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Saade Z, Hanshaw BD, Keuroghlian AS. Including Sexually and Gender Diverse Populations in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Assisted Psychotherapy Trial Research. LGBT Health 2024. [PMID: 39158366 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2024.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually and gender diverse (SGD) populations experience an increased prevalence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with the general population. Minority stress theory contextualizes this increased disease burden by outlining how stigma and discrimination (e.g., homophobia and transphobia) contribute to worse mental health outcomes. The standard-of-care pharmacotherapy for PTSD is associated with significant treatment resistance. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy (MDMA-AP) has emerged as an investigational treatment for PTSD but has lacked consideration for SGD populations. This article explores next steps in clinical trial design and implementation for the study of MDMA-AP with SGD populations who have PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Saade
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alex S Keuroghlian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Rouleaux M, Peters-Scheffer N, Lindauer R, Mevissen L, Didden R. Stressful life events, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and mental health in individuals with intellectual disabilities: a scoping review. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024. [PMID: 39129191 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful life events are events that do not fulfil the A criterion of PTSD in the DSM-5(TR) but are perceived as negative by the person. There is an ongoing debate about the usefulness of the A criterion as a gate criterion for PTSD, and especially regarding which events qualify as traumatic or stressful life events. This debate is particularly important for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), as they seem to be more likely to experience traumatic and stressful life events than their peers without ID-BIF and appear to be more susceptible to the disruptive effects of these events. As a result, people with ID-BIF are more likely to develop mental health and behavioural problems. There is insufficient knowledge about how the relationship between stressful life events and PTSD symptoms should be interpreted, how traumatic and stressful life events are defined and distinguished in people with ID, and whether the A criterion should be broadened for individuals with ID-BIF. The aim of this scoping review was to understand stressful life events and their relationship with PTSD symptoms, other mental health and/or behavioural problems in individuals with ID-BIF. METHODS The scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included. Five studies focused on stressful life events and PTSD symptoms. The other studies examined associations between stressful life events and other mental health and/or behavioural problems. Most of the studies did not clearly differentiate between stressful and traumatic events according to the A criterion of PTSD in the DSM-IV (TR) or DSM-5(TR). Of the six studies in which stressful life events were specified and could be distinguished from traumatic events, one found a positive association between PTSD symptoms and stressful life events and five showed weak to strong positive associations with other mental health and/or behavioural problems. CONCLUSIONS PTSD symptoms following stressful life events in individuals with ID-BIF are underrepresented in the literature. The lack of a clear definition of stressful life events leads to a gap in the knowledge on whether and how stressful life events may lead to PTSD symptoms, other mental health and/or behavioural problems in individuals with ID-BIF. Therefore, no general conclusions or recommendations can be made regarding the appropriateness of the PTSD A criterion for individuals with ID-BIF. Further research is needed to establish the role of stressful life events in relation to PTSD symptoms and to inform the assessment and effective treatment in people with ID-BIF, as expert clinical experience studies suggest that broadening the PTSD A criterion should be considered for people with ID-BIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rouleaux
- Department of Advisium, 's Heeren Loo Advisium, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Peters-Scheffer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Driestroom, Elst, The Netherlands
| | - R Lindauer
- Department Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Levvel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Mevissen
- Liesbeth Mevissen Psychotrauma Practice, Rha, The Netherlands
| | - R Didden
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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3
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Zoromba MA, El-Gazar HE, Elkalla IHR, Amr M, Ibrahim N. Association between cumulative trauma and severity of psychotic symptoms among patients experiencing psychosis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 51:54-61. [PMID: 39034095 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychosis-related trauma is a prevalent condition that significantly impacts patients and often leads to an increased reliance on psychiatric nursing services. This study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between cumulative trauma and the severity of psychosis symptoms among patients experiencing psychosis. