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Gross IP, Wilson AE, Wolak ME. The fitness consequences of wildlife conservation translocations: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:348-371. [PMID: 37844577 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Conservation translocation is a common strategy to offset mounting rates of population declines through the transfer of captive- or wild-origin organisms into areas where conspecific populations are imperilled or completely extirpated. Translocations that supplement existing populations are referred to as reinforcements and can be conducted using captive-origin animals [ex situ reinforcement (ESR)] or wild-origin animals without any captive ancestry [in situ reinforcement (ISR)]. These programs have been criticized for low success rates and husbandry practices that produce individuals with genetic and performance deficits, but the post-release performance of captive-origin or wild-origin translocated groups has not been systematically reviewed to quantify success relative to wild-resident control groups. To assess the disparity in post-release performance of translocated organisms relative to wild-resident conspecifics and examine the association of performance disparity with organismal and methodological factors across studies, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 821 performance comparisons from 171 studies representing nine animal classes (101 species). We found that translocated organisms have 64% decreased odds of out-performing their wild-resident counterparts, supporting claims of systemic issues hampering conservation translocations. To help identify translocation practices that could maximize program success in the future, we further quantified the impact of broad organismal and methodological factors on the disparity between translocated and wild-resident conspecific performance. Pre-release animal enrichment significantly reduced performance disparities, whereas our results suggest no overall effects of taxonomic group, sex, captive generation time, or the type of fitness surrogate measured. This work is the most comprehensive systematic review to date of animal conservation translocations in which wild conspecifics were used as comparators, thereby facilitating an evaluation of the overall impact of this conservation strategy and identifying specific actions to increase success. Our review highlights the need for conservation managers to include both sympatric and allopatric wild-reference groups to ensure the post-release performance of translocated animals can be evaluated. Further, our analyses identify pre-release animal enrichment as a particular strategy for improving the outcomes of animal conservation translocations, and demonstrate how meta-analysis can be used to identify implementation choices that maximize translocated animal contributions to recipient population growth and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwo P Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Avenue, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 382 Mell Street, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Avenue, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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2
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Zillig KW, FitzGerald AM, Lusardi RA, Cocherell DE, Fangue NA. Intraspecific variation among Chinook Salmon populations indicates physiological adaptation to local environmental conditions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad044. [PMID: 37346267 PMCID: PMC10281501 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding interpopulation variation is important to predicting species responses to climate change. Recent research has revealed interpopulation variation among several species of Pacific salmonids; however, the environmental drivers of population differences remain elusive. We tested for local adaptation and countergradient variation by assessing interpopulation variation among six populations of fall-run Chinook Salmon from the western United States. Juvenile fish were reared at three temperatures (11, 16 and 20°C), and five physiological metrics were measured (routine and maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope, growth rate and critical thermal maximum). We then tested associations between these physiological metrics and 15 environmental characteristics (e.g. rearing temperature, latitude, migration distance, etc.). Statistical associations between the five physiological metrics and 15 environmental characteristics supported our hypotheses of local adaptation. Notably, latitude was a poor predictor of population physiology. Instead, our results demonstrate that populations from warmer habitats exhibit higher thermal tolerance (i.e. critical thermal maxima), faster growth when warm acclimated and greater aerobic capacity at high temperatures. Additionally, populations with longer migrations exhibit higher metabolic capacity. However, overall metabolic capacity declined with warm acclimation, indicating that future climate change may reduce metabolic capacity, negatively affecting long-migrating populations. Linking physiological traits to environmental characteristics enables flexible, population-specific management of disparate populations in response to local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Zillig
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyssa M FitzGerald
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Robert A Lusardi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dennis E Cocherell
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Corresponding author: One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel: +1 (530) 752-4997.
