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Butassi E, Blanc AR, Svetaz LA. Phytolacca tetramera berries extracts and its main constituents as potentiators of antifungal drugs against Candida spp. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155569. [PMID: 38795695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive antifungal drug use has enhanced fungal resistance, resulting in persistent mycoses. Combining antifungal plant extracts/compounds with these drugs offers good alternatives to increase the activity of both partners, minimize side effects, and overcome drug resistance. In our previous study, Phytolacca tetramera berries extracts demonstrated activity against Candida spp., correlating with the amount of the main constituent phytolaccoside B and its genin, phytolaccagenin. The extracts and phytolaccagenin altered the fungal plasma membrane by binding to ergosterol, whereas phytolaccoside B increased chitin synthase activity. However, the presence of triterpenoid saponins in Phytolacca spp. has been linked to acute toxicity in humans. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate combinations of P. tetramera berries extracts, phytolaccoside B and phytolaccagenin, together with commercial antifungals [amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin] against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, to find synergistic effects with multi-target actions, in which the doses of both partners are reduced, and therefore their toxicity. Additionally, we intended to explore their anti-virulence capacity, thereby hindering the development of drug-resistant strains. METHODS The effects of these combinations were evaluated using both the checkerboard and isobologram methods. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index and Dose Reduction Index were calculated to interpret the combination results. To confirm the multi-target effect, studies on mechanisms of action of synergistic mixtures were performed using ergosterol-binding and quantification assays. The ability to inhibit Candida virulence factors, including biofilm formation and eradication from inert surfaces, was also evaluated. Quantification of active markers was performed using a validated UHPLC-ESI-MS method. RESULTS Eight synergistic combinations of P. tetramera extracts or phytolaccagenin (but not phytolaccoside B) with itraconazole or posaconazole were obtained against C. albicans, including a resistant strain. These mixtures acted by binding to ergosterol, decreasing its whole content, and inhibiting Candida biofilm formation in 96-well microplates and feeding tubes in vitro, but were unable to eradicate preformed biofilms. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the synergistic and anti-virulence effects of P. tetramera berries extracts and phytolaccagenin with antifungal drugs against Candida spp., providing novel treatment avenues for fungal infections with reduced doses of both natural products and commercial antifungals, thereby mitigating potential human toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Alan Roy Blanc
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
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Chand P, Narula K, Vs R, Sharma S, Kumari S, Mondal N, Singh SP, Mishra P, Prasad T. Mechanistic Insights into Cellular and Molecular Targets of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots (ZnO QDs) in Fungal Pathogen, Candida albicans: One Drug Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1914-1934. [PMID: 38831663 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Rationally designed multitargeted drugs, known as network therapeutics/multimodal drugs, have emerged as versatile therapeutic solutions to combat drug-resistant microbes. Here, we report novel mechanistic insights into cellular and molecular targets of ZnO quantum dots (QDs) against Candida albicans, a representative of fungal pathogens. Stable, monodispersed 4-6 nm ZnO QDs were synthesized using a wet chemical route, which exhibited dose-dependent inhibition on the growth dynamics of Candida. Treatment with 200 μg/mL ZnO QDs revealed an aberrant morphology and a disrupted cellular ultrastructure in electron microscopy and led to a 23% reduction in ergosterol content and a 53% increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. Significant increase in steady-state fluorescence polarization and fluorescence lifetime decay of membrane probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in treated cells, respectively, implied reduction in membrane fluidity and enhanced microviscosity. The observed reduction in passive diffusion of fluorescent Rhodamine 6G across the membrane validated the intricate relationship between ergosterol, membrane fluidity, and microviscosity. An inverse relationship existing between ergosterol biosynthetic genes, ERG11 and ERG3 in treated cells, related well with displayed higher susceptibilities. Furthermore, treated cells exhibited impaired functionality and downregulation of ABC drug efflux pumps. Multiple cellular targets of ZnO QDs in Candida were validated by in silico molecular docking. Thus, targeting ERG11, ERG3, and ABC drug efflux pumps might emerge as a versatile, nano-ZnO-based strategy in fungal therapeutics to address the challenges of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chand
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kritika Narula
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Vs
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Das S, Maurya A, Singh VK, Chaudhari AK, Singh BK, Dwivedy AK, Dubey NK. Chitosan nanoemulsion incorporated with Carum carvi essential oil as ecofriendly alternative for mitigation of aflatoxin B 1 contamination in stored herbal raw materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132248. [PMID: 38729502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation entails the first report on entrapment of Carum carvi essential oil (CCEO) into chitosan polymer matrix for protection of stored herbal raw materials against fungal inhabitation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Physico-chemical characterization of nanoencapsulated CCEO was performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoencapsulated CCEO displayed improved antifungal and AFB1 suppressing potentiality along with controlled delivery over unencapsulated CCEO. The encapsulated CCEO nanoemulsion obstructed the ergosterol production and escalated the efflux of cellular ions, thereby suggesting plasma membrane as prime target of antifungal action in Aspergillus flavus cells. The impairment in methyglyoxal production and modeling based carvone interaction with Afl-R protein validated the antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. In addition, CCEO displayed augmentation in antioxidant potentiality after encapsulation into chitosan nanomatrix. Moreover, the in-situ study demonstrated the effective protection of Withania somnifera root samples (model herbal raw material) against fungal infestation and AFB1 contamination along with prevention of lipid peroxidation. The acceptable organoleptic qualities of W. somnifera root samples and favorable safety profile in mice (animal model) strengthen the application of nanoencapsulated CCEO emulsion as nano-fungitoxicant for preservation of herbal raw materials against fungi and AFB1 mediated biodeterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Das
- Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College, Purba Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Akash Maurya
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Department of Botany, Shri Murli Manohar Town Post Graduate College, Ballia 277001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P. G. College, Ayodhya 224123, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Department of Botany, Rajkiya Mahila Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Ghazipur 233001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Shang Y, Jin Q, Li G, Yan H, Yu M, Hu Z. Functional study of two ER localized sterol C-14 reductases in Aspergillus oryzae. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:136. [PMID: 38682096 PMCID: PMC11045682 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important component of fungal cell membrane. Ergosterol biosynthesis involves sterol C-14 reductase, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, which has been well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, little studies about this important enzyme in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, two sterol C-14 reductases named AoErg24A and AoErg24B were identified in A. oryzae using bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic tree, expression pattern, subcellular localization, and yeast functional complementation analyses, we discovered that both AoErg24A and AoErg24B are conserved and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both enzymes can partially restore the temperature sensitivity phenotype of a S. cerevisiae erg24 weak mutant. Overexpression of AoErg24A in A. oryzae increased 1.6 times of ergosterol content, while overexpression of AoErg24B led to a slight decrease of ergosterol. Both genes affect the sporulation of A. oryzae. These results uncovered that the two genes function differently in ergosterol biosynthesis. Thus, this study further enhances our understanding of ergosterol biosynthesis in A. oryzae and lays a good foundation for A. oryzae to be used in industrial ergosterol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Qi Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Ganghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002 China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Mingquan Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
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Jia X, Song J, Wu Y, Feng S, Sun Z, Hu Y, Yu M, Han R, Zeng B. Strategies for the Enhancement of Secondary Metabolite Production via Biosynthesis Gene Cluster Regulation in Aspergillus oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:312. [PMID: 38786667 PMCID: PMC11121810 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) has been extensively used for the biosynthesis of numerous secondary metabolites with significant applications in agriculture and food and medical industries, among others. However, the identification and functional prediction of metabolites through genome mining in A. oryzae are hindered by the complex regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and the inactivity of most of the biosynthetic gene clusters involved. The global regulatory factors, pathway-specific regulatory factors, epigenetics, and environmental signals significantly impact the production of secondary metabolites, indicating that appropriate gene-level modulations are expected to promote the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in A. oryzae. This review mainly focuses on illuminating the molecular regulatory mechanisms for the activation of potentially unexpressed pathways, possibly revealing the effects of transcriptional, epigenetic, and environmental signal regulation. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, strategies can be developed to enhance the production and utilization of these metabolites, and potential functions can be fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
- College of Materials and Energy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jiayi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Sai Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Zeao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Mengxue Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Rui Han
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (X.J.); (J.S.); (Y.W.); (S.F.); (Z.S.); (Y.H.); (M.Y.); (R.H.)