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 76 community-dwelling patients recruited. Patients' sociodemographic and clinical data, Cumulative Trauma Measure scores, and psychosis symptom severity scale scores were collected. A significant difference was observed between collective identity trauma and the presence of hallucinations and abnormal psychomotor behavior (Z = 4.1 and 2.69, respectively). Significant differences were also observed between role identity trauma and the presence of delusions and abnormal psychomotor behavior (Z = 3.86 and 2.06, respectively); attachment trauma and the presence of hallucinations, abnormal psychomotor behavior, and mania (Z = 2.16, 2.12, and 2.11, respectively); and survival trauma and the presence of disorganized speech (Z = 2.61). Moreover, there was a significant difference regarding secondary trauma and the presence of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, depression, and mania (Z = 4.29, 2.15, 2.11, 2.12, 4.42, and 3.39, respectively). In conclusion, total cumulative trauma explained 44.2 %, 25.8 %, 24.7 %, 16.2 %, 13.6 %, and 13.2 % of the severity of delusion, hallucination, depression, mania, abnormal psychomotor behavior, and disorganized speech, respectively, among patients experiencing psychosis. Implication for nursing practice, by recognizing the nuanced interplay between cumulative trauma and diverse manifestations of psychosis symptoms, nursing professionals can tailor their approaches to provide more holistic and patient-centered care that may significantly contribute to improved patient outcomes and the overall well-being of individuals navigating the complex landscape of psychosis-related trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Zoromba
- College of Nursing, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Heba E El-Gazar
- Nursing Administration Department, Port Said University, Egypt
| | | | - Mostafa Amr
- Psychiatry Department, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Ibrahim
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Mansoura University, Egypt; Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Shorouk City, Egypt
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4
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Borrelli G, Lamberti Zanardi A, Scognamiglio C, Cinquegrana V, Perrella R. The relationship between childhood interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma and autobiographical memory: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1328835. [PMID: 38298520 PMCID: PMC10827865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma can have negative effects on several domains of mental functioning, including Autobiographical Memory (AM). Conflicting results emerge in the scientific literature regarding the effects of childhood trauma on AM. In this review, we explored the relationship between the childhood trauma and AM, classifying childhood trauma as interpersonal, non-interpersonal and overall (interpersonal and non-interpersonal). We carried out a systematic literature review, following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA statement). From searching the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, we identified 48 studies conducted from 2014 to 2023, which were included when they: (a) were written in English, (b) investigated the relationship between AM and childhood trauma, (c) included a sample of children, adolescents, or adults who had experienced childhood interpersonal and/or non-interpersonal trauma. Of the 48 eligible studies, 29 referred to trauma of an interpersonal nature, 12 to trauma of a non-interpersonal nature, and 7 to overall trauma. Regarding the relationship between childhood trauma and AM, 24 studies found a negative relationship between childhood interpersonal trauma and AM; among the articles on non-interpersonal trauma, 10 studies found no relevant relationship; in the studies on overall trauma, 4 articles found negative relationship between overall trauma and AM. The literature explored in our systematic review supports the prevalence of a negative relationship between interpersonal childhood trauma and AM. This relationship is present regardless of psychiatric disorders (e.g., Depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Personality Disorders), and in the presence of the latter, AM results even more fragmented. Future research should use more accurate methodologies in identifying and classifying childhood trauma in order to more precisely determine its effect on AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Borrelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenza Cinquegrana
- Department of Psychology, University of Study of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Raffaella Perrella
- Department of Psychology, University of Study of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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Xue F, Suh HN, Rice KG, Ashby JS. Cumulative Trauma and Trauma Symptoms: A Three-Way Interaction. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:576. [PMID: 37504023 PMCID: PMC10376125 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test if perceived social support and self-compassion will interact to reduce the magnitude of the bivariate relationship (buffering effect) between cumulative trauma and trauma symptoms after controlling for gender and age among college students. As part of a broader research project conducted between 2018 and 2019, we collected data via online surveys from a sample of 551 undergraduate students at a public university in the southern region of the US. After data cleaning, the study included 538 participants (representing 97.6% of the original dataset), ensuring a diverse representation across various ethnicities and genders. The three-way interaction model accounted for 38.61% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. In detail, with high levels of perceived social support, there was a significant difference in the buffering effects of perceived social support on the trauma-PTSD association between high and low self-compassion. Conversely, at high levels of self-compassion, perceived social support did not significantly influence the buffering effect of self-compassion. This study underscores the critical role of self-compassion in enhancing the protective effect of high-level perceived social support against PTSD symptoms following cumulative trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xue
