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Ishida S, Nishitsutsumi Y, Kashioka H, Taguchi T, Shineha R. A comparative review on neuroethical issues in neuroscientific and neuroethical journals. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1160611. [PMID: 37781239 PMCID: PMC10536163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1160611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is a pilot literature review that compares the interest of neuroethicists and neuroscientists. It aims to determine whether there is a significant gap between the neuroethical issues addressed in philosophical neuroethics journals and neuroscience journals. We retrieved 614 articles from two specialist neuroethics journals (Neuroethics and AJOB Neuroscience) and 82 neuroethics-focused articles from three specialist neuroscience journals (Neuron, Nature Neuroscience, and Nature Reviews Neuroscience). We classified these articles in light of the neuroethical issue in question before we compared the neuroethical issues addressed in philosophical neuroethics with those addressed by neuroscientists. A notable result is a parallelism between them as a general tendency. Neuroscientific articles cover most neuroethical issues discussed by philosophical ethicists and vice versa. Subsequently, there are notable discrepancies between the two bodies of neuroethics literature. For instance, theoretical questions, such as the ethics of moral enhancement and the philosophical implications of neuroscientific findings on our conception of personhood, are more intensely discussed in philosophical-neuroethical articles. Conversely, neuroscientific articles tend to emphasize practical questions, such as how to successfully integrate ethical perspectives into scientific research projects and justifiable practices of animal-involving neuroscientific research. These observations will help us settle the common starting point of the attempt at "ethics integration" in emerging neuroscience, contributing to better governance design and neuroethical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ishida
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Nishitsutsumi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashioka
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahisa Taguchi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryuma Shineha
- Research Center on Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Nestor PG, Choate Hasler V, O'Donovan K, Lapp HE, Boodai SB, Hunter R. Psychiatric risk and resilience: Plasticity genes and positive mental health. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02137. [PMID: 33932264 PMCID: PMC8213923 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis has long played a key role in diathesis-stress models of schizophrenia. More recent studies, however, have called for extending the boundaries of the ARMS construct beyond attenuated psychosis in nonhelp-seeking samples to include not only other vulnerability indicators but also protective factors related to genotype, mental health, personality, and cognition. METHOD Accordingly, we assessed in a sample of 100 college students, the ARMS construct with the Brief Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-B) for psychosis, in conjunction with measures of positive mental health, childhood adversity, psychiatric symptoms, personality traits, social cognition, and genetic variables derived from assays of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). RESULTS Higher PQ-B scores correlated positively with vulnerability indicators of childhood adversity and heightened levels of a wide variety of psychiatric symptoms but correlated negatively with protective factors of better overall mental health, social cognition as well as with a distinct NEO profile marked by reduced neuroticism and elevated agreeableness and conscientiousness. Multivariate analyses indicated that a composite ARMS measure comprised of PQ-B scores plus anxiety and depression symptoms revealed significant genotype differences, with lowest risk and highest resilience for allelic carriers of 5-HTTLPR-short and BDNF Met polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Results provided support for extending the ARMS construct, pointing to important contributions of personality, social cognition, and genes that support neural plasticity in mitigating vulnerability and enhancing resilience and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Nestor
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Keira O'Donovan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Hannah E. Lapp
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Sara B. Boodai
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Richard Hunter
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
- Laboratory of NeuroendocrinologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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James R, Walsh D, Ferguson E. Using heterogeneity in disease to understand the relationship between health and personality. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:1582-1595. [PMID: 33970710 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1903057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the relationship between two health outcomes (pain and self-reported health) and personality while accounting for heterogeneity in arthritic disease. Traditionally health research has treated patients' disease experiences as homogeneous but stratified medicine suggests that doing so might over-generalise findings and miss important effects. We present a longitudinal analysis over 14 years, on a subsample of 443 arthritic respondents from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Using linear regressions, we modelled how the Big Five domains of personality (wave 5) moderated the relationship between past (at wave 1) and present health (at wave 7). Then, to model heterogeneity in arthritis experience we included assignment to 4 different sub-groups based on their experience of pain progression. The results showed that modelling heterogeneity led to the identification of specific stratified effects for personality (neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion) not observed when these data are treated as homogenous. Higher agreeableness was associated with worse pain for those in a sub-group reporting the greatest pain, and higher extraversion was protective against pain among those whose pain improved. The results highlight the importance of modelling heterogeneity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Walsh