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Jabinski S, d. M. Rangel W, Kopáček M, Jílková V, Jansa J, Meador TB. Constraining activity and growth substrate of fungal decomposers via assimilation patterns of inorganic carbon and water into lipid biomarkers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0206523. [PMID: 38527003 PMCID: PMC11022577 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02065-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the few organisms on the planet that can metabolize recalcitrant carbon (C) but are also known to access recently produced plant photosynthate. Therefore, improved quantification of growth and substrate utilization by different fungal ecotypes will help to define the rates and controls of fungal production, the cycling of soil organic matter, and thus the C storage and CO2 buffering capacity in soil ecosystems. This pure-culture study of fungal isolates combined a dual stable isotope probing (SIP) approach, together with rapid analysis by tandem pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the patterns of water-derived hydrogen (H) and inorganic C assimilated into lipid biomarkers of heterotrophic fungi as a function of C substrate. The water H assimilation factor (αW) and the inorganic C assimilation into C18:2 fatty acid isolated from five fungal species growing on glucose was lower (0.62% ± 0.01% and 4.7% ± 1.6%, respectively) than for species grown on glutamic acid (0.90% ± 0.02% and 7.4% ± 3.7%, respectively). Furthermore, the assimilation ratio (RIC/αW) for growth on glucose and glutamic acid can distinguish between these two metabolic modes. This dual-SIP assay thus delivers estimates of fungal activity and may help to delineate the predominant substrates that are respired among a matrix of compounds found in natural environments.IMPORTANCEFungal decomposers play important roles in food webs and nutrient cycling because they can feed on both labile and more recalcitrant forms of carbon. This study developed and applied a dual stable isotope assay (13C-dissolved inorganic carbon/2H) to improve the investigation of fungal activity in the environment. By determining the incorporation patterns of hydrogen and carbon into fungal lipids, this assay delivers estimates of fungal activity and the different metabolic pathways that they employ in ecological and environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Jabinski
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Wesley d. M. Rangel
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Marek Kopáček
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Veronika Jílková
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Praha, Czechia
| | - Travis B. Meador
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Wang L, Song X, Cheng YN, Cheng S, Chen T, Li H, Yan J, Wang X, Zhou H. 1,2,4-Triazole benzamide derivative TPB against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici as a novel dual-target fungicide inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and adenine nucleotide transferase function. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1717-1727. [PMID: 38010196 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isopropyl 4-(2-chloro-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzamido)benzoate (TPB) was a 1,2,4-triazole benzoyl arylamine derivative with excellent antifungal activity, especially against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). Its mechanism of action was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, assays of sterol composition, cell membrane permeability, intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, and mPTP permeability, ROS measurement, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. RESULTS TPB interfered with ergosterol synthesis, reducing ergosterol content, increasing toxic intermediates, and finally causing biomembrane disruption such as increasing cell membrane permeability and content leakage, and destruction of organelle membranes such as coarse endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. Moreover, TPB destroyed the function of adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), leading to ATP transport obstruction in mitochondria, inhibiting mPTP opening, inducing intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, finally resulting in mitochondrial damage including mitochondria swelled, mitochondrial membrane dissolved, and cristae destroyed and reduced. RNA-seq analyses showed that TPB increased the expression of ERG11, ERG24, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3 and ERG2 genes in ergosterol synthesis pathway, interfered with the expression of genes (NDUFS5, ATPeV0E, NCA2 and Pam17) related to mitochondrial structure, and inhibited the expression of genes (WrbA and GST) related to anti-oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS TPB exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Ggt by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and destroying ANT function. So, TPB was a novel compound with dual-target mechanism of action and can be considered a promising novel fungicide for the control of wheat Take-all. The results provided new guides for the structural design of active compounds and powerful tools for pathogen resistance management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Cheng
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Senxiang Cheng
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Li
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Yan
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Wang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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El Jeni R, Villot C, Koyun OY, Osorio-Doblado A, Baloyi JJ, Lourenco JM, Steele M, Callaway TR. Invited review: "Probiotic" approaches to improving dairy production: Reassessing "magic foo-foo dust". J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1832-1856. [PMID: 37949397 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbial consortium in dairy cattle is critical to determining the energetic status of the dairy cow from birth through her final lactation. The ruminant's microbial community can degrade a wide variety of feedstuffs, which can affect growth, as well as production rate and efficiency on the farm, but can also affect food safety, animal health, and environmental impacts of dairy production. Gut microbial diversity and density are powerful tools that can be harnessed to benefit both producers and consumers. The incentives in the United States to develop Alternatives to Antibiotics for use in food-animal production have been largely driven by the Veterinary Feed Directive and have led to an increased use of probiotic approaches to alter the gastrointestinal microbial community composition, resulting in improved heifer growth, milk production and efficiency, and animal health. However, the efficacy of direct-fed microbials or probiotics in dairy cattle has been highly variable due to specific microbial ecological factors within the host gut and its native microflora. Interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) between the microbial ecosystem and the host animal physiology (including epithelial cells, immune system, hormones, enzyme activities, and epigenetics) are critical to understanding why some probiotics work but others do not. Increasing availability of next-generation sequencing approaches provides novel insights into how probiotic approaches change the microbial community composition in the gut that can potentially affect animal health (e.g., diarrhea or scours, gut integrity, foodborne pathogens), as well as animal performance (e.g., growth, reproduction, productivity) and fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, short-chain fatty acids, methane production, and microbial profiles) of cattle. However, it remains clear that all direct-fed microbials are not created equal and their efficacy remains highly variable and dependent on stage of production and farm environment. Collectively, data have demonstrated that probiotic effects are not limited to the simple mechanisms that have been traditionally hypothesized, but instead are part of a complex cascade of microbial ecological and host animal physiological effects that ultimately impact dairy production and profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C Villot
- Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France, 31069
| | - O Y Koyun
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A Osorio-Doblado
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J J Baloyi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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Lv W, Lu X, Zhuge B, Zong H. Gene Editing of Candida glycerinogenes by Designed Toxin-Antitoxin Cassette. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:816-824. [PMID: 38365187 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Candida glycerinogenes is an industrial yeast with excellent multistress resistance. However, due to the diploid genome and the lack of meiosis and screening markers, its molecular genetic operation is limited. Here, a gene editing system using the toxin-antitoxin pair relBE from the type II toxin-antitoxin system in Escherichia coli as a screening marker was constructed. The RelBE complex can specifically and effectively regulate cell growth and arrest through a conditionally controlled toxin RelE switch, thereby achieving the selection of positive recombinants. The constructed editing system achieved precise gene deletion, replacement, insertion, and gene episomal expression in C. glycerinogenes. Compared with the traditional amino acid deficiency complementation editing system, this editing system produced higher biomass and the gene deletion efficiency was increased by 3.5 times. Using this system, the production of 2-phenylethanol by C. glycerinogenes was increased by 11.5-13.5% through metabolic engineering and tolerance engineering strategies. These results suggest that the stable gene editing system based on toxin-antitoxin pairs can be used for gene editing of C. glycerinogenes to modify metabolic pathways and promote industrial applications. Therefore, the constructed gene editing system is expected to provide a promising strategy for polyploid industrial microorganisms lacking gene manipulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Yang Y, Hou J, Luan J. Resistance mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against silver nanoparticles with different sizes and coatings. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114581. [PMID: 38460669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the underlying resistance mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Ag-NPs with different particle sizes and coatings, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used to characterize the transcriptomes from S. cerevisiae exposed to 20-PVP-Ag, 100-PVP-Ag, 20-CIT-Ag and 100-CIT-Ag, respectively. The steroid biosynthesis was found as a general pathway for Ag-NPs stress responding, in which ERG6 and ERG3 were inhibited and ERG11, ERG25 and ERG5 were significantly up-regulated to resist the stress by supporting the later mutation and resistance and modulate drug efflux indirectly. The resistance mechanism of S. cerevisiae to 20-PVP-Ag seems different from that of 100-PVP-Ag, 20-CIT-Ag and 100-CIT-Ag. Under the 20-PVP-Ag, transmembrane transporter activity, transition metal ion homeostasis and oxidative phosphorylation pathway were main resistance pathways to enhance cell transport processes. While 100-PVP-Ag, 20-CIT-Ag and 100-CIT-Ag mainly impacted RNA binding, structural constituent of ribosome and ribosome pathway which can provide more energy to maintain the number and function of protein in cells. This study reveals the differences in resistance mechanisms of S. cerevisiae to Ag-NPs with different particle sizes and coatings, and explains several main regulatory mechanisms used to respond to silver stress. It will provide theoretical basis for the study of chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Jing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Jian Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Jilin, 136000, PR China
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11