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kenneth G Rice
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ashby
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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6
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Williams M, Osman M, Hyon C. Understanding the Psychological Impact of Oppression Using the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2023; 7:24705470221149511. [PMID: 36683843 PMCID: PMC9850126 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221149511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oppression refers to systemic discrimination where the injustice targets or disproportionately impacts specific groups of people. The Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS) is a self-report measure designed to assess the traumatizing impact of discrimination broadly by measuring anxiety-related symptoms of trauma due to discriminatory experiences. This may include symptoms arising from racism, homophobia, sexism, poverty, or other forms of marginalization. Almost all studies of the TSDS have examined its use in marginalized ethnoracial groups, primarily African Americans. This paper will extend prior work to help us better understand racial trauma across groups by reporting and comparing TSDS mean scores across ethnoracial identities in a diverse national sample (n = 923). It also explores trauma with other marginalized identities and demographic dimensions, including gender, sexual minority/LGBQ status, education, and income. The relationship of TSDS scores to clinical psychopathologies are examined, including stress, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. We also examine the unique risks associated with intersectionality, and how having multiple marginalized identities may increase traumatization. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica Williams
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,
University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Muna Osman
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Monnica T. Williams, PhD, University of
Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Chrysalis Hyon
- Department of East West Psychology,
California
Institute of Integral Studies, San
Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Kira IA, Shuwiekh HA, Ashby JS, Elwakeel SA, Alhuwailah A, Sous MSF, Baali SBA, Azdaou C, Oliemat EM, Jamil HJ. The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023; 21:51-70. [PMID: 34248442 PMCID: PMC8259553 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a new type of trauma that has never been conceptually or empirically analyzed in our discipline. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 as traumatic stress on mental health after controlling for individuals' previous stressors and traumas. We utilized a sample of (N = 1374) adults from seven Arab countries. We used an anonymous online questionnaire that included measures for COVID-19 traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and cumulative stressors and traumas. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression, with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety as dependent variables. In the first step, in each analysis, we entered the country, gender, age, religion, education, and income as independent variables (Kira, Traumatology 7(2):73-86, 2001; Kira, Torture, 14:38-44, 2004; Kira, Traumatology, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000305). In the second step, we entered cumulative stressors and traumas as an independent variable. In the third step, we entered either COVID-19 traumatic stressors or one of its subtypes (fears of infection, economic, and lockdown) as an independent variable. Finally, we conducted structural equation modeling with PTSD, depression, and anxiety as predictors of the latent variable mental health and COVID-19 as the independent variable. Results indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stressors, and each of its three subtypes, were unique predictors of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Thus, COVID-19 is a new type of traumatic stress that has serious mental health effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Kira
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, & Affiliate of Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, 4906 Woodhurst Way, Stone Mountain Atlanta, GA 30088 USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Ashby
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Enas. M. Oliemat
- grid.33801.390000 0004 0528 1681Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hikmet J. Jamil
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA
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8
