripotency and viability. A critical analysis of the factors that impact the up and downstream bioprocessing on MC-based stem cell cultures is presented in this review. This analysis aims to raise the awareness of the current drawbacks that limit MC-based stem cell bioprocessing in regenerative medicine and propose alternatives to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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22
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Garcia J, Delany AM. MicroRNAs regulating TGFβ and BMP signaling in the osteoblast lineage. Bone 2021; 143:115791. [PMID: 33285257 PMCID: PMC7787082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review showcases miRNAs contributing to the regulation of bone forming osteoblasts through their effects on the TGFβ and BMP pathways, with a focus on ligands, receptors and SMAD-mediated signaling. The goal of this work is to provide a basis for broadly understanding the contribution of miRNAs to the modulation of TGFβ and BMP signaling in the osteoblast lineage, which may provide a rationale for potential therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the search strategy for this review was restricted to validated miRNA-target interactions within the canonical TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways; miRNA-target interactions based only bioinformatics are not presented. Specifically, this review discusses miRNAs targeting each of the TGFβ isoforms, as well as BMP2 and BMP7. Further, miRNAs targeting the signaling receptors TGFβR1 and TGFβR2, and those targeting the type 1 BMP receptors and BMPR2 are described. Lastly, miRNAs targeting the receptor SMADs, the common SMAD4 and the inhibitory SMAD7 are considered. Of these miRNAs, the miR-140 family plays a prominent role in inhibiting TGFβ signaling, targeting both ligand and receptor. Similarly, the miR-106 isoforms target both BMP2 and SMAD5 to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation. Many of the miRNAs targeting TGFβ and BMP signaling components are induced during fracture, mechanical unloading or estrogen deprivation. Localized delivery of miRNA-based therapeutics that modulate the BMP signaling pathway could promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Garcia
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Anne M Delany
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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23
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Kumar A, Kumar D, Kumari K, Mkhize Z, Seru LK, Bahadur I, Singh P. Metal-ligand complex formation between ferrous or ferric ion with syringic acid and their anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities: DFT and molecular docking approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Khalil A, Tazeddinova D. The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:411-429. [PMID: 33057955 PMCID: PMC7558243 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are a large family of more than 10,000 naturally occurring compounds, which exert countless pharmacological, biological and physiological benefits for human health including several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Their role in traditional medicine, such as the use of a wide range of remedial herbs (thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil), has been well and long known for treating common respiratory problems and cold infections. This review reports on the most highlighted polyphenolic compounds present in up to date literature and their specific antiviral perceptive properties that might enhance the body immunity facing COVID-19, and other viral infectious diseases. In fact, several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numerous human pathogens including SARS and MERS, which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms. Thus, polyphenols ought to be considered as a potential and valuable source for designing new drugs that could be used effectively in the combat against COVID-19 and other rigorous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalil
- Department of Food Technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Tazeddinova
- Department of Food Technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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25
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Nanosheets-incorporated bio-composites containing natural and synthetic polymers/ceramics for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1960-1972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Vo QV, Bay MV, Nam PC, Quang DT, Flavel M, Hoa NT, Mechler A. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Antioxidant and Antinitrosant Activity of Syringic Acid. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15514-15520. [PMID: 33150788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic acid found in vegetables, fruits, and other plant-based foods. A range of biological activities were proposed for this compound including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetic activities, as well as antioxidant and antinitrosant properties. In this study, the focus is on the latter two. The HO•, HOO•, NO, and NO2 scavenging activities of SA were evaluated in physiological environments by kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The computed rate constants of the HO• radical scavenging of SA were 4.63 × 109 and 9.77 × 107 M-1 s-1 in polar and nonpolar solvents, respectively. A comparison with the experimentally determined rate constant in aqueous solution yields a kcalculated/kexperimental ratio of 0.3, thus the computed kinetic data are reasonably accurate. SA exhibited excellent HOO• and NO2 scavenging activity in water (koverall(HOO•) = 1.53 × 108 M-1 s-1 and koverall(NO2) = 1.98 × 108 M-1 s-1), whereas it did not show NO scavenging activity in any of the studied environments. In lipid medium, SA exhibited weak activity. Thus, in polar environments, the HOO• radical scavenging of SA is 1.53 times higher than that of ascorbic acid. Consistently, SA is a promising antioxidant and antinitrosant agent in polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vo
- The University of Danang-University of Technology and Education, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Mai Van Bay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Danang-University of Science and Education, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- University of Education, Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Matthew Flavel