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Fan C, Xu J, Tong H, Fang Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Chen R, Chen F, Wu G. Gut-brain communication mediates the impact of dietary lipids on cognitive capacity. Food Funct 2024; 15:1803-1824. [PMID: 38314832 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, as a prevalent symptom of nervous system disorders, poses one of the most challenging aspects in the management of brain diseases. Lipids present in the cell membranes of all neurons within the brain and dietary lipids can regulate the cognition and memory function. In recent years, the advancements in gut microbiome research have enabled the exploration of dietary lipids targeting the gut-brain axis as a strategy for regulating cognition. This present review provides an in-depth overview of how lipids modulate cognition via the gut-brain axis depending on metabolic, immune, neural and endocrine pathways. It also comprehensively analyzes the effects of diverse lipids on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, thereby affecting the central nervous system and cognitive capacity. Moreover, comparative analysis of the positive and negative effects is presented between beneficial and detrimental lipids. The former encompass monounsaturated fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, phytosterols, fungal sterols and bioactive lipid-soluble vitamins, as well as lipid-derived gut metabolites, whereas the latter (detrimental lipids) include medium- or long-chain fatty acids, excessive proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, industrial trans fatty acids, and zoosterols. To sum up, the focus of this review is on how gut-brain communication mediates the impact of dietary lipids on cognitive capacity, providing a novel theoretical foundation for promoting brain cognitive health and scientific lipid consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhan Fan
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Haoxiang Tong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yucheng Fang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yiming Chen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yangzhuo Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Fuhao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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12
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Elbouzidi A, Taibi M, Laaraj S, Loukili EH, Haddou M, El Hachlafi N, Naceiri Mrabti H, Baraich A, Bellaouchi R, Asehraou A, Bourhia M, Nafidi HA, Bin Jardan YA, Chaabane K, Addi M. Chemical profiling of volatile compounds of the essential oil of grey-leaved rockrose ( Cistus albidus L.) and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity in vitro and in silico. Front Chem 2024; 12:1334028. [PMID: 38435667 PMCID: PMC10905769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1334028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cistus albidus: L., also known as Grey-leaved rockrose and locally addressed as šṭab or tûzzâla lbîḍa, is a plant species with a well-established reputation for its health-promoting properties and traditional use for the treatment of various diseases. This research delves into exploring the essential oil extracted from the aerial components of Cistus albidus (referred to as CAEO), aiming to comprehend its properties concerning antioxidation, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of CAEO's chemical composition was performed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, four complementary assays were conducted to assess its antioxidant potential, including DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The investigation delved into the anti-inflammatory properties via the 5-lipoxygenase assay and the antimicrobial effects of CAEO against various bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, the research investigated the cytotoxic effects of CAEO on two human breast cancer subtypes, namely, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Chemical analysis revealed camphene as the major compound, comprising 39.21% of the composition, followed by α-pinene (19.01%), bornyl acetate (18.32%), tricyclene (6.86%), and melonal (5.44%). Notably, CAEO exhibited robust antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the low IC50 values in DPPH (153.92 ± 4.30 μg/mL) and β-carotene (95.25 ± 3.75 μg/mL) assays, indicating its ability to counteract oxidative damage. The ABTS assay and the total antioxidant capacity assay also confirmed the potent antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 120.51 ± 3.33 TE μmol/mL and 458.25 ± 3.67 µg AAE/mg, respectively. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, CAEO displayed a substantial lipoxygenase inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL. Its antimicrobial properties were broad-spectrum, although some resistance was observed in the case of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CAEO exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on tumor cell lines in vitro. Additionally, computational analyses were carried out to appraise the physicochemical characteristics, drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of CAEO's constituent molecules, while the toxicity was assessed using the Protox II web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Elbouzidi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Taibi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Salah Laaraj
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tadla, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mounir Haddou
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Baraich
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Chaabane
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
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13
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Santos TADO, Soares LW, Oliveira LN, Moraes D, Mendes MS, Soares CMDA, Bailão AM, Bailão MGS. Zinc Starvation Induces Cell Wall Remodeling and Activates the Antioxidant Defense System in Fonsecaea pedrosoi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:118. [PMID: 38392790 PMCID: PMC10890210 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival of pathogenic fungi in the host after invasion depends on their ability to obtain nutrients, which include the transition metal zinc. This essential micronutrient is required to maintain the structure and function of various proteins and, therefore, plays a critical role in various biological processes. The host's nutritional immunity limits the availability of zinc to pathogenic fungi mainly by the action of calprotectin, a component of neutrophil extracellular traps. Here we investigated the adaptive responses of Fonsecaea pedrosoi to zinc-limiting conditions. This black fungus is the main etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic neglected tropical disease that affects subcutaneous tissues. Following exposure to a zinc-limited environment, F. pedrosoi induces a high-affinity zinc uptake machinery, composed of zinc transporters and the zincophore Pra1. A proteomic approach was used to define proteins regulated by zinc deprivation. Cell wall remodeling, changes in neutral lipids homeostasis, and activation of the antioxidant system were the main strategies for survival in the hostile environment. Furthermore, the downregulation of enzymes required for sulfate assimilation was evident. Together, the adaptive responses allow fungal growth and development and reveals molecules that may be related to fungal persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Weba Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Dayane Moraes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Millena Silva Mendes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Mirelle Garcia Silva Bailão
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
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14
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Meng Y, Ni Y, Li Z, Jiang T, Sun T, Li Y, Gao X, Li H, Suo C, Li C, Yang S, Lan T, Liao G, Liu T, Wang P, Ding C. Interplay between acetylation and ubiquitination of imitation switch chromatin remodeler Isw1 confers multidrug resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. eLife 2024; 13:e85728. [PMID: 38251723 PMCID: PMC10834027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans poses a threat to human health, but anticryptococcal therapy is hampered by the emergence of drug resistance, whose underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, we discovered that Isw1, an imitation switch chromatin remodeling ATPase, functions as a master modulator of genes responsible for in vivo and in vitro multidrug resistance in C. neoformans. Cells with the disrupted ISW1 gene exhibited profound resistance to multiple antifungal drugs. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Isw1 is both acetylated and ubiquitinated, suggesting that an interplay between these two modification events exists to govern Isw1 function. Mutagenesis studies of acetylation and ubiquitination sites revealed that the acetylation status of Isw1K97 coordinates with its ubiquitination processes at Isw1K113 and Isw1K441 through modulating the interaction between Isw1 and Cdc4, an E3 ligase. Additionally, clinical isolates of C. neoformans overexpressing the degradation-resistant ISW1K97Q allele showed impaired drug-resistant phenotypes. Collectively, our studies revealed a sophisticated acetylation-Isw1-ubiquitination regulation axis that controls multidrug resistance in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Meng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yue Ni
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhuoran Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tianhang Jiang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Department of Scientific Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yanjian Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xindi Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Hailong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chenhao Suo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chao Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Sheng Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tian Lan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Guojian Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tongbao Liu
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New OrleansNew OrleansUnited States
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina
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15
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Weng M, Zhang D, Wang H, Yang C, Lin H, Pan Y, Lin Y. Long non-coding RNAs and their potential function in response to postharvest senescence of Sparassis latifolia during cold storage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:747. [PMID: 38185662 PMCID: PMC10772075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play crucial roles in response to aging processes. However, how lncRNAs regulate postharvest senescence of Sparassis latifolia (S. latifolia) with oriented polypropylene (OPP) film packing during cold storage remains unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-seq using the fruiting bodies of S. latifolia stored at 4 ℃ for 0, 8, 16 and 24 days after harvest, and profiled the lncRNA and mRNA transcriptome, respectively. In total, 1003 putative lncRNAs were identified, and there were 495, 483 and 162 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, and 3680, 3941 and 1870 differentially expressed mRNAs after 8, 16 and 24 days of storage, respectively, compared to 0 day of storage. Target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs were found to significantly associate with carbon and energy metabolism, response to abiotic stimulus, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, and protein synthesis and transcription. In addition, DE-lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks in response to aging stress were also constructed. Taken together, these results confirm the regulatory role of lncRNAs in postharvest senescence of S. latifolia and will facilitate for improving preservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Weng