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Stauffer CS, Brown MR, Adams D, Cassity M, Sevelius J. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy; Inclusion of transgender and gender diverse people in the frontiers of PTSD treatment trials. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:932605. [PMID: 36299539 PMCID: PMC9589439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.932605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience stigma, discrimination, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at higher rates compared to the general population; however, TGD people have been underrepresented in PTSD research. Clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy demonstrate promising safety and efficacy for the treatment of PTSD. Issues related to equitable access, power imbalances in the therapeutic relationship, and vulnerable states of consciousness occasioned by MDMA are magnified when working with people affected by structural vulnerabilities and health disparities, and community engagement in research planning and implementation is essential. To inform the inclusion and safety of TGD people in future MDMA-assisted psychotherapy research, the aims of the current study were to: characterize TGD experiences with trauma-related mental health care, assess openness of TGD people to participate in experimental PTSD research, and to gather specific feedback on protocol design for conducting MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with TGD people. Materials and methods We conducted three virtual focus group discussions (FGDs) with 5-6 participants each (N = 17). Eligible TGD participants had a history of receiving trauma-related mental health care. Each FGD was facilitated by two licensed clinicians who identified as TGD. Qualitative data analysis was conducted via an iterative process of identification of recurrent patterns and themes. Results We have identified several key issues TGD people face when seeking and engaging in trauma-related mental health care, including barriers to receiving adequate gender-affirming and trauma-informed mental health care and frustration with providers lacking cultural humility. Suggested amendments to MDMA-assisted psychotherapy protocols include: routine collection of trans-inclusive gender identity data, implementing an explicit gender-affirming treatment approach, ensuring a culturally safe setting, and diversifying co-therapy dyads. Discussion The inclusion of TGD voices in early conversations about emerging experimental PTSD interventions promotes equitable access, in the context of health and healthcare disparities, and helps researchers understand the needs of the community and tailor research to meet those needs. Through an ongoing conversation with the TGD community, we aim to incorporate a gender-affirming approach into existing research protocols and inform future applications of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in addressing the effects of minority stress and boosting resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Stauffer
- Social Neuroscience and Psychotherapy Lab, Oregon Health and Science Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melanie R Brown
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Dee Adams
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marca Cassity
- Social Neuroscience and Psychotherapy Lab, Oregon Health and Science Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jae Sevelius
- Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Veldhuis CB, Juster RP, Corbeil T, Wall M, Poteat T, Hughes TL. Testing whether the combination of victimization and minority stressors exacerbate PTSD risks in a diverse community sample of sexual minority women. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2022; 14:252-278. [PMID: 38549608 PMCID: PMC10978045 DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2022.2106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Informed by minority stress and intersectionality frameworks, we examined: 1) associations of sexual identity and race/ethnicity with probable diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD-PD) among sexual minority women (SMW; e.g., lesbian, bisexual); and 2) potential additive and interactive associations of minority stressors (discrimination, stigma consciousness, and internalized homonegativity) and potentially traumatic childhood and adulthood events (PTEs) with PTSD-PD. Data come from a large and diverse community sample of SMW (N = 662; age range: 18-82; M = 40.0, SD = 14.0). The sample included 35.8% Black, 23.4% Latinx, and 37.2% White participants. Logistic regressions tested associations of sexual identity and race/ethnicity, minority stressors, and PTEs with PTSD-PD. More than one-third of SMW (37.2%) had PTSD-PD with significantly higher prevalence among bisexual, particularly White bisexual women, than lesbian women. Discrimination, stigma consciousness, and internalized homonegativity were each associated with higher odds of PTSD-PD, but only internalized homonegativity was additively associated with PTSD-PD in mutually adjusted models above and beyond effects of PTEs. No evidence for interactive effects between PTEs and minority stressors was found. In a diverse community sample of sexual minority women, PTSD is strongly associated with potentially traumatic childhood events and with minority stressors above and beyond the associations with other potentially traumatic events and stressors in adulthood. Our findings suggest a strong need for therapists to address the effects of stigma and homophobia in treatment for PTSD, as these minority stressors likely maintain and exacerbate the effects of past traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Corbeil
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Melanie Wall
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Tonia Poteat
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
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10