- TPM Bioactives Division, The Product Makers Pty Ltd., Melbourne 3173, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- The University of Danang-University of Technology and Education, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Wang J, Zhou L, Sun Q, Cai H, Tan WS. Porous chitosan derivative scaffolds affect proliferation and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cell via reducing intracellular ROS. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Torre E, Iviglia G, Cassinelli C, Morra M, Russo N. Polyphenols from grape pomace induce osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1721-1734. [PMID: 32236566 PMCID: PMC7169659 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are increasingly investigated for the treatment of periodontitis and research on their use in dental biomaterials is currently being conducted. Grape pomace extracts are a rich source of polyphenols. In the present study, the polyphenols of two different types of grape pomace were characterized and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, and the effect of polyphenol-rich grape pomace extracts on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenic differentiation was investigated. Solid-liquid extraction was used to recover polyphenols from red and white grape pomace. The two extracts have been characterized through the phenolic content and antioxidant power. Human MSCs (hMSCs) from the bone marrow were cultured both with and without given amounts (10 or 20 µg/ml) of the obtained pomace extracts. Their effects on cell differentiation were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, compared with relevant controls. Results showed that both pomace extracts, albeit different in phenolic composition and concentration, induced multiple effects on hMSC gene expression, such as a decreased receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio and an enhanced expression of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation, thus suggesting a shift of hMSCs towards osteoblast differentiation. The obtained results provided data in favor of the exploitation of polyphenol properties from grape pomace extracts as complementary active molecules for dental materials and devices for bone regeneration in periodontal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Torre
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, I‑14037 Portacomaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Morra
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, I‑14037 Portacomaro, Italy
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Sanjeev G, Sidharthan DS, Pranavkrishna S, Pranavadithya S, Abhinandan R, Akshaya RL, Balagangadharan K, Siddabathuni N, Srinivasan S, Selvamurugan N. An osteoinductive effect of phytol on mouse mesenchymal stem cells (C3H10T1/2) towards osteoblasts. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127137. [PMID: 32245598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, phytochemicals have been widely researched and utilized for the treatment of various medical conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, age-related problems and are also said to have bone regenerative effects. In this study, phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol), an acyclic unsaturated diterpene alcohol and a secondary metabolite derived from aromatic plants was investigated for its effect on osteogenesis. Phytol was found to be nontoxic in mouse mesenchymal stem cells (C3H10T1/2). At the cellular level, phytol-treatment promoted osteoblast differentiation, as seen by the increased calcium deposits. At the molecular level, phytol-treatment stimulated the expression of Runx2 (a bone-related transcription factor) and other osteogenic marker genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in controlling bone metabolism by targeting genes at the post-transcriptional level. Upon phytol-treatment in C3H10T1/2 cells, mir-21a and Smad7 levels were increased and decreased, respectively. It was previously reported that mir-21a targets Smad7 (an antagonist of TGF-beta1 signaling) and thus, protects Runx2 from its degradation. Thus, based on our results, we suggest that phytol-treatment promoted osteoblast differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells via Runx2 due to downregulation of Smad7 by mir-21a. Henceforth, phytol was identified to bolster osteoblast differentiation, which in turn may be used for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Sanjeev
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Saleth Sidharthan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Pranavkrishna
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Pranavadithya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Abhinandan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R L Akshaya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Balagangadharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nishitha Siddabathuni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swathi Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Song Y, Mou R, Li Y, Yang T. Zingerone Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation Via MiR-200c-3p/smad7 Regulatory Axis in Human Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919309. [PMID: 32146478 PMCID: PMC7079314 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoblast differentiation is a critical process to maintain the stability of the bone homeostasis. Zingerone, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (ZG), isolated from ginger, performs a wide range of biological functions in human diseases. The objective of this paper was to clarify the role of ZG in human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and associated mechanisms of ZG promoting osteoblast differentiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of ZG was detected by MTT assay. The expression levels of miR-200c-3p, smad7, and osteoblast differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin [OC], osterix [OSX] and runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX2]) were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The protein levels of smad7, ALP, OC, OSX, and RUNX2 were quantified by western blot analysis. The target mRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics tools TargetScan. The interaction between miR-200c-3p and smad7 was verified by luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. RESULTS ZG was nontoxic to hBMSCs, and it accelerated osteoblast differentiation by inducing the expression of ALP, OC, OSX, and RUNX2. MiR-200c-3p was upregulated, but smad7 was downregulated in hBMSCs treated with ZG at different concentrations at different periods. Besides, miR-200c-3p positively regulated the expression of ALP, OC, OSX, and RUNX2 in ZG-induced hBMSCs. Moreover, miR-200c-3p targeted smad7 and strengthened the expression of ALP, OC, OSX, and RUNX2 in ZG-induced hBMSCs by downregulating smad7. CONCLUSIONS ZG contributed to osteoblast differentiation via miR-200c-3p/smad7 regulatory axis by promoting the expression of ALP, OC, OSX, and RUNX2 in hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Song