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hongyi Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
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16
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Wefelmeier K, Schmitz S, Kösters BJ, Liebal UW, Blank LM. Methanol bioconversion into C3, C4, and C5 platform chemicals by the yeast Ogataea polymorpha. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:8. [PMID: 38172830 PMCID: PMC10763331 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One carbon (C1) molecules such as methanol have the potential to become sustainable feedstocks for biotechnological processes, as they can be derived from CO2 and green hydrogen, without the need for arable land. Therefore, we investigated the suitability of the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha as a potential production organism for platform chemicals derived from methanol. We selected acetone, malate, and isoprene as industrially relevant products to demonstrate the production of compounds with 3, 4, or 5 carbon atoms, respectively. RESULTS We successfully engineered O. polymorpha for the production of all three molecules and demonstrated their production using methanol as carbon source. We showed that the metabolism of O. polymorpha is well suited to produce malate as a product and demonstrated that the introduction of an efficient malate transporter is essential for malate production from methanol. Through optimization of the cultivation conditions in shake flasks, which included pH regulation and constant substrate feeding, we were able to achieve a maximum titer of 13 g/L malate with a production rate of 3.3 g/L/d using methanol as carbon source. We further demonstrated the production of acetone and isoprene as additional heterologous products in O. polymorpha, with maximum titers of 13.6 mg/L and 4.4 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings highlight how O. polymorpha has the potential to be applied as a versatile cell factory and contribute to the limited knowledge on how methylotrophic yeasts can be used for the production of low molecular weight biochemicals from methanol. Thus, this study can serve as a point of reference for future metabolic engineering in O. polymorpha and process optimization efforts to boost the production of platform chemicals from renewable C1 carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wefelmeier
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Jonas Kösters
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf Winfried Liebal
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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18
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Song L, Zhang S. Anti-Aging Activity and Modes of Action of Compounds from Natural Food Sources. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1600. [PMID: 38002283 PMCID: PMC10669485 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural and inescapable phenomenon characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological functions, leading to increased vulnerability to chronic diseases and death. With economic and medical development, the elderly population is gradually increasing, which poses a great burden to society, the economy and the medical field. Thus, healthy aging has now become a common aspiration among people over the world. Accumulating evidence indicates that substances that can mediate the deteriorated physiological processes are highly likely to have the potential to prolong lifespan and improve aging-associated diseases. Foods from natural sources are full of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids and vitamins. These bioactive compounds and their derivatives have been shown to be able to delay aging and/or improve aging-associated diseases, thereby prolonging lifespan, via regulation of various physiological processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the anti-aging activities of the compounds, polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids and vitamins from natural food sources, and their modes of action in delaying aging and improving aging-associated diseases. This will certainly provide a reference for further research on the anti-aging effects of bioactive compounds from natural food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Zhangjiakou, College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China;
| | - Shicui Zhang
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau, Kashi 844000, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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19
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Mehta D, Saini V, Bajaj A. Recent developments in membrane targeting antifungal agents to mitigate antifungal resistance. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1603-1628. [PMID: 37731690 PMCID: PMC10507810 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause severe and life-threatening complications especially in immunocompromised individuals. Antifungals targeting cellular machinery and cell membranes including azoles are used in clinical practice to manage topical to systemic fungal infections. However, continuous exposure to clinically used antifungal agents in managing the fungal infections results in the development of multi-drug resistance via adapting different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The unique chemical composition of fungal membranes presents attractive targets for antifungal drug discovery as it is difficult for fungal cells to modify the membrane targets for emergence of drug resistance. Here, we discussed available antifungal drugs with their detailed mechanism of action and described different antifungal resistance mechanisms. We further emphasized structure-activity relationship studies of membrane-targeting antifungal agents, and classified membrane-targeting antifungal agents on the basis of their core scaffold with detailed pharmacological properties. This review aims to pique the interest of potential researchers who could explore this interesting and intricate fungal realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
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Choy HL, Gaylord EA, Doering TL. Ergosterol distribution controls surface structure formation and fungal pathogenicity. mBio 2023; 14:e0135323. [PMID: 37409809 PMCID: PMC10470819 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01353-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol, the major sterol in fungal membranes, is critical for defining membrane fluidity and regulating cellular processes. Although ergosterol synthesis has been well defined in model yeast, little is known about sterol organization in the context of fungal pathogenesis. We identified a retrograde sterol transporter, Ysp2, in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. We found that the lack of Ysp2 under host-mimicking conditions leads to abnormal accumulation of ergosterol at the plasma membrane, invagination of the plasma membrane, and malformation of the cell wall, which can be functionally rescued by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis with the antifungal drug fluconazole. We also observed that cells lacking Ysp2 mislocalize the cell surface protein Pma1 and have abnormally thin and permeable capsules. As a result of perturbed ergosterol distribution and its consequences, ysp2∆ cells cannot survive in physiologically relevant environments such as host phagocytes and are dramatically attenuated in virulence. These findings expand our knowledge of cryptococcal biology and underscore the importance of sterol homeostasis in fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that kills over 100,000 people worldwide each year. Only three drugs are available to treat cryptococcosis, and these are variously limited by toxicity, availability, cost, and resistance. Ergosterol is the most abundant sterol in fungi and a key component in modulating membrane behavior. Two of the drugs used for cryptococcal infection, amphotericin B and fluconazole, target this lipid and its synthesis, highlighting its importance as a therapeutic target. We discovered a cryptococcal ergosterol transporter, Ysp2, and demonstrated its key roles in multiple aspects of cryptococcal biology and pathogenesis. These studies demonstrate the role of ergosterol homeostasis in C. neoformans virulence, deepen our understanding of a pathway with proven therapeutic importance, and open a new area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Lam Choy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Gaylord
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L. Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Zaccaron AZ, Neill T, Corcoran J, Mahaffee WF, Stergiopoulos I. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of the grape powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe necator reveals its genomic architecture and previously unknown features of its biology. mBio 2023; 14:e0064523. [PMID: 37341476 PMCID: PMC10470754 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00645-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysiphe necator is an obligate fungal pathogen that causes grape powdery mildew, globally the most important disease on grapevines. Previous attempts to obtain a quality genome assembly for this pathogen were hindered by its high repetitive DNA content. Here, chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) with long-read PacBio sequencing was combined to obtain a chromosome-scale assembly and a high-quality annotation for E. necator isolate EnFRAME01. The resulting 81.1 Mb genome assembly is 98% complete and consists of 34 scaffolds, 11 of which represent complete chromosomes. All chromosomes contain large centromeric-like regions and lack synteny to the 11 chromosomes of the cereal PM pathogen Blumeria graminis. Further analysis of their composition showed that repeats and transposable elements (TEs) occupy 62.7% of their content. TEs were almost evenly interspersed outside centromeric and telomeric regions and massively overlapped with regions of annotated genes, suggesting that they could have a significant functional impact. Abundant gene duplicates were observed as well, particularly in genes encoding candidate secreted effector proteins. Moreover, younger in age gene duplicates exhibited more relaxed selection pressure and were more likely to be located physically close in the genome than older duplicates. A total of 122 genes with copy number variations among six isolates of E. necator were also identified and were enriched in genes that were duplicated in EnFRAME01, indicating they may reflect an adaptive variation. Taken together, our study illuminates higher-order genomic architectural features of E. necator and provides a valuable resource for studying genomic structural variations in this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Grape powdery mildew caused by the ascomycete fungus Erysiphe necator is economically the most important and recurrent disease in vineyards across the world. The obligate biotrophic nature of E. necator hinders the use of typical genetic methods to elucidate its pathogenicity and adaptation to adverse conditions, and thus comparative genomics has been a major method to study its genome biology. However, the current reference genome of E. necator isolate C-strain is highly fragmented with many non-coding regions left unassembled. This incompleteness prohibits in-depth comparative genomic analyses and the study of genomic structural variations (SVs) that are known to affect several aspects of microbial life, including fitness, virulence, and host adaptation. By obtaining a chromosome-scale genome assembly and a high-quality gene annotation for E. necator, we reveal the organization of its chromosomal content, unearth previously unknown features of its biology, and provide a reference for studying genomic SVs in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tara Neill
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob Corcoran
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Walter F. Mahaffee
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Han Z, Zong Y, Zhang X, Gong D, Wang B, Prusky D, Sionov E, Xue H, Bi Y. Erg4 Is Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Conidiation and Stress Response in Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050568. [PMID: 37233279 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
