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Mat Azmi ISM, Wallis GA, White MJ, Puig-Ribera A, Eves FF. Desk based prompts to replace workplace sitting with stair climbing; a pilot study of acceptability, effects on behaviour and disease risk factors. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1985. [PMID: 36316656 PMCID: PMC9620615 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged sitting is associated with increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Occupational sitting accounts for up to 50 h/week for employees. This pilot study assessed the acceptability of stair climbing as an interruption to sitting throughout working hours, and provided preliminary data of the effects on glucose and lipid profiles. Methods A quasi-experimental design was conducted involving 16 sedentary office workers (five females and 11 males) for intervention (n = 8) and control groups (n = 8) with mean age of 36.38 (5.58). For the eight-week intervention, a continuous four-floor stair climb and descent was performed eight times/day spread evenly over the working day. A prompt to climb was presented on the participant’s computer eight times/day. Participants in the experimental group recorded daily floors climbed and steps (measured using pedometers) in a weekly log sheet. Blood samples were collected pre and post intervention to test effects on fasting glucose and 2 h plasma glucose, triglycerides, and total (TC), LDL and HDL cholesterol. Experimental participants were interviewed at the end of the study. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the median changes (pre-post) of the dependent variables. Results On average, the experimental group climbed 121 floors/week when prompted. There were significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, TC and LDL, as well as the derived measures of ‘bad’ cholesterol and the TC/HDL ratio in the experimental group. Post-experimental interviews indicated that the interruption to sitting was well tolerated. Conclusion Prompted stair climbing activity had impacts on health outcomes and was found acceptable to employees at work. Trial registration Ethics for this study was approved by Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Ethical Review Committee, University of Birmingham with ethics reference number ERN_15_0491. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14393-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Suhana Munira Mat Azmi
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK ,grid.449643.80000 0000 9358 3479Community Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Gareth A. Wallis
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike J. White
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anna Puig-Ribera
- grid.440820.aCentre for Health and Social Care Research, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank F. Eves
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK ,grid.440820.aCentre for Health and Social Care Research, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Bachert P, Hildebrand C, Erley N, Jekauc D, Wäsche H, Kunkel J, Woll A. Students on stairs: a participatory approach using decisional cues in the form of motivational signs to promote stair use. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:2152-2158. [PMID: 33427112 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1845704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The authors assessed whether an intervention using motivational signs designed in a participatory manner to promote stair use resulted in changes to the proportion of stair to elevator use. Participants: Students of a German university were observed in three different academic buildings. Methods: The study design consisted of direct observations during a pre-intervention period, an intervention phase introducing motivational signs promoting stair use at points of decision and a post-intervention period. Results: The proportion of students who took the stairs on average differed significantly between baseline and intervention phase I (χ2(1) = 12.2; p = .001; Phi = 0.078), baseline and intervention phase II (χ2(1) = 17.3; p = .001; Phi = 0.093), and baseline and post-intervention (χ2(1) = 9.9; p = .002; Phi = 0.074). Conclusions: Simple and cost-effective interventions can increase stair use of university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bachert
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Hildebrand
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nils Erley
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Darko Jekauc
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hagen Wäsche
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jule Kunkel
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Whittaker AC, Eves FF, Carroll D, Roseboom TJ, Ginty AT, Painter RC, de Rooij SR. Daily stair climbing is associated with decreased risk for the metabolic syndrome. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:923. [PMID: 33990186 PMCID: PMC8122558 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stair climbing can be a vigorous lifestyle physical activity, and is associated with healthier lipoprotein profiles, lower body weight and blood pressure, as well as higher aerobic fitness. The present analysis of data from a cohort of late middle-aged men and women examined the association between daily stair climbing and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Data from 782 (423 women) participants (mean (SD) age 58.3 (0.95) years in the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study (2002-2004) were used to examine the cross-sectional association between self-reported daily stair climbing and the metabolic syndrome. Stair climbing was assessed by the question 'Do you climb stairs daily?' and the metabolic syndrome was defined using the established five components relating to lipid fractions, blood glucose levels, blood pressure and abdominal obesity. RESULTS Not climbing stairs daily was associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.23, 2.92, p = 0.004) and a greater number of its components (F1,780 = 8.48, p = 0.004): these associations were still evident after adjusting for a variety of potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS The most likely explanation for the current findings is that daily stair climbing may be protective against the metabolic syndrome. This result reinforces public health recommendations for increased stair climbing with evidence from physiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Whittaker