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Rui Mou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Taiguo Yang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The People’s Hospital of Pingyi County, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
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Rajabi H, Aslani S, Abhari A, Sanajou D. Expression Profiles of MicroRNAs in Stem Cells Differentiation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:906-918. [PMID: 32072899 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200219092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells and have a great potential in multilineage differentiation. These cells are classified into adult stem cells like Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs). Stem cells also have potential therapeutic utility due to their pluripotency, self-renewal, and differentiation ability. These properties make them a suitable choice for regenerative medicine. Stem cells differentiation toward functional cells is governed by different signaling pathways and transcription factors. Recent studies have demonstrated the key role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of various diseases, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, aging, cell fate decisions. Several types of stem cells have different and unique miRNA expression profiles. Our review summarizes novel regulatory roles of miRNAs in the process of stem cell differentiation especially adult stem cells into a variety of functional cells through signaling pathways and transcription factors modulation. Understanding the mechanistic roles of miRNAs might be helpful in elaborating clinical therapies using stem cells and developing novel biomarkers for the early and effective diagnosis of pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rajabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Aslani
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Sanajou
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gomathi K, Akshaya N, Srinaath N, Moorthi A, Selvamurugan N. Regulation of Runx2 by post-translational modifications in osteoblast differentiation. Life Sci 2020; 245:117389. [PMID: 32007573 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is the process of new bone formation where transcription factors play an important role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key transcription factor, regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which further mature into osteocytes. Runx2 acts as a modulator such that it can either stimulate or inhibit the osteoblast differentiation. A defect/alteration in the expression/activity of this gene may lead to skeletal dysplasia. Runx2 thus serves as the best therapeutic model gene for studying bone and bone-related diseases. In this review, we briefly outline the regulation of Runx2 and its activity at the post-translational levels by the virtue of phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination in controlling the bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gomathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Akshaya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Srinaath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Moorthi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Casado-Díaz A, Dorado G, Quesada-Gómez JM. Influence of olive oil and its components on mesenchymal stem cell biology. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1045-1064. [PMID: 31875868 PMCID: PMC6904865 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil is characterized by its high content of unsaturated fatty acid residues in triglycerides, mainly oleic acid, and the presence of bioactive and antioxidant compounds. Its consumption is associated with lower risk of suffering chronic diseases and unwanted processes linked to aging, due to the antioxidant capacity and capability of its components to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Consumption of olive oil can alter the physiology of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This may explain part of the healthy effects of olive oil consumption, such as prevention of unwanted aging processes. To date, there are no specific studies on the action of olive oil on MSCs, but effects of many components of such food on cell viability and differentiation have been evaluated. The objective of this article is to review existing literature on how different compounds of extra virgin olive oil, including residues of fatty acids, vitamins, squalene, triterpenes, pigments and phenols, affect MSC maintenance and differentiation, in order to provide a better understanding of the healthy effects of this food. Interestingly, most studies have shown a positive effect of these compounds on MSCs. The collective findings support the hypothesis that at least part of the beneficial effects of extra virgin olive oil consumption on health may be mediated by its effects on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casado-Díaz
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Departement Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, CIBERFES, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
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Osteostimulatory effect of biocomposite scaffold containing phytomolecule diosmin by Integrin/FAK/ERK signaling pathway in mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11900. [PMID: 31417150 PMCID: PMC6695412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-availability of an ideal alternative for autografts in treating critical-size bone defects is a major challenge in orthopedics. Phytocompounds have been proven to enhance osteogenesis via various osteogenic signaling pathways, but its decreased bioavailability and increased renal clearance limit its application. In this study, we designed a biocomposite scaffold comprising gelatin (Gel) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) incorporated with diosmin (DM) and we investigated its bone forming potential in vitro and in vivo. Physiochemical characterization of the scaffold showed that DM had no effect on altering the material characteristics of the scaffold. The addition of DM enhanced the osteoblast differentiation potential of the scaffold in mouse mesenchymal stem cells at both cellular and molecular levels, possibly via the integrin-mediated activation of FAK and ERK signaling components. Using the rat tibial bone defective model, we identified the effect of DM in Gel/nHAp scaffold on enhancing bone formation in vivo. Based on our results, we suggest that Gel/nHAp/DM can be a potential therapeutic agent in scaffold-mediated bone regeneration.