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Ashby JS, Rice KG, Kira IA, Davari J. The relationship of COVID-19 traumatic stress, cumulative trauma, and race to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:2597-2610. [PMID: 34855214 PMCID: PMC9015429 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test if coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) traumatic stress predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after cumulative trauma and whether there is a three-way interaction between COVID-19 traumatic stress, cumulative trauma, and race in the prediction of PTSD. Using a cross-sectional design, a diverse sample of 745 participants completed measures of cumulative trauma, COVID-19 traumatic stress, and PTSD. COVID-19 traumatic stress accounted for a significant amount of the variance in PTSD above and beyond cumulative trauma. A significant interaction effect was found, indicating that the effect of COVID-19 traumatic stress in predicting PTSD varied as a function of cumulative trauma and that the effects of that interaction were different for Asians and Whites. There were generally comparable associations between COVID-19 traumatic stress and PTSD at low and high levels of cumulative trauma across most racial groups. However, for Asians, higher levels of cumulative trauma did not worsen the PTSD outcome as a function of COVID Traumatic Stress but did at low levels of cumulative trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Ashby
- Center for the Study of Stress Trauma and Resilience, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kenneth G. Rice
- Center for the Study of Stress Trauma and Resilience, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Jaleh Davari
- Center for the Study of Stress Trauma and Resilience, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Kira IA, Al Ibrahim B, Aljakoub J, Shuwiekh HAM. The Effects of Torture in the Context of COVID-19 and Continuous Type III Trauma’s Variants: The Peri-Post Type III Trauma Mental Health Syndrome in Syrian Torture Survivors. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2022.2070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aref Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, USA
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Kira IA, Rice K, Ashby JS, Shuwiekh H, Ibraheem AB, Aljakoub J. Which Traumas Proliferate and Intensify COVID-19 Stressors? The Differential Role of Pre- and Concurrent Continuous Traumatic Stressors and Cumulative Dynamics in Two Communities: USA and Syria. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2022.2050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, & Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery S. Ashby
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanaa Shuwiekh
- Department of Psychology, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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13
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Holmes SC, Austin AE, Smith MV. Understanding the association between material hardship and posttraumatic stress disorder: a test of the social selection and social causation hypotheses and an exploration of gender differences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:57-66. [PMID: 34383086 PMCID: PMC8865605 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a well-established association between poverty and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, little research has tested the temporality of the association. METHODS Using data from Waves IV (2008; N = 14,800) and V (2016-2018; N = 10,685) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examined temporal associations between material hardship (a specific operationalization of poverty) and PTSD, as well as assessed for potential gender differences in associations. We conducted logistic regression and generalized structural equation modeling to examine associations between material hardship and PTSD and assess for mediation and moderation by gender. RESULTS Prior PTSD diagnoses were associated with an increased likelihood of material hardship (OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.21, 2.21). The indirect effect of gender on material hardship through PTSD diagnoses was significant. Prior material hardship was associated with an increased likelihood of PTSD diagnoses (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.35, 2.42). The indirect effect of gender on PTSD diagnoses through material hardship was significant. There was no evidence of moderation by gender for either association. CONCLUSION Results suggest reciprocal associations between material hardship and PTSD. Economic policies, as well as improved access to evidence-based PTSD treatments, may reduce the burden of both material hardships and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Holmes
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd Staten Island, New York, NY, 10314, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Anna E Austin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan V Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- CT Hospital Association, Wallingford, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Kira IA, Rihan Ibrahim ES, Shuwiekh HAM, Ashby JS. Does Intersected Discrimination Underlie the Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity on Minorities? An Example from Jordan. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.1992224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, USA
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S. Ashby
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Holmes SC, Callinan L, Facemire VC, Williams MT, Ciarleglio MM, Smith MV. Material hardship is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among low-income Black women. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:905-916. [PMID: 34644417 PMCID: PMC8941674 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The link between socioeconomic status and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is well established. Given that Black women are disproportionately burdened by both poverty and PTSD symptoms, research focusing on these constructs among this population is needed. The current study assessed the association between material hardship (i.e., difficulty meeting basic needs) and PTSD symptoms among 227 low-income Black women in the United States. We explored several potential explanations for the association between poverty and PTSD symptoms (e.g., individuals living in poverty may experience higher levels of trauma exposure; individuals living in poverty may have less access to relevant protective resources, like social support; poverty itself may represent a traumatic stressor). Using robust negative binomial regression, a positive association between material hardship and PTSD symptoms emerged, B = 0.10, p = .009, SMD = 0.08. When trauma exposure was added to the model, it was positively associated with PTSD symptoms, B = 0.18, p < .001, SMD = 0.16, and material hardship remained positively associated with PTSD symptoms, B = 0.10, p =.019, SMD = 0.08. When social support indicators were added to the model, they were not associated with PTSD symptoms; however, material hardship remained significantly associated, B = 0.10, p = .021, SMD = 0.08. In the model with material hardship and trauma exposure, a significant interaction between material hardship and trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms emerged, B = -0.04, p = .027. These results demonstrate the importance of including material hardship in trauma research, assessment, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Holmes
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York–College of Staten Island, Staten Island, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Callinan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vanessa C. Facemire
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Maria M. Ciarleglio
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Megan V. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Connecticut Hospital Association, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
- Child Study Center Yale, School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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16
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Seedat S. Commentary on the special issue on disproportionate exposure to trauma: Trauma, stress, and adversities and health disparities among disenfranchised groups globally during the COVID pandemic. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:1061-1067. [PMID: 34642999 PMCID: PMC8662206 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The papers in this Journal of Traumatic Stress special issue on disproportionate adversity cover the gamut of discrimination traumas and stressors, including microaggressions, a more insidious forms of discrimination, and their often-devastating and wide-ranging mental health sequelae, in disproportionately affected disenfranchised groups. Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation commonly confers cumulative and chronic effects. In the field of traumatic stress studies, several types of identity-linked traumatic events have been identified and empirically investigated as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-producing experiences. Collectively, the 13 papers included in this special issue raise questions about the definition, conceptualization, and categorization of various forms of explicit and implicit identity-linked trauma. These papers highlight the need for acceptance of a shared nomenclature and better differentiation of both causal and correlational associations with acute and chronic PTSD, depression, suicide risk, alcohol misuse, and other mental health outcomes. In this commentary, the discussion is extended to COVID-19, a disease that has been globally devastating for many. On multiple levels (i.e., physical, mental, emotional, economic, and social), COVID-19 has magnified the prepandemic fault lines of race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Applying a syndemic framework to the health impact of COVID-19 and, arguably, the most pervasive identity linked epidemic worldwide-systemic racism-brings perspective to the biological and social forces that are likely to be driving the convergence of COVID-19, systemic racism, and chronic health inequities, and may be informative in guiding evidence-based strategies for managing racial trauma in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Seedat
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
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17
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Swan LET, Im H. Risk and Protective Factors for Common Mental Disorders among Urban Somali Refugee Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:321-333. [PMID: 34471451 PMCID: PMC8357879 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore exposure to trauma as well as demographic and psychosocial factors as predictors of mental health symptoms among Somali refugees in Kenya. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling to complete a survey and included 86 Somali refugee youth, aged 15 to 34 years, who were living in Eastleigh. We measured trauma using a total traumas experienced variable as well as four trauma types categories (pre-migration/migration trauma, post-migration trauma, family trauma, and individual trauma). We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and PTSD using the PTSD Check List - Civilian Version (PCL-C). We ran descriptive statistics followed by multiple linear regression models with trauma exposure, education, gender, and willingness to share problems as predictors of mental health symptoms. Out of 12 possible traumatic events, most participants (83.7%) reported experiencing at least one trauma, and participants reported experiencing an average of 3.76 total traumas. The regression models predicted between 11.5% and 35.5% of the variance of the mental health symptoms. Willingness to share problems was a significant predictor of decreased mental health symptoms in most models. These findings highlight the role of trauma exposure and psychosocial factors in predicting Somali refugee mental health and indicate that implementing programs to encourage problem sharing may help address Somali refugee mental health needs. Further research is needed to explore the differential impact of trauma exposure and various psychosocial factors on Somali refugee mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. T. Swan