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3
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Wedekind C, Vonlanthen P, de Guttry C, Stadelmann R, Stadelmann N, Pirat A, Perroud G. Persistent high hatchery recruitment despite advanced reoligotrophication and significant natural spawning in a whitefish. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Hsu TH, Lee HT, Lu HJ, Liao CH, Gong HY, Huang CW. Maintenance of Genetic Diversity of Black Sea Bream despite Unmonitored and Large-Scale Hatchery Releases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:554. [PMID: 35453753 PMCID: PMC9026629 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stock enhancement, used for replenishing depleted wild finfish populations, is an aggressive approach. Stock enhancement projects in Taiwan involve black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), a major commercial species. During 2004-2015, even management agencies conducted stock enhancement projects, leading to numerous private releases that have not been recorded. Stock enhancement by a private hatchery without accurate genetic records may lead to a genetic structure change in wild populations. Using allele frequencies at nine microsatellite loci, we studied the genetic effects of stock enhancement in 19 samples collected from populations in the hatcheries and the wild. In 458 individuals from nine hatchery samples, most populations showed weak but significant genetic differences and complex clusters in structure analysis, indicating dramatic stock change within and among hatcheries. The 10 wild populations (n = 773) also had a complex genetic composition and were genetically different among sampling sites and times. However, a simple and clear cluster in structure analysis was found for only one sampling site, which had no release history. Thus, stock enhancement with complex genetic sources helps maintain genetic diversity but dramatically changes the genetic structure within and among wild populations, especially when stock enhancement is successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hua Hsu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-H.H.); (H.-Y.G.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tai Lee
- Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-T.L.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Hsueh-Jung Lu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-T.L.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hsin Liao
- Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-T.L.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-H.H.); (H.-Y.G.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wen Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-H.H.); (H.-Y.G.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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5
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Dolman PM, Burnside RJ, Scotland KM, Collar NJ. Captive breeding and the conservation of the threatened houbara bustards. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation of captive-bred individuals to reinforce wild populations may be an important conservation approach for some species, but can be detrimental when employed to boost exploited wild populations, particularly where repeated long-term reinforcement aims to compensate for repeated unregulated offtake. We review evidence that captive breeding alters multiple physiological, life-history and temperamental traits through founder effects, genetic drift and unintended adaption to captivity; degrades learnt behaviours; and compromises biogeography, population structure and viability through introgression. We highlight these risks for the globally threatened African houbara Chlamydotis undulata and Asian houbara C. macqueenii, 2 bustard species hunted throughout much of their ranges and now subject to multiple large-scale captive-breeding programmes and translocations. In eastern Morocco, annual releases of captive-bred African houbara are 2‒3 times higher than original wild numbers, but no investigation of their potentially deleterious effects has, to our knowledge, been published, although most wild populations may now have been replaced by captive-bred domestic stock, which are reportedly not self-sustaining. Despite multiple decades of reinforcement, we are not aware of any analysis of the contribution of captive breeding to African houbara population dynamics, or of the genomic consequences. Asian houbara release programmes may also be promoting rather than preventing declines, and need to contextualise themselves through rigorous analyses of wild population numbers, demographic rates and threats, maintenance of phylogeographic concordance of released with supplemented populations, profiling of traits crucial to survival and the measurement and modelling of the impacts of reinforcement on physiological and behavioural fitness of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- PM Dolman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - RJ Burnside
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - KM Scotland
- Emirates Bird Breeding Centre for Conservation, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - NJ Collar
- BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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Population Genetic Analysis for Stock Enhancement of Silver Sea Bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) in Taiwan. FISHES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stock enhancement is a method for replenishing depleted wild finfish populations by supplementing them with hatchery-raised fish. In Taiwan, silver sea bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) is a predominant commercial species involved in stock enhancement projects. Although management agencies conduct stock enhancement projects, there are a lot of private releases without records. Stock enhancement is performed by the private aquaculture sector without accurate genetic records, potentially leading to unintended consequences for wild populations. We analyzed the genetics of 459 wild and 701 hatchery-reared specimens from nine batches produced by various hatcheries. Wild and hatchery-reared samples could be considered two separate clades by using a set of stable and informative microsatellite markers including type I (from gene introns and 3′UTR) and type II markers (randomly picked up from genome). Type I microsatellite markers could more sensitively reflect the loss of genetic diversity more than type II markers in the domestication process. All specimens were considered native by using mtDNA COI and microsatellites. The genetic composition of the wild population is relatively simple, and the estimated low contribution rate of the hatchery stock (1.3–10.9%; 6–50/459) indicated a weak but significant genetic effect of stock enhancement. Therefore, establishing standards for the stock enhancement of silver sea bream for more effective supplementation of wild populations is imperative.