erg4 is a key gene for ergosterol biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, but its function in Penicillium expansum remains unknown. Our results showed that P. expansum contains three erg4 genes, including erg4A, erg4B and erg4C. The expression levels of the three genes showed differences in the wild-type (WT) strain, and the expression level of erg4B was the highest, followed by erg4C. Deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C in the WT strain revealed functional redundancy between them. Compared to the WT strain, erg4A, erg4B or erg4C knockout mutants reduced ergosterol levels, with erg4B deletion having the greatest effect. Furthermore, deletion of the three genes reduced sporulation of the strain, and Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants showed defective spore morphology. In addition, Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants were found to be more sensitive to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. However, deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C had no significant effect on colony diameter, spore germination rate, conidiophore structure of P. expansum or pathogenicity to apple fruit. Taken together, erg4A, erg4B and erg4C have redundant functions and are all involved in ergosterol synthesis and sporulation in P. expansum. In addition, erg4B and erg4C contribute to spore morphogenesis, cell wall integrity and response to oxidative stress in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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23
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Du MM, Zhang GG, Zhu ZT, Zhao YQ, Gao B, Tao XY, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Boosting the epoxidation of squalene to produce triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 37143155 PMCID: PMC10161426 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic triterpenoids (PTs) are common in plants, and have attracted considerable interest due to their remarkable biological activities. Currently, engineering the ergosterol synthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a safe and cost-competitive way to produce triterpenoids. However, the strict regulation of ERG1 involved in the epoxidation of squalene limits the triterpenoid production. RESULTS In this study, we found that the decrease in ERG7 protein level could dramatically boost the epoxidation of squalene by improving the protein stability of ERG1. We next explored the potential factors that affected the degradation process of ERG1 and confirmed that ERG7 was involved in the degradation process of ERG1. Subsequently, expression of four different triterpene cyclases utilizing either 2,3-oxidosqualene or 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene as the substrate in ERG7-degraded strains showed that the degradation of ERG7 to prompt the epoxidation of squalene could significantly increase triterpenoid production. To better display the potential of the strategy, we increased the supply of 2,3-oxidosqualene, optimized flux distribution between ergosterol synthesis pathway and β-amyrin synthesis pathway, and modified the GAL-regulation system to separate the growth stage from the production stage. The best-performing strain ultimately produced 4216.6 ± 68.4 mg/L of β-amyrin in a two-stage fed-fermentation (a 47-fold improvement over the initial strain). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that deregulation of the native restriction in ergosterol pathway was an effective strategy to increase triterpenoid production in yeast, which provided a new insight into triterpenoids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ge-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhan-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yun-Qiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B.311, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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24
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Lindsay CA, Kinghorn AD, Rakotondraibe HL. Bioactive and unusual steroids from Penicillium fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113638. [PMID: 36914145 PMCID: PMC10077519 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium fungi are represented by various species and can be found worldwide and thrive in a range of environments, such as in the soil, air, and indoors, and in marine environments, as well as food products. Chemical investigation of species of this genus has led to the discovery of compounds from several structural classes with varied bioactivities. As an example, this genus has been a source of bioactive and structurally unusual steroids. The scope of this short review is to cover specialized metabolites of the steroid class and the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory as well as phytotoxic activities of these compounds. Other steroids that possess unusual structures, with significant bioactivity yet to determined, will also be discussed to further demonstrate the structural diversity of this compound class from Penicillium fungi, and hopefully inspire the further exploration of such compounds to uncover their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine A Lindsay
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - A Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Harinantenaina L Rakotondraibe
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Fang W, Zhu H, Ye C, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Spatial sterol metabolism unveiled by stimulated Raman imaging. Front Chem 2023; 11:1166313. [PMID: 37065823 PMCID: PMC10090450 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractHigh-resolution stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of a genetically engineered model (GEM) enables metabolite imaging in a yeast model and uncovers an unexpected regulatory mechanism of sterol metabolism, providing new insights underpinning the distributional and functional importance of sterol in cells. SRS-GEM demonstrates a promising platform to explore unknown metabolic mechanisms beyond the reach of conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Delong Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
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26
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Bhattacharyya A, Sadhasivam S, Sinha M, Gupta S, Saini S, Singh H, Khurana A, Sachdeva S, Sardana K, Ghosh S. Treatment of recalcitrant cases of tinea corporis/cruris caused by T. mentagrophytes - interdigitale complex with mutations in ERG11 ERG 3, ERG4, MDR1 MFS genes & SQLE and their potential implications. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:637-648. [PMID: 36929499 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recalcitrant dermatophyte infections are being reported from various parts of the world due to varied causes including strain variation, steroid misuse, SQLE mutations, and variable quality of itraconazole pellet formulations. The oral drug preferred in endemic areas is itraconazole, to which MIC levels remain low, and clinical failures to itraconazole reported defy a sound scientific explanation. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to conduct a proteomic and genomic analysis on isolates from therapeutically recalcitrant case with isolation of gene mutations and enzymatic abnormalities to explain azole failures. METHODS Trichophyton mentagrophyte interdigitale complex strains were isolated from seven clinically non-responding tinea corporis/cruris patients, who had failed a sequential course of 6 weeks of terbinafine 250 mg QD and itraconazole 100 mg BID. After AFST 1 strain, KA01 with high MIC to most drugs was characterized using whole genome sequencing, comparative proteomic profiling, and total sterol quantification. RESULTS Sterol quantification showed that the standard strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MTCC-7687) had half the ergosterol content than the resistant KA01 strain. Genomic analysis revealed mutations in SQLE, ERG4, ERG11, MDR1, MFS genes, and a novel ERG3 mutation. Proteomic analysis established the aberrant expression of acetyl Co-A transferase in the resistant strain and upregulation of thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxin. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate possible reasons for multidrug resistance in the prevalent strain with mutations in genes that predict terbinafine (SQLE) and azole actions (ERG4, ERG11, ERG3) apart from efflux pumps (MDR1, MFS) that can explain multidrug clinical failures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mau Sinha
- Vyome Therapeutics Limited, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Gupta
- Vyome Therapeutics Limited, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Ananta Khurana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Sachdeva
- Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Anwarpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Li T, Lv M, Wen H, Du J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Xu H. Natural products in crop protection: thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 3-acetyl-N-benzylindoles as antifungal agents and their mechanism of action. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36929618 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytopathogenic fungi can cause a direct loss in economic value of agriculture. Especially Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada, a devastating phytopathogenic disease especially threatening global apple production, is very difficult to control and manage. To discover new potential antifungal agents, a series of thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 3-acetyl-N-benzylindoles were prepared. Their antifungal activities were first tested against six typically phytopathogenic fungi including Curvularia lunata, Valsa mali, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani. Then their mechanism of action against V. mali was investigated. RESULTS Derivatives displayed potent antifungal activity against V. mali. Notably, 3-acetyl-N-benzylindole thiosemicarbazone (IV-1: EC50 : 0.59 μg mL-1 ), whose activity was comparable to that of a commercial fungicide carbendazim (EC50 : 0.33 μg mL-1 ), showed greater than 98-fold antifungal activity of the precursor indole. Moreover, compound IV-1 displayed good protective and therapeutic effects on apple Valsa canker disease. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) and RNA-Seq analysis, it was demonstrated that compound IV-1 can destroy the hyphal structure and regulate the homeostasis of metabolism of V. mali via the ergosterol biosynthesis and autophagy pathways. CONCLUSION 3-Acetyl-N-(un)substituted benzylindoles thiosemicarbazones (IV-1-IV-5) can be studied as leads for further structural modification as antifungal agents against V. mali. Particularly, these ergosterol biosynthesis and autophagy pathways can be used as target receptors for design of novel green pesticides for management of congeneric phytopathogenic fungi. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Houpeng Wen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiawei Du
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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28