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Hyojin Im
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
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18
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Swan LET, Im H. Risk and Protective Factors for Common Mental Disorders among Urban Somali Refugee Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:321-333. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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19
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Wallace B, Rea K. Enhancing equity-oriented care in psychedelic medicine: Utilizing the EQUIP framework. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 98:103429. [PMID: 34461409 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapies are experiencing a re-emergence in mainstream medicine and mental health contexts. A wide variety of psychedelic-assisted therapy modalities are being utilized to address mental health issues such as substance use disorders, end of life anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, suicidality, PTSD and other conditions. The novel and inchoate acceptance of psychedelic-assisted therapies into mainstream medical and therapeutic realms raises questions of equity. Concerns have been raised that individuals and communities facing structural inequities are perhaps least able to access these treatments including Black, Indigenous and people of colour (BIPOC) as well as people who use drugs. Psychedelic-assisted therapies may exemplify the inverse law of care whereby services are most inaccessible to communities with the most need, especially if these therapies are regulated into the private sector. As legalization and wider implementation of these therapies appears to be imminent, now is a critical time to consider how health equity may be promoted within psychedelic medicine. This paper examines how the EQUIP Health Care approach (https://equiphealthcare.ca) may inform the development and provision of equity-oriented psychedelic-assisted therapies. The EQUIP approach seeks to reduce the effects of structural inequities on people's health, the impacts of discrimination and stigma, and the mismatches between usual approaches to care and the needs of people most affected by health and social inequities. Key dimensions of the EQUIP intervention include cultural safety, harm reduction, trauma and violence-informed care, and contextual tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Wallace
- UVIC School of Social Work, Scientist, Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research (CISUR), University of Victoria, School of Social Work, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Kerri Rea
- University of Victoria, School of Social Work, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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20
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Kira IA, Shuweikh H, Al-Huwailiah A, El-Wakeel SA, Waheep NN, Ebada EE, Ibrahim ESR. The direct and indirect impact of trauma types and cumulative stressors and traumas on executive functions. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:1078-1094. [PMID: 33245250 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1848835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal was to measure the effects of trauma types, cumulative trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), existential annihilation anxiety (EAA), and posttraumatic growth (PTG) on executive functions. The study sample consists of 1155 from Egypt and Kuwait. Measures included adults working memory deficits (WMD) and inhibition deficits (ID), and cumulative stressors and traumas (CST) and trauma types, PTSD, EAA, and PTG. We used Stepwise regression and PROCESS macro to analyze the data. Results indicated that survival and cumulative traumas have direct effects on a lower WMD and ID, attachment traumas and gender discrimination by parents have direct impacts on higher WMD and ID, while personal identity, status identity, secondary trauma, gender discrimination by society, community violence do not have any direct effects on WMD or ID. All traumas have indirect effects on higher WMD or/and ID via PTSD. Gender discrimination by society, community violence, and CST has an additional indirect higher impact on WMD and ID via EAA. There were indirect trajectories from survival trauma, personal identity, status identity trauma, secondary trauma, gender discrimination by society, and CST on lower WMD or/and ID via PTG. Attachment trauma, gender discrimination by parents, perpetration traumas, and community violence were not associated with PTG and its trajectories of lower WMD or/and ID. We discussed the research and clinical implication for these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aref Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, USA.,Affiliate of the Center of Stress Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State, University, Atlanta, GA
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21