- Versus Arthritis Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Versus Arthritis Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Van den Bergh O, Brosschot J, Critchley H, Thayer JF, Ottaviani C. Better Safe Than Sorry: A Common Signature of General Vulnerability for Psychopathology. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:225-246. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620950690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several labels, such as neuroticism, negative emotionality, and dispositional negativity, indicate a broad dimension of psychopathology. However, largely separate, often disorder-specific research lines have developed that focus on different cognitive and affective characteristics that are associated with this dimension, such as perseverative cognition (worry, rumination), reduced autobiographical memory specificity, compromised fear learning, and enhanced somatic-symptom reporting. In this article, we present a theoretical perspective within a predictive-processing framework in which we trace these phenotypically different characteristics back to a common underlying “better-safe-than-sorry” processing strategy. This implies information processing that tends to be low in sensory-perceptual detail, which allows threat-related categorical priors to dominate conscious experience and for chronic uncertainty/surprise because of a stagnated error-reduction process. This common information-processing strategy has beneficial effects in the short term but important costs in the long term. From this perspective, we suggest that the phenomenally distinct cognitive and affective psychopathological characteristics mentioned above represent the same basic processing heuristic of the brain and are only different in relation to the particular type of information involved (e.g., in working memory, in autobiographical memory, in the external and internal world). Clinical implications of this view are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
- Laboratorio di Neuroimmagini Funzionali, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ, Back MD, Denissen JJ, Hennecke M, Jokela M, Kandler C, Lucas RE, Luhmann M, Orth U, Roberts BW, Wagner J, Wrzus C, Zimmermann J. Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies—A Framework for Studying Personality Change. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The importance of personality for predicting life outcomes in the domains of love, work, and health is well established, as is evidence that personality traits, while relatively stable, can change. However, little is known about the sources and processes that drive changes in personality traits and how such changes might impact important life outcomes. In this paper, we make the case that the research paradigms and methodological approaches commonly used in personality psychology need to be revised to advance our understanding of the sources and processes of personality change. We propose Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies as a framework for studying personality change that can address the limitations of current methods, and we discuss strategies for overcoming some of the challenges associated with Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | | | - Mitja D. Back
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jaap J.A. Denissen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Hennecke
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Markus Jokela
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Richard E. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychological Methods, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL USA
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Fakultat fur Psychologie und Bewegungswissenschaft, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Allen TA, Lam RW, Milev R, Rizvi SJ, Frey BN, MacQueen GM, Müller DJ, Uher R, Kennedy SH, Quilty LC. Early change in reward and punishment sensitivity as a predictor of response to antidepressant treatment for major depressive disorder: a CAN-BIND-1 report. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1629-1638. [PMID: 30220263 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to optimize patient outcomes, considerable attention is being devoted to identifying patient characteristics associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and its responsiveness to treatment. In the current study, we extend this work by evaluating whether early change in these sensitivities is associated with response to antidepressant treatment for MDD. METHODS Participants included 210 patients with MDD who were treated with 8 weeks of escitalopram and 112 healthy comparison participants. Of the original 210 patients, 90 non-responders received adjunctive aripiprazole for an additional 8 weeks. Symptoms of depression and anhedonia were assessed at the beginning of treatment and 8 weeks later in both samples. Reward and punishment sensitivity were assessed using the BIS/BAS scales measured at the initiation of treatment and 2 weeks later. RESULTS Individuals with MDD exhibited higher punishment sensitivity and lower reward sensitivity compared with healthy comparison participants. Change in reward sensitivity during the first 2 weeks of treatment was associated with improved depressive symptoms and anhedonia following 8 weeks of treatment with escitalopram. Similarly, improvement in reward responsiveness during the first 2 weeks of adjunctive therapy with aripiprazole was associated with fewer symptoms of depression at post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the predictive utility of early change in reward sensitivity during antidepressant treatment for major depression. In a clinical setting, a lack of change in early reward processing may signal a need to modify a patient's treatment plan with alternative or augmented treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Allen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver, BC,Canada
| | - Roumen Milev
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,Queen's University,Kingston, ON,Canada
| | - Sakina J Rizvi
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Toronto,Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences,McMaster University,Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry,Dalhousie University,Halifax, NS,Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Toronto,Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Lena C Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, ON,Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract