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Mai DHA, Krishna S, Lee EY. Methanotrophs as a reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites: Pitfalls, insights and promises. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108097. [PMID: 36634856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methanotrophs are potent natural producers of several bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) including isoprenoids, polymers, peptides, and vitamins. Cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters identified from these microbes via genome mining hinted at the vast and hidden SM biosynthetic potential of these microbes. Central carbon metabolism in methanotrophs offers rare pathway intermediate pools that could be further diversified using advanced synthetic biology tools to produce valuable SMs; for example, plant polyketides, rare carotenoids, and fatty acid-derived SMs. Recent advances in pathway reconstruction and production of isoprenoids, squalene, ectoine, polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, cadaverine, indigo, and shinorine serve as proof-of-concept. This review provides theoretical guidance for developing methanotrophs as microbial chassis for high-value SMs. We summarize the distinct secondary metabolic potentials of type I and type II methanotrophs, with specific attention to products relevant to biomedical applications. This review also includes native and non-native SMs from methanotrophs, their therapeutic potential, strategies to induce silent biosynthetic gene clusters, and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dung Hoang Anh Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Choy HL, Gaylord EA, Doering TL. Ergosterol distribution controls surface structure formation and fungal pathogenicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528979. [PMID: 36824733 PMCID: PMC9949117 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol, the major sterol in fungal membranes, is critical for defining membrane fluidity and regulating cellular processes. Although ergosterol synthesis has been well defined in model yeast, little is known about sterol organization in the context of fungal pathogenesis. We identified a retrograde sterol transporter, Ysp2, in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans . We found that the lack of Ysp2 under host-mimicking conditions leads to abnormal accumulation of ergosterol at the plasma membrane, invagination of the plasma membrane, and malformation of the cell wall, which can be functionally rescued by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis with the antifungal drug fluconazole. We also observed that cells lacking Ysp2 mislocalize the cell surface protein Pma1 and have thinner and more permeable capsules. As a result of perturbed ergosterol distribution and its consequences, ysp2 Î" cells cannot survive in physiologically-rele-vant environments such as host phagocytes and are dramatically attenuated in virulence. These findings expand our knowledge of cryptococcal biology and underscore the importance of sterol homeostasis in fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that kills over 100,000 people worldwide each year. Only three drugs are available to treat cryptococcosis, and these are variously limited by toxicity, availability, cost, and resistance. Ergosterol is the most abundant sterol in fungi and a key component in modulating membrane behavior. Two of the drugs used for cryptococcal infection, amphotericin B and fluconazole, target this lipid and its synthesis, highlighting its importance as a therapeutic target. We discovered a cryptococcal ergosterol transporter, Ysp2, and demonstrated its key roles in multiple aspects of cryptococcal biology and pathogenesis. These studies demonstrate the role of ergosterol homeostasis in C. neoformans virulence, deepen our understanding of a pathway with proven therapeutic importance, and open a new area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Lam Choy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Gaylord
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L. Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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30
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Rousta N, Aslan M, Yesilcimen Akbas M, Ozcan F, Sar T, Taherzadeh MJ. Effects of fungal based bioactive compounds on human health: Review paper. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 36794421 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2178379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the first years of history, microbial fermentation products such as bread, wine, yogurt and vinegar have always been noteworthy regarding their nutritional and health effects. Similarly, mushrooms have been a valuable food product in point of both nutrition and medicine due to their rich chemical components. Alternatively, filamentous fungi, which can be easier to produce, play an active role in the synthesis of some bioactive compounds, which are also important for health, as well as being rich in protein content. Therefore, this review presents some important bioactive compounds (bioactive peptides, chitin/chitosan, β-glucan, gamma-aminobutyric acid, L-carnitine, ergosterol and fructooligosaccharides) synthesized by fungal strains and their health benefits. In addition, potential probiotic- and prebiotic fungi were researched to determine their effects on gut microbiota. The current uses of fungal based bioactive compounds for cancer treatment were also discussed. The use of fungal strains in the food industry, especially to develop innovative food production, has been seen as promising microorganisms in obtaining healthy and nutritious food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rousta
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Melissa Aslan
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferruh Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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Lv J, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Wei F, Zhou J, Zhao R, Feng H, Zhu H, Li C, Zhang Y. VdERG2 was involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, nutritional differentiation and virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Curr Genet 2023; 69:25-40. [PMID: 36416932 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ergosterol biosynthesis pathway plays an important role in model pathogenic bacteria Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but little is known about the biosynthesis of ergosterol in the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae. In this study, we identified the VdERG2 gene encoding sterol C-8 isomerase from V. dahliae and investigated its function in virulence by generating gene deletion mutants (ΔVdERG2) and complemented mutants (C-ΔVdERG2). Knockout of VdERG2 reduced ergosterol content. The conidial germination rate and conidial yield of ΔVdERG2 significantly decreased and abnormal conidia were produced. In spite of VdERG2 did not affect the utilization of carbon sources by V. dahliae, but the melanin production of ΔVdERG2 was decreased in cellulose and pectin were used as the sole carbon sources. Furthermore, the ΔVdERG2 mutants produced less microsclerotia and melanin with a significant decrease in the expression of microsclerotia and melanin-related genes VaflM, Vayg1, VDH1, VdLAC, VdSCD and VT4HR. In addition, mutants ΔVdERG2 were very sensitive to congo red (CR), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stresses, indicating that VdERG2 was involved in the cell wall and oxidative stress response. The absence of VdERG2 weakened the penetration ability of mycelium on cellophane and affected the growth of mycelium. Although ΔVdERG2 could infect cotton, its pathogenicity was significantly impaired. These phenotypic defects in ΔVdERG2 could be complemented by the reintroduction of a full-length VdERG2 gene. In summary, as a single conservative secretory protein, VdERG2 played a crucial role in ergosterol biosynthesis, nutritional differentiation and virulence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Cotton Sciences Research Institute of Hunan, Changde, 415101, Hunan, China
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhao
- Cotton Sciences Research Institute of Hunan, Changde, 415101, Hunan, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Caihong Li
- Cotton Sciences Research Institute of Hunan, Changde, 415101, Hunan, China.
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Jiang Y, Sun Z, Lu K, Wu Z, Xue H, Zhu L, Li G, Feng Y, Wu M, Lin J, Lian J, Yang L. Manipulation of sterol homeostasis for the production of 24-epi-ergosterol in industrial yeast. Nat Commun 2023; 14:437. [PMID: 36707526 PMCID: PMC9883489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) is the most biologically active compound among natural brassinosteroids. However, the agricultural applications are limited by the extremely low natural abundance and the scarcity of synthetic precursors. Here, we employ synthetic biology to construct a yeast cell factory for scalable production of 24-epi-ergosterol, an un-natural sterol, proposed as a precursor for BL semi-synthesis. First, we construct an artificial pathway by introducing a Δ24(28) sterol reductase from plants (DWF1), followed by enzyme directed evolution, to enable de novo biosynthesis of 24-epi-ergosterol in yeast. Subsequently, we manipulate the sterol homeostasis (overexpression of ARE2, YEH1, and YEH2 with intact ARE1), maintaining a balance between sterol acylation and sterol ester hydrolysis, for the production of 24-epi-ergosterol, whose titer reaches to 2.76 g L-1 using fed-batch fermentation. The sterol homeostasis engineering strategy can be applicable for bulk production of other economically important phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhijiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kexin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hailong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guosi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Rayón-López G, Carapia-Minero N, Medina-Canales MG, García-Pérez BE, Reséndiz-Sánchez J, Pérez NO, Rodríguez-Tovar AV, Ramírez-Granillo A. Lipid-Like Biofilm from a Clinical Brain Isolate of Aspergillus terreus: Quantification, Structural Characterization and Stages of the Formation Cycle. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:35-49. [PMID: 36515766 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi have increased considerably due to the alteration of the host's immune response. Aspergillus terreus is considered an emerging pathogen and has shown resistance to amphotericin B treatment, resulting in high mortality. The development of fungal biofilm is a virulence factor, and it has been described in some cases of invasive aspergillosis. In addition, although the general composition of fungal biofilms is known, findings related to biofilms of a lipid nature are rarely reported. In this study, we present the identification of a clinical strain of A. terreus by microbiological and molecular tools, also its in vitro biofilm development capacity: (i) Biofilm formation was quantified by Crystal Violet and reduction of tetrazolium salts assays, and simultaneously the stages of biofilm development were described by Scanning Electron Microscopy in High Resolution (SEM-HR). (ii) Characterization of the organizational structure of the biofilm was performed by SEM-HR. The hyphal networks developed on the surface, the abundant air channels created between the ECM (extracellular matrix) and the hyphae fused in anastomosis were described. Also, the presence of microhyphae is reported. (iii) The chemical composition of the ECM was analyzed by SEM-HR and CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy). Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and a relevant presence of lipid components were identified. Some structures of apparent waxy appearance were highlighted by SEM-HR and backscatter-electron diffraction, for which CLSM was previously performed. To our knowledge, this work is the first description of a lipid-type biofilm in filamentous fungi, specifically of the species A. terreus from a clinical isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Rayón-López
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalee Carapia-Minero
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jesús Reséndiz-Sánchez
- Mycology Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México "Dr. Federico Gómez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Néstor O Pérez
- Research and Development Department Probiomed SA de CV, Tenancingo Edo. de Mex., Mexico
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, ENCB-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, CDMX, México.
| | - Adrián Ramírez-Granillo
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
- Clinical Laboratory Technician Academy, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 6 "Miguel Othón de Mendizábal", IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, ENCB-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, CDMX, México.
