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Alexandrescu AT, Dregni AJ. The Temperature Dependence of Hydrogen Bonds Is More Uniform in Stable Proteins: An Analysis of NMR h3J NC' Couplings in Four Different Protein Structures. Molecules 2024; 29:2950. [PMID: 38998901 PMCID: PMC11243222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-range HNCO NMR spectra for proteins show crosspeaks due to 1JNC', 2JNC', 3JNCγ, and h3JNC' couplings. The h3JNC' couplings are transmitted through hydrogen bonds and their sizes are correlated to hydrogen bond lengths. We collected long-range HNCO data at a series of temperatures for four protein structures. P22i and CUS-3i are six-stranded beta-barrel I-domains from phages P22 and CUS-3 that share less than 40% sequence identity. The cis and trans states of the C-terminal domain from pore-forming toxin hemolysin ΙΙ (HlyIIC) arise from the isomerization of a single G404-P405 peptide bond. For P22i and CUS-3i, hydrogen bonds detected by NMR agree with those observed in the corresponding domains from cryoEM structures of the two phages. Hydrogen bond lengths derived from the h3JNC' couplings, however, are poorly conserved between the distantly related CUS-3i and P22i domains and show differences even between the closely related cis and trans state structures of HlyIIC. This is consistent with hydrogen bond lengths being determined by local differences in structure rather than the overall folding topology. With increasing temperature, hydrogen bonds typically show an apparent increase in length that has been attributed to protein thermal expansion. Some hydrogen bonds are invariant with temperature, however, while others show apparent decreases in length, suggesting they become stabilized with increasing temperature. Considering the data for the three proteins in this study and previously published data for ubiquitin and GB3, lowered protein folding stability and cooperativity corresponds with a larger range of temperature responses for hydrogen bonds. This suggests a partial uncoupling of hydrogen bond energetics from global unfolding cooperativity as protein stability decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei T. Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Nagel AS, Vetrova OS, Rudenko NV, Karatovskaya AP, Zamyatina AV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Salyamov VI, Egorova NA, Siunov AV, Ivanova TD, Boziev KM, Brovko FA, Solonin AS. A High-Homology Region Provides the Possibility of Detecting β-Barrel Pore-Forming Toxins from Various Bacterial Species. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5327. [PMID: 38791367 PMCID: PMC11120785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of many bacteria, including Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, depends on pore-forming toxins (PFTs), which cause the lysis of host cells by forming pores in the membranes of eukaryotic cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a region homologous to the Lys171-Gly250 sequence in hemolysin II (HlyII) from B. cereus in over 600 PFTs, which we designated as a "homologous peptide". Three β-barrel PFTs were used for a detailed comparative analysis. Two of them-HlyII and cytotoxin K2 (CytK2)-are synthesized in Bacillus cereus sensu lato; the third, S. aureus α-toxin (Hla), is the most investigated representative of the family. Protein modeling showed certain amino acids of the homologous peptide to be located on the surface of the monomeric forms of these β-barrel PFTs. We obtained monoclonal antibodies against both a cloned homologous peptide and a 14-membered synthetic peptide, DSFNTFYGNQLFMK, as part of the homologous peptide. The HlyII, CytK2, and Hla regions recognized by the obtained antibodies, as well as an antibody capable of suppressing the hemolytic activity of CytK2, were identified in the course of this work. Antibodies capable of recognizing PFTs of various origins can be useful tools for both identification and suppression of the cytolytic activity of PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Nagel
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Olesya S. Vetrova
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Natalia V. Rudenko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Anna P. Karatovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Anna V. Zamyatina
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Zhanna I. Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Vadim I. Salyamov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Egorova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ryazan State University Named for S.A. Yesenin”, 46 st. Svobody, 390000 Ryazan, Ryazan Region, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Siunov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Tatiana D. Ivanova
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Khanafi M. Boziev
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Fedor A. Brovko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (O.S.V.); (A.P.K.); (A.V.Z.); (K.M.B.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Alexander S. Solonin
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.S.N.); (Z.I.A.-K.); (V.I.S.); (A.V.S.); (T.D.I.); (A.S.S.)