- SpHERE, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK. .,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Frank F Eves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08500, Vic, Spain
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, TX, Waco, USA
| | - Rebecca C Painter
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Landais LL, Damman OC, Schoonmade LJ, Timmermans DRM, Verhagen EALM, Jelsma JGM. Choice architecture interventions to change physical activity and sedentary behavior: a systematic review of effects on intention, behavior and health outcomes during and after intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32264899 PMCID: PMC7140383 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choice architecture interventions, which subtly change the environment in which individuals make decisions, can be used to promote behavior change. This systematic review aimed to summarize studies on micro-environmental choice architecture interventions that encouraged physical activity or discouraged sedentary behavior in adults, and to describe the effectiveness of those interventions on these behaviors - and on related intentions or health outcomes - in presence of the intervention and after removal of the intervention (i.e. post-intervention, regardless of the time elapsed). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library for (quasi) experimental studies published up to December 2019 that evaluated the effect of choice architecture interventions on physical activity and sedentary behavior, as well as on intentions and health outcomes related to physical activity/sedentary behavior. Studies that combined choice architecture techniques with other behavior change techniques were excluded. All studies were screened for eligibility, relevant data was extracted and two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality using the QualSyst tool. RESULTS Of the 9609 records initially identified, 88 studies met our eligibility criteria. Most studies (n = 70) were of high methodologic quality. Eighty-six studies targeted physical activity, predominantly stair use, whereas two studies targeted sedentary behavior, and one targeted both behaviors. Intervention techniques identified were prompting (n = 53), message framing (n = 24), social comparison (n = 12), feedback (n = 8), default change (n = 1) and anchoring (n = 1). In presence of the intervention, 68% of the studies reported an effect of choice architecture on behavior, whereas after removal of the intervention only 47% of the studies reported a significant effect. For all choice architecture techniques identified, except for message framing, the majority of studies reported a significant effect on behavioral intentions or behavior in presence of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that prompting can effectively encourage stair use in adults, especially in presence of a prompt. The effectiveness of the choice architecture techniques social influence, feedback, default change and anchoring cannot be assessed based on this review. More (controlled) studies are needed to assess the (sustained) effectiveness of choice architecture interventions on sedentary behavior and other types of physical activity than stair use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine L Landais
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Olga C Damman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danielle R M Timmermans
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evert A L M Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith G M Jelsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eves FF. When weight is an encumbrance; avoidance of stairs by different demographic groups. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228044. [PMID: 31978202 PMCID: PMC6980638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotion is an energy costly behaviour, particularly when it entails raising weight against gravity. Minimization of locomotor costs appears a universal default. Avoidance of stair climbing helps humans minimise their energetic costs. In public access settings, demographic subgroups that raise more 'dead' weight than their comparison groups when climbing are more likely to avoid stairs by choosing the escalator. Individuals who minimise stair costs at work, however, can accumulate a deficit in energy expenditure in daily life with potential implications for weight gain. This paper tests the generality of avoidance of stairs in pedestrians encumbered by additional weight in three studies. METHODS Pedestrian choices for stairs or the alternative were audited by trained observers who coded weight status, presence of large bags and sex for each pedestrian. Sex-specific silhouettes for BMIs of 25 facilitated coding of weight status. Choices between stairs and a lift to ascend and descend were coded in seven buildings (n = 26,981) and at an outdoor city centre site with