Trait stability and maturation are fundamental principles of contemporary personality psychology and have been shown to hold across many cultures. However, it has proven difficult to move beyond these general findings to a detailed account of trait development. There are pervasive and unexplained inconsistencies across studies that may be due to ( a) insufficient attention to measurement error, ( b) subtle but age-sensitive differences in alternative measures of the same trait, or ( c) different perspectives reflected in self-reports and observer ratings. Multiscale, multimethod-and ideally multinational-studies are needed. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for trait stability and change, but supporting evidence is currently weak or indirect; trait development is a fertile if sometimes frustrating field for theory and research. Beyond traits, there are approaches to personality development that are of interest to students of adult development, and these may be fruitfully addressed from a trait perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | | | - Corinna E Löckenhoff
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA;
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Elsey JW. Psychedelic drug use in healthy individuals: A review of benefits, costs, and implications for drug policy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2050324517723232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of mental health problems is increasingly being recognized. However, relatively little thrust has been given to the suggestion that individuals without any mental health problems may benefit from using psychedelic drugs, and that they may have a right to do so. This review considers contemporary research into the use of psychedelic drugs in healthy individuals, including neurobiological and subjective effects. In line with findings suggesting positive effects in the treatment of mental health problems, such research highlights the potential of psychedelic drugs for the enhancement of wellbeing even in healthy individuals. The relatively low risk associated with usage does not appear to align with stringent drug laws that impose heavy penalties for their use. Some policy implications, and suggestions for future research, are considered.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND High neuroticism is a well-established risk for present and future depression and anxiety, as well as an emerging target for treatment and prevention. The current analyses tested the hypothesis that physical, social and socio-economic disadvantages each amplify risks from high neuroticism for longitudinal increases in depression and anxiety symptoms. METHOD A national sample of adults (n = 7108) provided structured interview and questionnaire data in the Midlife Development in the United States Survey. Subsamples were reassessed roughly 9 and 18 years later. Time-lagged multilevel models predicted changes in depression and anxiety symptom intensity across survey waves. RESULTS High neuroticism predicted increases in a depression/anxiety symptom composite across retest intervals. Three disadvantage dimensions - physical limitations (e.g. chronic illness, impaired functioning), social problems (e.g. less social support, more social strain) and low socio-economic status (e.g. less education, lower income) - each moderated risks from high neuroticism for increases in depression and anxiety symptoms. Collectively, high scores on the three disadvantage dimensions amplified symptom increases attributable to high neuroticism by 0.67 standard deviations. In contrast, neuroticism was not a significant risk for increases in symptoms among participants with few physical limitations, few social problems or high socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS Risks from high neuroticism are not shared equally among adults in the USA. Interventions preventing or treating depression or anxiety via neuroticism could be targeted toward vulnerable subpopulations with physical, social or socio-economic disadvantages. Moreover, decreasing these disadvantages may reduce mental health risks from neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Vittengl
- Department of Psychology,Truman State University,Kirksville, MO,USA
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Ridgewell C, Blackford JU, McHugo M, Heckers S. Personality traits predicting quality of life and overall functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 182:19-23. [PMID: 27746053 PMCID: PMC5376216 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical symptoms and sociodemographic variables predict level of functioning and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. However, few studies have examined the effect of personality traits on quality of life and overall functioning in schizophrenia. Personality traits are premorbid to illness and may predict the way patients experience schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and additive effects of two core personality traits-neuroticism and extraversion-on quality of life and functioning. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (n=153) and healthy controls (n=125) completed personality and quality of life questionnaires. Global functioning was assessed during a clinician-administered structured interview. Neuroticism and extraversion scores were analyzed both as continuous variables and as categorical extremes (High versus Normal Neuroticism, Low versus Normal Extraversion). RESULTS Quality of life was significantly associated with neuroticism, extraversion, and the neuroticism×diagnosis and extraversion×diagnosis interactions. For patients, a lower neuroticism score (in the normal range) was associated with quality of life scores comparable to controls; whereas high neuroticism scores in patients were associated with the lowest quality of life. For overall functioning, only diagnosis had a significant effect. CONCLUSION Neuroticism modulates quality of life and may provide an important key to improving the life of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Ridgewell
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212
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How psychoactive drugs shape human culture: A multi-disciplinary perspective. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:138-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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