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3
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Rudenko NV, Nagel AS, Melnik BS, Karatovskaya AP, Vetrova OS, Zamyatina AV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Siunov AV, Shlyapnikov MG, Brovko FA, Solonin AS. Utilizing Extraepitopic Amino Acid Substitutions to Define Changes in the Accessibility of Conformational Epitopes of the Bacillus cereus HlyII C-Terminal Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16437. [PMID: 38003626 PMCID: PMC10671226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolysin II (HlyII)-one of the pathogenic factors of Bacillus cereus, a pore-forming β-barrel toxin-possesses a C-terminal extension of 94 amino acid residues, designated as the C-terminal domain of HlyII (HlyIICTD), which plays an important role in the functioning of the toxin. Our previous work described a monoclonal antibody (HlyIIC-20), capable of strain-specific inhibition of hemolysis caused by HlyII, and demonstrated the dependence of the efficiency of hemolysis on the presence of proline at position 324 in HlyII outside the conformational antigenic determinant. In this work, we studied 16 mutant forms of HlyIICTD. Each of the mutations, obtained via multiple site-directed mutagenesis leading to the replacement of amino acid residues lying on the surface of the 3D structure of HlyIICTD, led to a decrease in the interaction of HlyIIC-20 with the mutant form of the protein. Changes in epitope structure confirm the high conformational mobility of HlyIICTD required for the functioning of HlyII. Comparison of the effect of the introduced mutations on the effectiveness of interactions between HlyIICTD and HlyIIC-20 and a control antibody recognizing a non-overlapping epitope enabled the identification of the amino acid residues N339 and K340, included in the conformational antigenic determinant recognized by HlyIIC-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Rudenko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey S Nagel
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Bogdan S Melnik
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna P Karatovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Olesya S Vetrova
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna V Zamyatina
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Zhanna I Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander V Siunov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail G Shlyapnikov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fedor A Brovko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander S Solonin
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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4
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Alexandrescu AT, Dregni AJ, Teschke CM. NMR detection and conformational dependence of two, three, and four-bond isotope shifts due to deuteration of backbone amides. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2023; 77:93-109. [PMID: 37093339 PMCID: PMC10724557 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-023-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR isotope shifts occur due to small differences in nuclear shielding when nearby atoms are different isotopes. For molecules dissolved in 1:1 H2O:D2O, the resulting mixture of N-H and N-D isotopes leads to a small splitting of resonances from adjacent nuclei. We used multidimensional NMR to measure isotope shifts for the proteins CUS-3iD and CspA. We observed four-bond 4∆N(ND) isotope shifts in high-resolution 2D 15N-TROSY experiments of the perdeuterated proteins that correlate with the torsional angle psi. Three-bond 3∆C'(ND) isotope shifts detected in H(N)CO spectra correlate with the intraresidue H-O distance, and to a lesser extent with the dihedral angle phi. The conformational dependence of the isotope shifts agree with those previously reported in the literature. Both the 4∆N(ND) and 3∆C'(ND) isotope shifts are sensitive to distances between the atoms giving rise to the isotope shifts and the atoms experiencing the splitting, however, these distances are strongly correlated with backbone dihedral angles making it difficult to resolve distance from stereochemical contributions to the isotope shift. H(NCA)CO spectra were used to measure two-bond 2∆C'(ND) isotope shifts and [D]/[H] fractionation factors. Neither parameter showed significant differences for hydrogen-bonded sites, or changes over a 25° temperature range, suggesting they are not sensitive to hydrogen bonding. Finally, the quartet that arises from the combination of 2∆C'(ND) and 3∆C'(ND) isotope shifts in H(CA)CO spectra was used to measure synchronized hydrogen exchange for the sequence neighbors A315-S316 in the protein CUS-3iD. In many of our experiments we observed minor resonances due to the 10% D2O used for the sample deuterium lock, indicating isotope shifts can be a source of spectral heterogeneity in standard NMR experiments. We suggest that applications of isotope shifts such as conformational analysis and correlated hydrogen exchange could benefit from the larger magnetic fields becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei T Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3125, USA.