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35
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Peng XY, Hu M, Liao F, Yang F, Ke QF, Guo YP, Zhu ZH. La-Doped mesoporous calcium silicate/chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1565-1573. [PMID: 30688345 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trace rare earth elements such as lanthanum (La) regulated effectively bone tissue performances; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In order to accelerate bone defects especially in patients with osteoporosis or other metabolic diseases, we firstly constructed lanthanum-doped mesoporous calcium silicate/chitosan (La-MCS/CTS) scaffolds by freeze-drying technology. During the freeze-drying procedure, three-dimensional macropores were produced within the La-MCS/CTS scaffolds by using ice crystals as templates, and the La-MCS nanoparticles were distributed on the macropore walls. The hierarchically porous structures and biocompatible components contributed to the adhesion, spreading and proliferation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), and accelerated the in-growth of new bone tissues. Particularly, the La3+ ions in the bone scaffolds remarkably induced the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via the activation of the TGF signal pathway. A critical-sized calvarial-defect rat model further revealed that the La-MCS/CTS scaffolds significantly promoted new bone regeneration as compared with pure MCS/CTS scaffolds. In conclusion, the La-MCS/CTS scaffold showed the prominent ability in osteogenesis and bone regeneration, which showed its application potential for bone defect therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China.
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36
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Physical Exercise Modulates miR-21-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-378-5p, and miR-188-5p Expression in Progenitor Cells Promoting Osteogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070742. [PMID: 31330975 PMCID: PMC6678390 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to promote beneficial effects on overall health, counteracting risks related to degenerative diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs affecting the expression of a cell’s transcriptome, can be modulated by different stimuli. Yet, the molecular effects on osteogenic differentiation triggered by miRNAs upon physical exercise are not completely understood. In this study, we recruited 20 male amateur runners participating in a half marathon. Runners’ sera, collected before (PRE RUN) and after (POST RUN) the run, were added to cultured human mesenchymal stromal cells. We then investigated their effects on the modulation of selected miRNAs and the consequential effects on osteogenic differentiation. Our results showed an increased expression of miRNAs promoting osteogenic differentiation (miR-21-5p, miR-129-5p, and miR-378-5p) and a reduced expression of miRNAs involved in the adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells (miR-188-5p). In addition, we observed the downregulation of PTEN and SMAD7 expression along with increased AKT/pAKT and SMAD4 protein levels in MSCs treated with POST RUN sera. The consequent upregulation of RUNX2 expression was also proven, highlighting the molecular mechanisms by which miR-21-5p promotes osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our work proposes novel data, which demonstrate how miRNAs may regulate the osteogenic commitment of progenitor cells in response to physical exercise.
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Raut N, Wicks SM, Lawal TO, Mahady GB. Epigenetic regulation of bone remodeling by natural compounds. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104350. [PMID: 31315065 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and osteopenia impact more than 54 million Americans, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Alterations in bone remodeling are the hallmarks for osteoporosis, and thus the development of novel treatments that will prevent or treat bone diseases would be clinically significant, and improve the quality of life for these patients. Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by osteoclasts and the formation of new bone by osteoblasts. This process is tightly coupled, and is essential for the maintenance of bone strength and integrity. Since the osteoclast is the only cell capable of bone resorption, the development of drugs to treat bone disorders has primarily focused on reducing osteoclast differentiation, maturation, and bone resorption mechanisms, and there are few treatments that actually increase bone formation. Evidence from observational, experimental, and clinical studies demonstrate a positive link between naturally occurring compounds and improved indices of bone health. While many natural extracts and compounds are reported to have beneficial effects on bone, only resveratrol, sulforaphane, specific phenolic acids and anthocyanins, have been shown to both increase bone formation and reduce resorption through their effects on the bone epigenome. Each of these compounds alters specific aspects of the bone epigenome to improve osteoblast differentiation, reduce osteoblast apoptosis, improve bone mineralization, and reduce osteoclast differentiation and function. This review focuses on these specific natural compounds and their epigenetic regulation of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Raut
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sheila M Wicks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tempitope O Lawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gail B Mahady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