the same alternatives (n = 7,433). A further study audited choices to ascend when the alternative to stairs was a sloped ramp in two locations (n = 16,297). Analyses employed bootstrapped logistic regression (1000 samples). RESULTS At work and the city centre site, the overweight, those carrying a large bag and females avoided both stair climbing and descent more frequently than their comparison groups. The final study revealed greater avoidance of stairs in these demographic subgroups when the alternative means of ascent was a sloped ramp. DISCUSSION Minimization of the physiological costs of transport-related walking biases behaviour towards avoidance of stair usage when an alternative is available. Weight carried is an encumbrance that can deter stair usage during daily life. This minimization of physical activity costs runs counter to public health initiatives to increase activity to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F. Eves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Puig-Ribera A, Señé-Mir AM, Taylor-Covill GAH, De Lara N, Carroll D, Daley A, Holder R, Thomas E, Milà R, Eves FF. Signage Interventions for Stair Climbing at Work: More than 700,000 Reasons for Caution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193782. [PMID: 31597383 PMCID: PMC6801962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Increased stair climbing reduces cardiovascular disease risk. While signage interventions for workplace stair climbing offer a low-cost tool to improve population health, inconsistent effects of intervention occur. Pedestrian movement within the built environment has major effects on stair use, independent of any health initiative. This paper used pooled data from UK and Spanish workplaces to test the effects of signage interventions when pedestrian movement was controlled for in analyses. Automated counters measured stair and elevator usage at the ground floor throughout the working day. Signage interventions employed previously successful campaigns. In the UK, minute-by-minute stair/elevator choices measured effects of momentary pedestrian traffic at the choice-point (n = 426,605). In Spain, aggregated pedestrian traffic every 30 min measured effects for ‘busyness’ of the building (n = 293,300). Intervention effects on stair descent (3 of 4 analyses) were more frequent than effects on stair climbing, the behavior with proven health benefits (1 of 4 analyses). Any intervention effects were of small magnitude relative to the influence of pedestrian movement. Failure to control for pedestrian movement compromises any estimate for signage effectiveness. These pooled data provide limited evidence that signage interventions for stair climbing at work will enhance population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puig-Ribera
- Departament de Ciències de l´Activitat Física, Centre d´Estudis Sanitaris i Socials, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Anna M Señé-Mir
- Departament de Ciències de l´Activitat Física, Centre d´Estudis Sanitaris i Socials, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Guy A H Taylor-Covill
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Núria De Lara
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amanda Daley
- Department of General Practice, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roger Holder
- Department of General Practice, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erica Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Raimon Milà
- Departament de Salut i Acció Social, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Frank F Eves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Learnt effects of environmental cues on transport-related walking; disrupting habits with health promotion? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220308. [PMID: 31369609 PMCID: PMC6675111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ecological models, physical environments can be important determinants of transport-related walking. With repeated exposure to the same environment, learning of a linkage between the cues in the environment and walking should occur. Subsequent encounters with the cues can prompt the behaviour relatively automatically. No studies have experimentally tested the potential learning of this linkage between cues and behaviour. Choices between stairs and escalators in public access settings were employed to test this premise for transport-related walking. Methods Three studies investigated the effects of visual cues on stair/escalator choices (combined n = 115,062). In quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series designs, observers audited choices in public access settings. Design alone phases with art or coloured backgrounds were compared with design plus message phases in which verbal health promotion messages were superimposed on the visual cues. Analyses used bootstrapped logistic regression. Results In initial studies, the design alone phases had no effect whereas subsequent design plus message phases reduced escalator choice. In two further studies, a 5–6 week design plus message phase that reduced escalator choice preceded a design alone phase. The visual background behind the successful health promotion message was reintroduced four weeks after the intervention was removed. The visual cue of design alone reduced escalator choice after it had been paired with the verbal health promotion message. There were no differences between art and coloured backgrounds. Conclusion These studies demonstrate for the first time a learnt linkage between transport-related walking and environmental cues. Discussion focuses on the mechanisms that may underlie this learning and cues in the environment that are relevant to transport-related walking.