| | - Aurelio J Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carolyn M Teschke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
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Rudenko N, Siunov A, Zamyatina A, Melnik B, Nagel A, Karatovskaya A, Borisova M, Shepelyakovskaya A, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Z, Kolesnikov A, Surin A, Brovko F, Solonin A. The C-terminal domain of Bacillus cereus hemolysin II oligomerizes by itself in the presence of cell membranes to form ion channels. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:416-427. [PMID: 35041890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus hemolysin II, a pore-forming β-barrel toxin (HlyII), has a C-terminal extension of 94 amino acid residues, designated as the C-terminal domain of HlyII (HlyIICTD). HlyIICTD is capable of forming oligomers in aqueous solutions. Oligomerization of HlyIICTD significantly increased in the presence of erythrocytes and liposomes. Its affinity for erythrocytes of various origins differed insignificantly but was noticeably higher for T-cells. HlyIICTD destroyed THP-1 monocytes and J774 macrophages, acted most effectively on Jurkat T-lymphocytes and had virtually no impact on B-cell lines. HlyIICTD was able to form ion-conducting channels on an artificial bilayer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudenko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander Siunov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Zamyatina
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Bogdan Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Nagel
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Karatovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Marina Borisova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Shepelyakovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Zhanna Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander Kolesnikov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Surin
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fedor Brovko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander Solonin
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Kaplan AR, Olson R, Alexandrescu AT. Protein yoga: Conformational versatility of the Hemolysin II C-terminal domain detailed by NMR structures for multiple states. Protein Sci 2021; 30:990-1005. [PMID: 33733504 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal domain of Bacillus cereus hemolysin II (HlyIIC), stabilizes the trans-membrane-pore formed by the HlyII toxin and may aid in target cell recognition. Initial efforts to determine the NMR structure of HlyIIC were hampered by cis/trans isomerization about the single proline at position 405 that leads to doubling of NMR resonances. We used the mutant P405M-HlyIIC that eliminates the cis proline to determine the NMR structure of the domain, which revealed a novel fold. Here, we extend earlier studies to the NMR structure determination of the cis and trans states of WT-HlyIIC that exist simultaneously in solution. The primary structural differences between the cis and trans states are in the loop that contains P405, and structurally adjacent loops. Thermodynamic linkage analysis shows that at 25 C the cis proline, which already has a large fraction of 20% in the unfolded protein, increases to 50% in the folded state due to coupling with the global stability of the domain. The P405M or P405A substitutions eliminate heterogeneity due to proline isomerization but lead to the formation of a new dimeric species. The NMR structure of the dimer shows that it is formed through domain-swapping of strand β5, the last segment of secondary structure following P405. The presence of P405 in WT-HlyIIC strongly disfavors the dimer compared to the P405M-HlyIIC or P405A-HlyIIC mutants. The WT proline may thus act as a "gatekeeper," warding off aggregative misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rich Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrei T Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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Rudenko NV, Karatovskaya AP, Zamyatina AV, Siunov AV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Nagel AS, Brovko FA, Solonin AS. C-Terminal Domain of Bacillus cereus Hemolysin II Is Able to Interact with Erythrocytes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kaplan AR, Kaus K, De S, Olson R, Alexandrescu AT. NMR structure of the Bacillus cereus hemolysin II C-terminal domain reveals a novel fold. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3277. [PMID: 28607368 PMCID: PMC5468326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to multiple virulence factors, Bacillus cereus a pathogen that causes food poisoning and life-threatening wound infections, secretes the pore-forming toxin hemolysin II (HlyII). The HlyII toxin has a unique 94 amino acid C-terminal domain (HlyIIC). HlyIIC exhibits splitting of NMR resonances due to cis/trans isomerization of a single proline near the C-terminus. To overcome heterogeneity, we solved the structure of P405M-HlyIIC, a mutant that exclusively stabilizes the trans state. The NMR structure of HlyIIC reveals a novel fold, consisting of two subdomains αA-β1-β2 and β3-β4-αB-β5, that come together in a barrel-like structure. The barrel core is fastened by three layers of hydrophobic residues. The barrel end opposite the HlyIIC-core has a positively charged surface, that by binding negatively charged moieties on cellular membranes, may play a role in target-cell surface recognition or stabilization of the heptameric pore complex. In the WT domain, dynamic flexibility occurs at the N-terminus and the first α-helix that connects the HlyIIC domain to the HlyII-core structure. In the destabilizing P405M mutant, increased flexibility is evident throughout the first subdomain, suggesting that the HlyIIC structure may have arisen through gene fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269-3125, USA
| | - Katherine Kaus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, 224 Hall-Atwater, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, CT, 06459-0175, USA
| | - Swastik De
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, 224 Hall-Atwater, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, CT, 06459-0175, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520-8114, USA
| | - Rich Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, 224 Hall-Atwater, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, CT, 06459-0175, USA.
| | - Andrei T Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269-3125, USA.
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Perlińska A, Grynberg M. Bacillus anthracis pXO1 plasmid encodes a putative membrane-bound bacteriocin. PeerJ 2014; 2:e679. [PMID: 25426338 PMCID: PMC4243335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary advantages over cousin cells in bacterial pathogens may decide about the success of a specific cell in its environment. Bacteria use a plethora of methods to defend against other cells and many devices to attack their opponents when competing for resources. Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins that are used to eliminate competition. We report the discovery of a putative membrane-bound bacteriocin encoded by the Bacillus anthracis pathogenic pXO1 plasmid. We analyze the genomic structure of the bacteriocin operon. The proposed mechanisms of action predestine this operon as a potent competitive advantage over cohabitants of the same niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Perlińska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw , Banacha, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS , Pawińskiego, Warsaw , Poland
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