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Obregón C, Hughes M, Loneragan NR, Poulton SJ, Tweedley JR. A two-phase approach to elicit and measure beliefs on management strategies: Fishers supportive and aware of trade-offs associated with stock enhancement. AMBIO 2020; 49:640-649. [PMID: 31201615 PMCID: PMC6965562 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding fisher beliefs and attitudes towards specific management strategies can help inform and improve fisheries management, and thus stock sustainability. Previous studies highlight a lack of fisher awareness regarding environmental issues influencing the systems they utilise and the negative impacts of specific strategies, such as stock enhancement. Our study used a two-phase approach to first elicit and then measure the strength of common fishers' beliefs and associated attitudes regarding stock enhancement. Specifically, this research focused on recreational fishers of an estuarine crab fishery (Portunus armatus) in south-western Australia. The results demonstrate that recreational fishers believe stock enhancement could have strong positive outcomes, but also recognise that this management strategy could lead to some negative outcomes, though the latter are perceived as less likely to happen. This contrasts with previous research on fisheries stocking and demonstrates the value of using the two-phase approach to clarify fishers' perceptions of particular management approaches. To reduce fisher dissatisfaction with management actions, careful communication on the benefits and costs of stock enhancement is recommended. Our study highlights the significance of integrating social sciences into fisheries research, and the need to better understand fishing community beliefs to ensure effective management of the fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Obregón
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, 90 South, St. Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Michael Hughes
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, 90 South, St. Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Neil R. Loneragan
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, 90 South, St. Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah J. Poulton
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, 90 South, St. Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - James R. Tweedley
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, 90 South, St. Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
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Žužul I, Šegvić-Bubić T, Talijančić I, Džoić T, Lepen Pleić I, Beg Paklar G, Ivatek-Šahdan S, Katavić I, Grubišić L. Spatial connectivity pattern of expanding gilthead seabream populations and its interactions with aquaculture sites: a combined population genetic and physical modelling approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14718. [PMID: 31604982 PMCID: PMC6788985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In gilthead seabream the number of domesticated individuals increased annually, and escape events occur regularly in the Adriatic Sea. Still there is a lack of population genetic characteristics and evidence of the extent and geographic scale of interbreeding resulting from fish-farm escapees. We screened 1586 individuals using a panel of 21 neutral microsatellite loci in several consecutive years and here report on the medium-scale detection of hybrid and farmed seabream in the natural environment. Wild adults showed a lack of genetic structure within basin and sampling years and reduced connectivity with wild offspring collection, suggesting their temporal residency within the Adriatic. On the contrary, by linking the results of multiannual genetic analyses with the results of coupled hydrodynamic and individual based models (IBM-Ichthyop), we observed a strong connection of wild seabream associated with tuna-aquaculture sites and offspring from the nursery grounds, indicating that the surroundings of tuna sea-cage farms can function as a spawning grounds. The study results present the genetic baseline of wild and farmed strains from the eastern Adriatic Sea, as a first step toward development of a mitigation strategy for fish escapees aimed at controlling further erosion of genetic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Žužul
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Tanja Šegvić-Bubić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Igor Talijančić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Džoić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lepen Pleić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Gordana Beg Paklar
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Katavić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Leon Grubišić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Derry AM, Fraser DJ, Brady SP, Astorg L, Lawrence ER, Martin GK, Matte J, Negrín Dastis JO, Paccard A, Barrett RDH, Chapman LJ, Lane JE, Ballas CG, Close M, Crispo E. Conservation through the lens of (mal)adaptation: Concepts and meta-analysis. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1287-1304. [PMID: 31417615 PMCID: PMC6691223 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches are gaining popularity in conservation science, with diverse strategies applied in efforts to support adaptive population outcomes. Yet conservation strategies differ in the type of adaptive outcomes they promote as conservation goals. For instance, strategies based on genetic or demographic rescue implicitly target adaptive population states whereas strategies utilizing transgenerational plasticity or evolutionary rescue implicitly target adaptive processes. These two goals are somewhat polar: adaptive state strategies optimize current population fitness, which should reduce phenotypic and/or genetic variance, reducing adaptability in changing or uncertain environments; adaptive process strategies increase genetic variance, causing maladaptation in the short term, but increase adaptability over the long term. Maladaptation refers to