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Stead M, Angus K, Langley T, Katikireddi SV, Hinds K, Hilton S, Lewis S, Thomas J, Campbell M, Young B, Bauld L. Mass media to communicate public health messages in six health topic areas: a systematic review and other reviews of the evidence. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMass media campaigns can be used to communicate public health messages at the population level. Although previous research has shown that they can influence health behaviours in some contexts, there have been few attempts to synthesise evidence across multiple health behaviours.ObjectivesTo (1) review evidence on the effective use of mass media in six health topic areas (alcohol, diet, illicit drugs, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health and tobacco), (2) examine whether or not effectiveness varies with different target populations, (3) identify characteristics of mass media campaigns associated with effectiveness and (4) identify key research gaps.DesignThe study comprised (1) a systematic review of reviews, (2) a review of primary studies examining alcohol mass media campaigns, (3) a review of cost-effectiveness evidence and (4) a review of recent primary studies of mass media campaigns conducted in the UK. A logic model was developed to inform the reviews. Public engagement activities were conducted with policy, practitioner and academic stakeholders and with young people.ResultsThe amount and strength of evidence varies across the six topics, and there was little evidence regarding diet campaigns. There was moderate evidence that mass media campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour and influence sexual health-related behaviours and treatment-seeking behaviours (e.g. use of smoking quitlines and sexual health services). The impact on tobacco use and physical activity was mixed, there was limited evidence of impact on alcohol use and there was no impact on illicit drug behaviours. Mass media campaigns were found to increase knowledge and awareness across several topics, and to influence intentions regarding physical activity and smoking. Tobacco and illicit drug campaigns appeared to be more effective for young people and children but there was no or inconsistent evidence regarding effectiveness by sex, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. There was moderate evidence that tobacco mass media campaigns are cost-effective, but there was weak or limited evidence in other topic areas. Although there was limited evidence on characteristics associated with effectiveness, longer or greater intensity campaigns were found to be more effective, and messages were important, with positive and negative messages and social norms messages affecting smoking behaviour. The evidence suggested that targeting messages to target audiences can be effective. There was little evidence regarding the role that theory or media channels may play in campaign effectiveness, and also limited evidence on new media.LimitationsStatistical synthesis was not possible owing to considerable heterogeneity across reviews and studies. The focus on review-level evidence limited our ability to examine intervention characteristics in detail.ConclusionsOverall, the evidence is mixed but suggests that (1) campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour, improve sexual health and contribute to smoking cessation, (2) tobacco control campaigns can be cost-effective, (3) longer and more intensive campaigns are likely to be more effective and (4) message design and targeting campaigns to particular population groups can be effective.Future workFuture work could fill evidence gaps regarding diet mass media campaigns and new-media campaigns, examine cost-effectiveness in areas other than tobacco and explore the specific contribution of mass media campaigns to multicomponent interventions and how local, regional and national campaigns can work together.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015029205 and PROSPERO CRD42017054999.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
| | - Tessa Langley
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Hinds
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Lewis
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Thomas
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mhairi Campbell
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ben Young
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Solomon TPJ, Eves FF, Laye MJ. Targeting Postprandial Hyperglycemia With Physical Activity May Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. But What Should We Do, and When Is the Right Time to Move? Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:99. [PMID: 30073171 PMCID: PMC6058032 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and excessive postprandial hyperglycemia are two major independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-related mortality. Current health policy guidelines recommend at least 150 min of physical activity per week coupled with reduced daily sedentary behavior by interrupting prolonged sitting with bouts of light activity every 30-min. This evidence-based strategy promotes health and quality of life. Since modern lifestyle enforces physical inactivity through motorized transportation and seated office working environments, this review examines the practical strategies (standing, walking, stair climbing, and strength-based circuit exercises) for reducing sitting time and increasing activity during the workday. Furthermore, since postprandial hyperglycemia poses the greatest relative risk for developing type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications, this review examines a novel hypothesis that interrupting sitting time would be best focused on the postprandial period in order to optimize blood glucose control and maximize cardiometabolic health. In doing so, we aim to identify the science gaps which urgently need filling if we are to optimize healthcare policy in this critical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.,Institute of Systems and Metabolism Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Frank F Eves
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Laye
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID, United States
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10