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Shuwiekh HAM, Kira IA, Sous MSF, Ashby JS, Alhuwailah A, Baali SBA, Azdaou C, Oliemat EM, Jamil HJ. The differential mental health impact of COVID-19 in Arab countries. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 41:5678-5692. [PMID: 33162726 PMCID: PMC7605480 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic’s mental health impact on Arab countries is under-researched. The goal of this investigation was to study the differential impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Arab countries. A questionnaire including measures of COVID-19 traumatic stress, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and cumulative stressors and trauma was distributed anonymously online in seven Arab countries (Egypt (N = 255), Kuwait (N = 442), Jordan (N = 216), Saudi Arabia (N = 212, Algeria (N = 110), Iraq and Palestine (N = 139)). We used ANOVA and stepwise regression to analyze the data. For each country, regression, PTSD, depression, and anxiety were dependent variables; we entered in the first-step, gender, age, religion, education, and income. In the second step, we entered “cumulative stressors and traumas.” In the third step, we entered COVID-19 traumatic stress. The ANOVA results indicated that the differences in COVID19 traumatic stress, PTSD, depression, and anxiety between the countries were significant. Post-hoc analysis indicated that Egypt is significantly higher than all the other Arab countries in COVID-19 traumatic stress, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. The subsample from Palestine and Iraq had a significantly higher cumulative trauma load than the other Arab countries but did not have higher levels of COVID-19 traumatic stress or PTSD. Stepwise regression indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stress accounted for significant variance above and beyond the variance accounted for by previous cumulative stressors and traumas for anxiety in all countries and PTSD and depression in all countries except for Algeria. We discussed the implications for these results for the urgent mental health needs of Arab countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim A Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, 4906 Woodhurst Way, Stone Mountain, GA 30088 USA.,Affiliate of Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Ashby
- Affiliate of Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hikmet J Jamil
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Lancing, Michigan USA
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22
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Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Natesan P, Elhai JD. Clusters of Trauma Types as Measured by the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRESS MANAGEMENT 2020; 27:380-393. [PMID: 35311212 PMCID: PMC8932936 DOI: 10.1037/str0000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of potentially traumatic events (PTE), commonly assessed with the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), can be both varied in pattern and type. An understanding of LEC-assessed PTE type clusters and their relation to psychopathology can enhance research feasibility (e.g., address low base rates for certain PTE types), research communication/comparisons via the use of common terminology, and nuanced trauma assessments/treatments. To this point, the current study examined (1) clusters of PTE types assessed by the LEC-5; and (2) differential relations of these PTE type clusters to mental health correlates (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] severity, depression severity, emotion dysregulation, reckless and self-destructive behaviors [RSDBs]). A trauma-exposed community sample of 408 participants was recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (M age = 35.90 years; 56.50% female). Network analyses indicated three PTE type clusters: Accidental/Injury Traumas (LEC-5 items 1, 2, 3, 4, 12), Victimization Traumas (LEC-5 items 6, 8, 9), and Predominant Death Threat Traumas (LEC-5 items 5, 7, 10, 11, 13-16). Multiple regression analyses indicated that the Victimization Trauma Cluster significantly predicted PTSD severity (β = .23, p <.001), depression severity (β = .20, p =.001), and negative emotion dysregulation (β = .22, p <.001); and the Predominant Death Threat Trauma Cluster significantly predicted engagement in RSDBs (β = 31, p <.001) and positive emotion dysregulation (β = .26, p <.001), accounting for the influence of other PTE Clusters. Results support three PTE type classifications assessed by the LEC-5, with important clinical and research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Prathiba Natesan
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of North Texas, USA
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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23
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Kira IA, Shuwiekh HAM, Rice KG, Ashby JS, Elwakeel SA, Sous MSF, Alhuwailah A, Baali SBA, Azdaou C, Oliemat EM, Jamil HJ. Measuring COVID-19 as Traumatic Stress: Initial Psychometrics and Validation. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1790160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, Georgia, USA
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kenneth G. Rice
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Ashby
- Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chafika Azdaou
- Department of Psychology, University of Algiers, Algiers, Algiers
| | - Enas. M. Oliemat
- Department of Special Education, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordon
| | - Hikmet J. Jamil
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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24
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Kira IA, Özcan NA, Shuwiekh H, Kucharska J, Amthal HAH, Kanaan A. The Cross-National Validity and Structural Invariance of the Existential Annihilation Anxiety Scale. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Kira I, Barger B, Shuwiekh H, Kucharska J, Al-Huwailah A. The Threshold Non-linear Model for the Effects of Cumulative Stressors and Traumas: A Chained Cusp Catastrophe Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2020.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Kira I, Barger B, Shuwiekh H, Kucharska J, Al-Huwailah AH. Cumulative Stressors and Traumas and Suicide: A Non-Linear Cusp Dynamic Systems Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.1015128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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