suboptimal population fitness, adaptation refers to optimal population fitness, and (mal)adaptation refers to the continuum of fitness variation from maladaptation to adaptation. Here, we present a conceptual classification for conservation that implicitly considers (mal)adaptation in the short-term and long-term outcomes of conservation strategies. We describe cases of how (mal)adaptation is implicated in traditional conservation strategies, as well as strategies that have potential as a conservation tool but are relatively underutilized. We use a meta-analysis of a small number of available studies to evaluate whether the different conservation strategies employed are better suited toward increasing population fitness across multiple generations. We found weakly increasing adaptation over time for transgenerational plasticity, genetic rescue, and evolutionary rescue. Demographic rescue was generally maladaptive, both immediately after conservation intervention and after several generations. Interspecific hybridization was adaptive only in the F1 generation, but then rapidly leads to maladaptation. Management decisions that are made to support the process of adaptation must adequately account for (mal)adaptation as a potential outcome and even as a tool to bolster adaptive capacity to changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Margaret Derry
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity ScienceMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity ScienceMontrealQuebecCanada
- Biology DepartmentConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Steven P. Brady
- Biology DepartmentSouthern Connecticut State UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Louis Astorg
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | - Gillian K. Martin
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | | | - Antoine Paccard
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rowan D. H. Barrett
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity ScienceMontrealQuebecCanada
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Lauren J. Chapman
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity ScienceMontrealQuebecCanada
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Marissa Close
- Department of BiologyPace UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Erika Crispo
- Department of BiologyPace UniversityNew YorkNew York
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10
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Quilodrán CS, Austerlitz F, Currat M, Montoya-Burgos JI. Cryptic Biological Invasions: a General Model of Hybridization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2414. [PMID: 29402926 PMCID: PMC5799175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersal of non-native genes due to hybridization is a form of cryptic invasion with growing concern in evolution and conservation. This includes the spread of transgenic genes and antibiotic resistance. To investigate how genes and phenotypes are transmitted, we developed a general model that, for the first time, considers concurrently: multiple loci, quantitative and qualitative gene expression, assortative mating, dominance/recessivity inheritance and density-dependent demographic effects. Selection acting on alleles or genotypes can also be incorporated. Our results reveal that the conclusions about how hybridization threatens a species can be biased if they are based on single-gene models, while considering two or more genes can correct this bias. We also show that demography can amplify or balance the genetic effects, evidencing the need of jointly incorporating both processes. By implementing our model in a real case, we show that mallard ducks introduced in New Zealand benefit from hybridization to replace native grey-ducks. Total displacement can take a few generations and occurs by interspecific competition and by competition between hybrids and natives, demonstrating how hybridization may facilitate biological invasions. We argue that our general model represents a powerful tool for the study of a wide range of biological and societal questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S Quilodrán
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of vertebrate evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of anthropology, genetics and peopling history, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Austerlitz
- Laboratory of Eco-Anthropology and Ethnobiology, National Museum of Natural History, National Centre for Scientific Research, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Currat
- Laboratory of anthropology, genetics and peopling history, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan I Montoya-Burgos
- Laboratory of vertebrate evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Turcotte MM, Araki H, Karp DS, Poveda K, Whitehead SR. The eco-evolutionary impacts of domestication and agricultural practices on wild species. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0033. [PMID: 27920378 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is a dominant evolutionary force that drives the evolution of both domesticated and wild species. However, the various mechanisms of agriculture-induced evolution and their socio-ecological consequences are not often synthetically discussed. Here, we explore how agricultural practices and evolutionary changes in domesticated species cause evolution in wild species. We do so by examining three processes by which agriculture drives evolution. First, differences in the traits of domesticated species, compared with their wild ancestors, alter the selective environment and create opportunities for wild species to specialize. Second, selection caused by agricultural practices, including both those meant to maximize productivity and those meant to control pest species, can lead to pest adaptation. Third, agriculture can cause non-selective changes in patterns of gene flow in wild species. We review evidence for these processes and then discuss their ecological and sociological impacts. We finish by identifying important knowledge gaps and future directions related to the eco-evolutionary impacts of agriculture including their extent, how to prevent the detrimental evolution of wild species, and finally, how to use evolution to minimize the ecological impacts of agriculture.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Turcotte