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Åvitsland A, Solbraa AK, Riiser A. Promoting workplace stair climbing: sometimes, not interfering is the best. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:2. [PMID: 28078084 PMCID: PMC5220617 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stair climbing is a vigorous activity and can lead to several health benefits. Studies seeking to increase stair climbing in various public locations have shown positive effects, while results from similar studies conducted in the workplace are inconclusive. This study examined stair climbing in the workplace, and monitored effects from a single- and a combined intervention. Interventions were inspired by nudging, the libertarian method of influencing behavior. METHODS By quasi-experimental design, stair- and elevator traffic in two office buildings was monitored preceding-, during- and following interventions with stair leading footprints alone, and combined with stair-riser banners. Chi square tests were applied to determine differences between baseline and the subsequent periods. Web-based questionnaires were distributed after follow-up period. RESULTS Elevators and stairs were used 45 237 times, of which 89.6% was stair use. Intervention site stair climbing at baseline (79.0%) was significantly reduced with footprints (-5.1%, p < 0.001), and footprints with stair-riser banners (-5.7%, p < 0.001) while baseline stair climbing at the control site (94.2%) remained stable (p > 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Stair climbing was significantly reduced during the intervention periods. Use of stair leading footprints alone, or combined with stair-riser banners in an attempt to influence stair climbing may be ineffective, or cause a negative reaction, when applied in a workplace with a pre-existing high amount of stair climbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Åvitsland
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Ane Kristiansen Solbraa
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Sogn og Fjordane University College, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Box 133 – N 6851 Sogndal, Norway
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11
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Jennings CA, Yun L, Loitz CC, Lee EY, Mummery WK. A Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase Stair Use. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:106-114. [PMID: 27720340 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stair climbing is an accessible activity that can be incorporated into one's daily lifestyle to increase physical activity levels and provide health benefits. This review summarizes the effectiveness of stair interventions and explores key differences that may influence intervention effectiveness. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Interventions to increase stair use published from January 1990 to July 2015 were identified in PubMed, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Environment Complete, CINAHL, Trial Register of Promoting Health Interventions, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Eligibility criteria included original studies, published in peer-reviewed journals, targeting adult samples, and clearly describing intervention design and results. Studies were also required to measure the use of stairs compared with an elevator, escalator, or moving stairway at baseline and during at least one timepoint when the intervention was in effect. Studies were required to provide data to determine if the intervention resulted in significant changes in stair use/climbing. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The search results yielded 2,136 articles in total; 54 articles met the criteria, which resulted in a final sample of 67 studies included in the analyses. Interventions settings included public sites (75%), worksites (21%), or a combination of both (4%). For Phase 1 results, 72% of studies reported significant improvements in stair use (n=10 of 14) and stair climbing (n=38 of 53). CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the review demonstrates support for the effectiveness of interventions to increase stair use and stair climbing. Although evidence supports the effectiveness of stair interventions in public settings, less support is provided for worksites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally A Jennings
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Lira Yun
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina C Loitz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Kerry Mummery
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Thomas EL, Puig Ribera A, Senye-Mir A, Greenfield S, Eves F. Testing messages to promote stair climbing at work. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/ijwhm-07-2014-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Worksites have been targeted as an important setting for physical activity interventions. A recent emphasis for health promoters is the use of point-of-choice interventions to encourage stair climbing at work. The purpose of this paper is to explore three point-of-choice campaigns to increase stair climbing at work.
Design/methodology/approach
– Ten focus groups and a rating task were conducted with 59 employees from a University and a University Hospital in the UK. Focus groups were structured around three messages and four prompts and sought to explore the motivational power of the resources, identify factors contributing to their effectiveness and provide recommendations to improve and optimize content. Benefits and barriers to stair climbing at work were also explored. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed and coded to identify key themes.
Findings
– Intra-personal factors health, motivation, social norms and time management influence stair climbing at work. Critically, extra-personal factors associated with the worksite itself can also bias a traveler’s choice independently of any intervention. Results suggest that messages targeting heart health have the greatest impact on reported propensity to climb the stairs at work. Messages targeting rate of respiration for fitness, however, may have a negative effect given that most people want to avoid getting out of breath at work.
Originality/value
– Qualitative research is essential for developing and refining the design detail of point-of-choice interventions and tailoring their components to address individuals’ needs in different settings but there is little evidence of this in practice.
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Abstract
Perception of hill slant is exaggerated in explicit awareness. Proffitt (Perspectives on Psychological Science 1:110–122, 2006) argued that explicit perception of the slant of a climb allows individuals to plan locomotion in keeping with their available locomotor resources, yet no behavioral evidence supports this contention. Pedestrians in a built environment can often avoid climbing stairs, the man-made equivalent of steep hills, by choosing an adjacent escalator. Stair climbing is avoided more by women, the old, and the overweight than by their comparators. Two studies tested perceived steepness of the stairs as a cue that promotes this avoidance. In the first study, participants estimated the steepness of a staircase in a train station (n = 269). Sex, age, height, and weight were recorded. Women, older individuals, and those who were heavier and shorter reported the staircase as steeper than did their comparison groups. In a follow-up study in a shopping mall, pedestrians were recruited from those who chose the stairs and those who avoided them, with the samples stratified for sex, age, and weight status. Participants (n = 229) estimated the steepness of a life-sized image of the stairs they had just encountered, presented on the wall of a vacant shop in the mall. Pedestrians who avoided stair climbing by choosing the escalator reported the stairs as steeper even when demographic differences were controlled. Perceived steepness may to be a contextual cue that pedestrians use to avoid stair climbing when an alternative is available.