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Srinaath N, Balagangadharan K, Pooja V, Paarkavi U, Trishla A, Selvamurugan N. Osteogenic potential of zingerone, a phenolic compound in mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Biofactors 2019; 45:575-582. [PMID: 31091349 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zingerone, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (Zg), a phenolic compound isolated from ginger is reported to have anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. However, its role in the promotion of osteogenesis is not known. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Zg on osteogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Zg treatment was nontoxic to mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). At the cellular level, it enhanced osteoblast differentiation as evidenced by more calcium deposits. At the molecular level, Zg stimulated the expression of Runx2 (a bone transcription factor) and other marker genes of osteoblast differentiation in mMSCs. Recent studies indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate bone metabolism, and we identified that Zg treatment in mMSCs upregulated mir-590, a positive regulator of Runx2 by targeting Smad7, an antagonist of TGF-β1 signaling. Thus, the osteogenic potential of Zg would be beneficial for treating bone and bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Srinaath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalimuthu Balagangadharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikraman Pooja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udhaykumar Paarkavi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adhikari Trishla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li L, Jiang D. Hypoxia-responsive miRNA-21-5p inhibits Runx2 suppression by targeting SMAD7 in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16867-16875. [PMID: 31106445 PMCID: PMC6766843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained hypoxia inhibits osteogenesis and osteoblast differentiation by downregulating the expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate osteogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. In the present study, we profiled miRNAs, with microRNA array and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) methods, in mouse osteoblast (MC3T3‐E1) cells under hypoxia. Then, we investigated regulation by miRNA‐21‐5p on the expression of Runx2 and other osteoblast differentiation‐associated markers via gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function strategies. We found that expression of miRNA‐21‐5p, miRNA‐210‐5p, and other eight miRNAs was upregulated significantly in hypoxia‐treated MC3T3‐E1 cells. miRNA‐21‐5p overexpression downregulated the expression of the mRNA and protein of suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD7) markedly, the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of which was highly homologous with the miRNA‐21‐5p sequence. miRNA‐21‐5p overexpression upregulated the protein expression of Runx2 in hypoxia‐treated MC3T3‐E1 cells, although mRNA expression of Runx2 and other osteoblast differentiation‐associated molecules (eg, osteocalcin, procollagen type 1 amino‐terminal propeptide, P1NP) were not regulated by it; such upregulation was SMAD7‐dependent. In conclusion, hypoxia‐responsive miRNA‐21‐5p promoted Runx2 expression (at least in part) by targeting the 3′‐UTR and downregulating SMAD7 expression. Our study suggests a protective role of miRNA‐21‐5p in promoting osteoblast differentiation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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40
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Bellavia D, De Luca A, Carina V, Costa V, Raimondi L, Salamanna F, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Deregulated miRNAs in bone health: Epigenetic roles in osteoporosis. Bone 2019; 122:52-75. [PMID: 30772601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has shown to enhance or inhibit cell proliferation, differentiation and activity of different cell types in bone tissue. The discovery of miRNA actions and their targets has helped to identify them as novel regulations actors in bone. Various studies have shown that miRNA deregulation mediates the progression of bone-related pathologies, such as osteoporosis. The present review intends to give an exhaustive overview of miRNAs with experimentally validated targets involved in bone homeostasis and highlight their possible role in osteoporosis development. Moreover, the review analyzes miRNAs identified in clinical trials and involved in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellavia
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Costa
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Salamanna
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Fini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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41
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Mohanakrishnan V, Balasubramanian A, Mahalingam G, Partridge NC, Ramachandran I, Selvamurugan N. Parathyroid hormone-induced down-regulation of miR-532-5p for matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in rat osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6181-6193. [PMID: 29626351 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on osteoblasts and functions as an essential regulator of calcium homeostasis and as a mediator of bone remodeling. We previously reported that PTH stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) in rat osteoblasts and that MMP-13 plays a key role in bone remodeling, endochondral bone formation, and bone repair. Recent evidence indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) have regulatory functions in bone metabolism. In this study, we hypothesized that the down-regulation of miRNAs that target MMP-13 by PTH leads to the stimulation of MMP-13 expression in osteoblasts. We used various bioinformatic tools to identify miRNAs that putatively target rat MMP-13. Among these miRNAs, the expression of miR-532-5p in rat osteoblasts decreased at 4 h of PTH-treatment, whereas MMP-13 mRNA expression was maximal at the same time point. When an miR-532-5p mimic was transiently transfected into UMR-106-01 cells, MMP-13 mRNA and protein expression decreased. Using a luciferase reporter assay system, we also identified that miR-532-5p directly targeted the 3' UTRs of MMP-13 gene. Based on these results, we suggest that PTH-induced down-regulation of miR-532-5p resulted in the stimulation of MMP-13 expression in rat osteoblasts. This study identified a significant role of miRNA in controlling bone remodeling via PTH-stimulated MMP-13 expression. This finding enhances our understanding of bone metabolism and bone-related diseases and it could provide information regarding the usage of miRNAs as therapeutic agents or biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokulnath Mahalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicola Chennell Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York University, New York
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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