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Maione A, Pietra AL, Salvatore MM, Guida M, Galdiero E, de Alteriis E. Undesired Effect of Vancomycin Prolonged Treatment: Enhanced Biofilm Production of the Nosocomial Pathogen Candida auris. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121771. [PMID: 36551428 PMCID: PMC9774269 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are often consequent to prolonged antibiotic treatments. Vancomycin (Van) is the first-choice antibiotic in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections associated with colonization of catheter surfaces. We demonstrate the direct effect of Van in promoting the formation of the biofilm of the emergent yeast pathogen Candida auris, developed in the conventional polystyrene microwell plate model, as well as on silicone surfaces (22 and 28% increase in total biomass, respectively) and on an S. aures biofilm, residual after vancomycin treatment, where C. auris achieved 99% of the mixed biofilm population. The effect of Van was assessed also in vivo, in the Galleria mellonella infection model, which showed higher mortality when infected with the yeast pathogen in the presence of the antibiotic. This evidence enhances awareness of the potential risk associated with prolonged antibiotic use in promoting fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-679182
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35
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Liu J, Huang T, Hong W, Peng F, Lu Z, Peng G, Fu X, Liu G, Wang Z, Peng Q, Gong X, Zhou L, Li L, Li B, Xu Z, Lan H. A comprehensive study on ultrasonic deactivation of opportunistic pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae in food processing: From transcriptome to phenotype. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 170:114069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Tengyi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zerong Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gongyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongliang Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingmei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haifeng Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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36
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Hammoudi Halat D, Younes S, Mourad N, Rahal M. Allylamines, Benzylamines, and Fungal Cell Permeability: A Review of Mechanistic Effects and Usefulness against Fungal Pathogens. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121171. [PMID: 36557078 PMCID: PMC9781035 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Allylamines, naftifine and terbinafine, and the benzylamine, butenafine, are antifungal agents with activity on the fungal cell membrane. These synthetic compounds specifically inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in fungal sterol biosynthesis. This results in a deficiency in ergosterol, a major fungal membrane sterol that regulates membrane fluidity, biogenesis, and functions, and whose damage results in increased membrane permeability and leakage of cellular components, ultimately leading to fungal cell death. With the fungal cell membrane being predominantly made up of lipids including sterols, these lipids have a vital role in the pathogenesis of fungal infections and the identification of improved therapies. This review will focus on the fungal cell membrane structure, activity of allylamines and benzylamines, and the mechanistic damage they cause to the membrane. Furthermore, pharmaceutical preparations and clinical uses of these drugs, mainly in dermatophyte infections, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Hammoudi Halat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Samar Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Nisreen Mourad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
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37
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Wang LX, Zheng GF, Xin XJ, An FL. Development of a High-Titer Culture Medium for the Production of Cholesterol by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Its Fed-Batch Cultivation Strategy. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1178-1185. [PMID: 34866126 PMCID: PMC9628975 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2106.06026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are a class of compounds with cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene as the parent nucleus, and they usually have unique biological and pharmacological activities. Most of the biosynthesis of steroids is completed by a series of enzymatic reactions starting from cholesterol. Synthetic biology can be used to synthesize cholesterol in engineered microorganisms, but the production of cholesterol is too low to further produce other high-value steroids from cholesterol as the raw material and precursor. In this work, combinational strategies were established to increase the production of cholesterol in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae RH6829. The basic medium for high cholesterol production was selected by screening 8 kinds of culture media. Single-factor optimization of the carbon and nitrogen sources of the culture medium, and the addition of calcium ions, zinc ions and citric acid, further increased the cholesterol production to 192.53 mg/l. In the 5-L bioreactor, through the establishment of strategies for glucose and citric acid feeding and dissolved oxygen regulation, the cholesterol production was further increased to 339.87 mg/l, which was 734% higher than that in the original medium. This is the highest titer of cholesterol produced by microorganisms currently reported. The fermentation program has also been conducted in a 50-L bioreactor to prove its stability and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Juan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Fa-Liang An
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-21-64251185 E-mail:
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38
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Özel Ş, Okumuş Ö, Yurdabakan ZZ. Evaluation of Trabecular Structure Using Fractal Analysis in Patients Taking Proton Pump Inhibitors. MEANDROS MEDICAL AND DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/meandros.galenos.2021.69345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Niemann-Pick Type C Proteins Are Required for Sterol Transport and Appressorium-Mediated Plant Penetration of Colletotrichum orbiculare. mBio 2022; 13:e0223622. [PMID: 36154185 PMCID: PMC9600679 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens use appressoria to directly penetrate the host plant surface. In the cucumber anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, differentiation of appressoria requires a proper G1/S cell cycle progression, regulated by the GTPase-activating protein complex CoBub2-CoBfa1 and its downstream GTPase CoTem1. To explore the mechanisms by which the CoTem1 cascade regulates plant infection, we screened for CoTem1 interaction factors and identified a Niemann-Pick type C2 homolog (CoNpc2). Niemann-Pick type C proteins NPC1 and NPC2 are sterol-binding proteins required for sterol export from lysosomes (vacuoles) in humans and yeasts. We showed that CoNpc2 colocalized with CoNpc1 in late endosomes and vacuoles and that disruption of its gene resulted in aberrant sterol accumulation in vacuoles and loss of sterol membrane localization, indicating that NPC proteins are engaged in sterol transport in C. orbiculare. For appressorium infection, sterol transport and proper distribution mediated by CoNpc1 and CoNpc2 are critical for membrane integrity and membrane curvature with actin assembly, leading to penetration peg emergence and appressorial cone formation. Our results revealed a novel mechanism by which NPC proteins regulate appressorium-mediated plant infection.
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Das S, Chaudhari AK, Singh VK, Singh BK, Dubey NK. High speed homogenization assisted encapsulation of synergistic essential oils formulation: Characterization, in vitro release study, safety profile, and efficacy towards mitigation of aflatoxin B 1 induced deterioration in rice samples. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113443. [PMID: 36167259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Application of essential oils to mitigate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food is a current research hotspot; however, their direct incorporation may cause toxic effects, and changes in food organoleptic properties. This work aimed to synthesize novel synergistic formulation of Pinus roxburghii, Juniperus communis, and Cupressus sempervirens essential oils by mixture design assay (PJC) and encapsulation of PJC formulation into chitosan nanocomposite (Nm-PJC) with an aim to protect stored rice (Oryza sativa L., prime staple food) against fungi and AFB1 mediated loss of valuable minerals, macronutrients, and fatty acids. Nm-PJC was characterized through DLS, SEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses, along with controlled delivery from chitosan nanobiopolymer. Encapsulation of synergistic formulation into chitosan-nanomatrix improved antifungal (4.0 μL/mL), antiaflatoxigenic (3.5 μL/mL), and antioxidant activities (P < 0.05). Impairment in ergosterol and methylglyoxal biosynthesis along with in-silico-homology-modeling of major components with Ver-1 and Omt-A proteins advocated chemico-molecular interaction responsible for fungal growth inhibition and AFB1 secretion. In addition, in-situ efficacy against lipid-peroxidation, fatty acid biodeterioration, and preservation of minerals, macronutrients without affecting organoleptic attributes in rice and high mammalian safety profile (9874.23 μL/kg) suggested practical application of synergistic nanoformulation as innovative smart, and green candidate to mitigate AFB1 contamination, and shelf-life extension of stored food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Das
- Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College, Purba Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Department of Botany, Government Girls' P.G. College, Ghazipur, 233001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya, 224123, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bijendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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41
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Wei W, Gao S, Yi Q, Liu A, Yu S, Zhou J. Reengineering of 7-dehydrocholesterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using combined pathway and organelle strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:978074. [PMID: 36016783 PMCID: PMC9398459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.978074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is a widely used sterol and a precursor of several costly steroidal drugs. In this study, 7-DHC biosynthesis pathway was constructed and modified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Firstly, the biosynthesis pathway was constructed by knocking out the competitive pathway genes ERG5 and ERG6 and integrating two DHCR24 copies from Gallus gallus at both sites. Then, 7-DHC titer was improved by knocking out MOT3, which encoded a transcriptional repressor for the 7-DHC biosynthesis pathway. Next, by knocking out NEM1 and PAH1, 7-DHC accumulation was improved, and genes upregulation was verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additionally, tHMG1, IDI1, ERG2, ERG3, DHCR24, POS5, and CTT1 integration into multi-copy sites was used to convert precursors to 7-DHC, and increase metabolic flux. Finally, qPCR confirmed the significant up-regulation of key genes transcriptional levels. In a 96 h shaker flask fermentation, the 7-DHC titer was 649.5 mg/L by de novo synthesis. In a 5 L bioreactor, the 7-DHC titer was 2.0 g/L, which was the highest 7-DHC titer reported to date. Our study is of great significance for the industrial production of 7-DHC and steroid development for medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Song Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Yi
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care, Changsha, China
| | - Anjian Liu
- Hunan Kerey Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shaoyang, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Jingwen Zhou,
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42
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Song N, Xia H, Yang Q, Zhang X, Yao L, Yang S, Chen X, Dai J. Differential analysis of ergosterol function in response to high salt and sugar stress in Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6657072. [PMID: 35932192 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is an osmotolerant and halotolerant yeast that can participate in fermentation. To understand the mechanisms of salt and sugar tolerance, the transcription levels of Z. rouxii M 2013310 under 180 g/L NaCl stress and 600 g/L glucose stress were measured. The transcriptome analysis showed that 2227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under 180 g/L NaCl stress, 1530 DEGs were identified under 600 g/L glucose stress, and 1278 DEGs were identified under both stress conditions. Then, KEGG enrichment analyses of these genes indicated that 53.3% of the upregulated genes were involved in the ergosterol synthesis pathway. Subsequently, quantitative PCR was used to verify the results, which showed that the genes of the ergosterol synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated under 180 g/L NaCl stress. Finally, further quantitative testing of ergosterol and spotting assays revealed that Z. rouxii M 2013310 increased the amount of ergosterol in response to high salt stress. These results highlighted the functional differences in ergosterol under sugar stress and salt stress, which contributes to our understanding of the tolerance mechanisms of salt and sugar in Z. rouxii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Huili Xia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China, 430062