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Bellicha A, Kieusseian A, Fontvieille AM, Tataranni A, Charreire H, Oppert JM. Stair-use interventions in worksites and public settings - a systematic review of effectiveness and external validity. Prev Med 2015; 70:3-13. [PMID: 25449692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a literature review with the main aims to propose an updated overview of the effectiveness of stair-use interventions and to determine the most effective type of intervention. METHODS We systematically searched stair-use interventions performed in worksites or public settings, published up to mid 2013. We used a harvest plot approach to visualize the findings in addition to a quantitative synthesis. We also assessed external validity using the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. RESULTS Of 8571 articles identified, 50 were included. In worksites (25 studies) and public settings (35 studies), an increase in stair climbing was found during the intervention period in 64% and 76% of studies, respectively. Combining motivational and directional signs in worksites or conducting a second intervention phase in public settings increased stair climbing in 83% and 86% of studies, respectively. Elements of external validity were overall largely under-reported. CONCLUSION There is evidence that stair-use interventions are effective to increase stair climbing in public settings, but evidence of such effect is limited in worksites. Issues regarding the best sequencing of interventions or the potential importance of environmental interventions should be addressed in future studies. Process evaluation should be an integral part of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bellicha
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), University Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Kieusseian
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), University Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hélène Charreire
- Department of Geography, Lab-Urba, Urbanism Institute of Paris, University Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), University Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France; Department of Nutrition, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital (AP-HP), University Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Center for Research on Human Nutrition Ile-de-France (CRNH IdF), Paris, France.
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Is there any Proffitt in stair climbing? A headcount of studies testing for demographic differences in choice of stairs. Psychon Bull Rev 2014; 21:71-7. [PMID: 23775216 PMCID: PMC3901940 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-013-0463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The apparent slope of a hill, termed geographical slant perception, is overestimated in explicit awareness. Proffitt (2006) argued that overestimation allows individuals to manage their locomotor resources. Increasing age, fatigue, and wearing a heavy back pack will reduce the available resources and result in steeper reports for a particular hill. In contrast, Durgin and colleagues have proposed an alternative explanation for these effects based on experimental design—particularly, the potential effects of experimental demand. Proffitt’s resource-based model would predict that pedestrians with reduced resources should avoid climbing a hill that would further deplete their resources if the opportunity arose. Within the built environment, stairs are the man-made equivalent of relatively steep hills (20°–30°). In many public access settings, pedestrians can avoid climbing the stairs by opting for an adjacent escalator. Observations of pedestrian behavior in shopping malls reveal that 94.5 % do so. This article summarizes the effects of demographic grouping on avoidance of stairs in public health research. Observations in shopping malls (n = 355,069) and travel contexts (n = 711,867) provide data consistent with Proffitt’s resource model. Women, the old, and those carrying excess body weight or large bags avoid the stairs more than do their comparison groups. Discussion focuses on differences in physiology that may underlie avoidance of stair climbing in order to highlight the pedestrian behavior that psychology needs to explain.