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, CHN G35.1, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Hitoshi Araki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Castellani M, Heino M, Gilbey J, Araki H, Svåsand T, Glover KA. IBSEM: An Individual-Based Atlantic Salmon Population Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138444. [PMID: 26383256 PMCID: PMC4575158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology and genetics can influence the fate of individuals and populations in multiple ways. However, to date, few studies consider them when modelling the evolutionary trajectory of populations faced with admixture with non-local populations. For the Atlantic salmon, a model incorporating these elements is urgently needed because many populations are challenged with gene-flow from non-local and domesticated conspecifics. We developed an Individual-Based Salmon Eco-genetic Model (IBSEM) to simulate the demographic and population genetic change of an Atlantic salmon population through its entire life-cycle. Processes such as growth, mortality, and maturation are simulated through stochastic procedures, which take into account environmental variables as well as the genotype of the individuals. IBSEM is based upon detailed empirical data from salmon biology, and parameterized to reproduce the environmental conditions and the characteristics of a wild population inhabiting a Norwegian river. Simulations demonstrated that the model consistently and reliably reproduces the characteristics of the population. Moreover, in absence of farmed escapees, the modelled populations reach an evolutionary equilibrium that is similar to our definition of a ‘wild’ genotype. We assessed the sensitivity of the model in the face of assumptions made on the fitness differences between farm and wild salmon, and evaluated the role of straying as a buffering mechanism against the intrusion of farm genes into wild populations. These results demonstrate that IBSEM is able to capture the evolutionary forces shaping the life history of wild salmon and is therefore able to model the response of populations under environmental and genetic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castellani
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MC); (KG)
| | - Mikko Heino
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - John Gilbey
- Marine Scotland Science, Freshwater Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry, PH16 5LB, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hitoshi Araki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060–8589, Japan
| | - Terje Svåsand
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kevin A. Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (MC); (KG)
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Quilodrán CS, Currat M, Montoya-Burgos JI. A general model of distant hybridization reveals the conditions for extinction in Atlantic salmon and brown trout. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101736. [PMID: 25003336 PMCID: PMC4086968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization is common in nature but can be increased in frequency or even originated by human actions, such as species introduction or habitat modification, which may threaten species persistence. When hybridization occurs between distantly related species, referred to as "distant hybridization," the resulting hybrids are generally infertile or fertile but do not undergo chromosomal recombination during gametogenesis. Here, we present a model describing this frequent but poorly studied interspecific hybridization to assess its consequences on parental species and to anticipate the conditions under which they can reach extinction. Our general model fully incorporates three important processes: density-dependent competition, dominance/recessivity inheritance of traits and assortative mating. We demonstrate its use and flexibility by assessing population extinction risk between Atlantic salmon and brown trout in Norway, whose interbreeding has recently increased due to farmed fish releases into the wild. We identified the set of conditions under which hybridization may threaten salmonid species. Thanks to the flexibility of our model, we evaluated the effect of an additional risk factor, a parasitic disease, and showed that the cumulative effects dramatically increase the extinction risk. The consequences of distant hybridization are not genetically, but demographically mediated. Our general model is useful to better comprehend the evolution of such hybrid systems and we demonstrated its importance in the field of conservation biology to set up management recommendations when this increasingly frequent type of hybridization is in action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S. Quilodrán
- Laboratory of anthropology, genetics and peopling history (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of molecular phylogeny and evolution in vertebrates, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Currat
- Laboratory of anthropology, genetics and peopling history (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan I. Montoya-Burgos
- Laboratory of molecular phylogeny and evolution in vertebrates, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Baskett ML, Waples RS. Evaluating alternative strategies for minimizing unintended fitness consequences of cultured individuals on wild populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2013; 27:83-94. [PMID: 23082984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive-wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic-genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density-dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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