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China.,ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China, 430062S
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43
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Heinz J, Doellinger J, Maus D, Schneider A, Lasch P, Grossart HP, Schulze-Makuch D. Perchlorate-Specific Proteomic Stress Responses of Debaryomyces hansenii Could Enable Microbial Survival in Martian Brines. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5051-5065. [PMID: 35920032 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
If life exists on Mars, it would face several challenges including the presence of perchlorates, which destabilize biomacromolecules by inducing chaotropic stress. However, little is known about perchlorate toxicity for microorganism on the cellular level. Here we present the first proteomic investigation on the perchlorate-specific stress responses of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii and compare these to generally known salt stress adaptations. We found that the responses to NaCl and NaClO4 -induced stresses share many common metabolic features, e.g., signaling pathways, elevated energy metabolism, or osmolyte biosynthesis. Nevertheless, several new perchlorate-specific stress responses could be identified, such as protein glycosylation and cell wall remodulations, presumably in order to stabilize protein structures and the cell envelope. These stress responses would also be relevant for life on Mars, which - given the environmental conditions - likely developed chaotropic defense strategies such as stabilized confirmations of biomacromolecules and the formation of cell clusters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Heinz
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, RG Astrobiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Doellinger
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS6), Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah Maus
- Robert Koch-Institute, Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens (NG2), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy Schneider
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS6), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lasch
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS6), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Stechlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, RG Astrobiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Stechlin, Germany.,GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany.,School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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44
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Wang Y, Kou S, Huo J, Sun S, Wang Y, Yang H, Zhao S, Tang L, Han L, Zhang J, Chen L. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 4-Chloropyrazole-Based Pyridines as Potent Fungicide Candidates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9327-9336. [PMID: 35856648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A rational molecular design approach was developed in our laboratory to guide the discovery of novel sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Based on the application of bioactivities of heterocyclic rings and molecular docking targeting the sterol biosynthesis 14α-demethylase, a series of 4-chloropyrazole-based pyridine derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized, and characterized and their fungicidal activities were also evaluated. Bioassay results showed that 7e, 7f, and 7m exhibited commendable, diverse antifungal actions that are comparable to those of the positive controls imazalil and triadimefon. The active compounds' mode of action was further studied by microscopy observations, Q-PCR, and enzyme inhibition assay and discovered that target compounds affect fungal sterol biosynthesis via disturbing RcCYP51 enzyme system. These findings support that their fungicidal mode of action still targets the cytochrome P450-dependent 14α-demethylase as the molecular design did at first. The above results strongly suggest that our rational molecular design protocol is not only practical but also efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Song Kou
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Jingqian Huo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Susu Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Yanen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Shiyong Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Liangfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Han
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
- Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Lai Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
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45
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Deng Z, Yang Y, Luo J, Zhang B, Liu J, Shui G, Jiao R, Wei C. An Integrated Transcriptomics and Lipidomics Analysis Reveals That Ergosterol Is Required for Host Defense Against Bacterial Infection in Drosophila. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933137. [PMID: 35874695 PMCID: PMC9301368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals adjust their lipid metabolism states in response to pathogens infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for how lipid metabolism responds to infection remain to be elusive. In this study, we assessed the temporal changes of lipid metabolism profiles during infection by an integrated transcriptomics and lipidomics analysis. Ergosterol is identified to be required for proper host defense to pathogens. Notably, ergosterol level is increased in the hemolymph upon bacterial infection. We show that the increase of ergosterol level by food supplement or genetic depletion of Acsl, a long-chain fatty acid-CoA synthetase, promotes host survival against bacterial challenges. Together, our results suggest a critical role of lipid metabolism adaption in the process of host defense against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Yang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Luo
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biling Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Jiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjie Jiao, ; Chuanxian Wei,
| | - Chuanxian Wei
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjie Jiao, ; Chuanxian Wei,
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46
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Jin K, Xia H, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Compartmentalization and transporter engineering strategies for terpenoid synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:92. [PMID: 35599322 PMCID: PMC9125818 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories for terpenoid synthesis form a less expensive and more environment-friendly approach than chemical synthesis and extraction, and are thus being regarded as mainstream research recently. Organelle compartmentalization for terpenoid synthesis has received much attention from researchers owing to the diverse physiochemical characteristics of organelles. In this review, we first systematically summarized various compartmentalization strategies utilized in terpenoid production, mainly plant terpenoids, which can provide catalytic reactions with sufficient intermediates and a suitable environment, while bypassing competing metabolic pathways. In addition, because of the limited storage capacity of cells, strategies used for the expansion of specific organelle membranes were discussed. Next, transporter engineering strategies to overcome the cytotoxic effects of terpenoid accumulation were analyzed. Finally, we discussed the future perspectives of compartmentalization and transporter engineering strategies, with the hope of providing theoretical guidance for designing and constructing cell factories for the purpose of terpenoid production.
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47
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Vermeulen P, Gruez A, Babin AL, Frippiat JP, Machouart M, Debourgogne A. CYP51 Mutations in the Fusarium solani Species Complex: First Clue to Understand the Low Susceptibility to Azoles of the Genus Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050533. [PMID: 35628788 PMCID: PMC9148147 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are cosmopolitan filamentous fungi responsible for invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Despite the treatment recommendations, many strains show reduced sensitivity to voriconazole. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential relationship between azole susceptibility and mutations in CYP51 protein sequences. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for azole antifungals have been determined using the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) microdilution method on a panel of clinical and environmental strains. CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C genes for each strain have been sequenced using the Sanger method. Amino acid substitutions described in multiple azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (mtrAf) strains have been sought and compared with other Fusarium complexes’ strains. Our results show that FSSC exhibit point mutations similar to those described in mtrAf. Protein sequence alignments of CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C have highlighted different profiles based on sequence similarity. A link between voriconazole MICs and protein sequences was observed, suggesting that these mutations could be an explanation for the intrinsic azole resistance in the genus Fusarium. Thus, this innovative approach provided clues to understand low azole susceptibility in FSSC and may contribute to improving the treatment of FSSC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vermeulen
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Gruez
- IMoPA, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Anne-Lyse Babin
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Marie Machouart
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne Debourgogne
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-83-15-43-96
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48
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Kessi-Pérez EI, González A, Palacios JL, Martínez C. Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans. Yeast 2022; 39:482-492. [PMID: 35581681 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important human hormone, known primarily to be involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, but it is also involved in various non-skeletal processes (molecular, cellular, immune, and neuronal). One of the main health problems nowadays is the vitamin D deficiency of the human population due to lack of sun exposure, with estimates of one billion people worldwide with vitamin D deficiency, and the consequent need for clinical intervention (i.e., prescription of pharmacological vitamin D supplements). An alternative to reduce vitamin D deficiency is to produce good dietary sources of it, a scenario in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to be a promising alternative. This review focuses on the potential use of yeast as a biological platform to produce vitamin D, summarizing both the biology aspects of vitamin D (synthesis, ecology and evolution, metabolism, and bioequivalence) and the work done to produce it in yeast (both for vitamin D2 and for vitamin D3 ), highlighting existing challenges and potential solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adens González
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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49
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Enhanced squalene production by modulation of pathways consuming squalene and its precursor. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Jiang YQ, Lin JP. Recent progress in strategies for steroid production in yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:93. [PMID: 35441962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As essential structural molecules of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol is not only an important component of fungal growth and stress-resistance but also a key precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance. So far, ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been elucidated elaborately, and efforts have been made to increase ergosterol production through regulation of ergosterol metabolism and storage. Furthermore, the same intermediates shared by yeasts and animals or plants make the construction of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast a promising approach to synthesize valuable steroids, such as phytosteroids and animal steroid hormones. During these challenging processes, several obstacles have arisen and been combated with great endeavors. This paper reviews recent research progress of yeast metabolic engineering for improving the production of ergosterol and heterologous steroids. The remaining tactics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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