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Reynolds R, McKenzie S, Allender S, Brown K, Foulkes C. Systematic review of incidental physical activity community interventions. Prev Med 2014; 67:46-64. [PMID: 24972315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidental physical activity (IPA) such as active transport has substantial public health potential. OBJECTIVE This systematic review describes community-based and community-wide IPA interventions and assesses their effectiveness. METHOD Data sources (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were searched along with the reference lists of identified systematic reviews and included articles. Eligibility criteria; 4+ weeks in duration; 20+ participants; community-based or community-wide; stated aim to increase IPA. RESULTS Forty three studies were identified from 42 original articles; more than half (60%) aimed to increase stair use compared to escalator and/or lift use; a quarter (23%) aimed to increase active transport; and, 16% to increase playground energy expenditure. More than two-thirds of studies reported a significant increase in IPA. Accurate comparisons between studies were not possible due to substantial heterogeneity in study design. Critical appraisal of studies revealed that the level of bias was moderate-high in most of the studies (77%). CONCLUSION Due to the heterogeneity and bias of included studies, only limited conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of IPA interventions. However, this systematic review provides a timely summary of current evidence that can be used to inform decision-makers in designing IPA interventions in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reynolds
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stephen McKenzie
- City of Greater Geelong Council, PO Box 104, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Steven Allender
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Kirsty Brown
- City of Greater Geelong Council, PO Box 104, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Chad Foulkes
- City of Greater Geelong Council, PO Box 104, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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Ruff RR, Rosenblum R, Fischer S, Meghani H, Adamic J, Lee KK. Associations between building design, point-of-decision stair prompts, and stair use in urban worksites. Prev Med 2014; 60:60-4. [PMID: 24355575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incidental forms of physical activity such as stair use offer frequent opportunities for energy expenditure and may contribute to the prevention and control of chronic diseases. This study analyzes the associations between building characteristics, stair prompts, and stair use in large urban worksites. METHODS Bootstrapped generalized mixed models were used to analyze self-reported stair use, using data from 1348 surveys of city employees and fourteen building assessments conducted in New York City in 2012. RESULTS 57% of respondents reported climbing ≥1 flights of stairs daily at the workplace. Model results show that stair prompts were associated with a 3.21 increased likelihood of stair use. Naturally lit stairwells and stairwell visibility were also positively associated. Higher floor residency and BMI were negatively related, as were gender, stairwell distance from lobby entrances, the total number of floors in each building, and building averages for BMI and gender. Residual heterogeneity measured by adjusted median odds ratios indicates that buildings can have a moderate effect on the likelihood of stair use beyond those of individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Specific building features and stair prompts may potentially be leveraged to positively influence rates of incidental physical activity and contribute to improvements in population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Ruff
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA.
| | - Randi Rosenblum
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA
| | - Sean Fischer
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA
| | - Hamidah Meghani
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA
| | - John Adamic
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA
| | - Karen K Lee
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY, 11101-4132, USA
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Kremers SPJ, Eves FF, Andersen RE. Environmental changes to promote physical activity and healthy dietary behavior. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:470858. [PMID: 22991564 PMCID: PMC3443585 DOI: 10.1155/2012/470858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. J. Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F. F. Eves
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, the University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - R. E. Andersen
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education and School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1S4
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Eves FF, Webb OJ, Griffin C, Chambers J. A multi-component stair climbing promotional campaign targeting calorific expenditure for worksites; a quasi-experimental study testing effects on behaviour, attitude and intention. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:423. [PMID: 22686243 PMCID: PMC3490976 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulation of lifestyle physical activity is a current aim of health promotion, with increased stair climbing one public health target. While the workplace provides an opportunity for regular stair climbing, evidence for effectiveness of point-of-choice interventions is equivocal. This paper reports a new approach to worksite interventions, aimed at changing attitudes and, hence, behaviour. Methods Pre-testing of calorific expenditure messages used structured interviews with members of the public (n = 300). Effects of multi-component campaigns on stair climbing were tested with quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series designs. In one worksite, a main campaign poster outlining the amount of calorific expenditure obtainable from stair climbing and a conventional point-of-choice prompt were used (Poster alone site). In a second worksite, additional messages in the stairwell about calorific expenditure reinforced the main campaign (Poster + Stairwell messages site). The outcome variables were automated observations of stair and lift ascent (28,854) and descent (29,352) at baseline and for three weeks after the intervention was installed. Post-intervention questionnaires for employees at the worksites assessed responses to the campaign (n = 253). Analyses employed Analysis of Variance with follow-up Bonferroni t-tests (message pre-testing), logistic regression of stair ascent and descent (campaign testing), and Bonferroni t-tests and multiple regression (follow-up questionnaire). Results Pre-testing of messages based on calorific expenditure suggested they could motivate stair climbing if believed. The new campaign increased stair climbing, with greater effects at the Poster + Stairwell messages site (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.40-1.66) than Posters alone (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.15-1.34). Follow-up revealed higher agreement with two statements about calorific outcomes of stair climbing in the site where they were installed in the stairwell, suggesting more positive attitudes resulted from the intervention. Future intentions for stair use were predicted by motivation by the campaign and beliefs that stair climbing would help weight control. Conclusions Multi-component campaigns that target attitudes and intentions may substantially increase stair climbing at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Eves
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Lewis A, Eves F. Prompt before the choice is made: Effects of a stair-climbing intervention in university buildings. Br J Health Psychol 2012; 17:631-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Promoting stair climbing in public-access settings: an audit of intervention opportunities in England. Prev Med 2011; 53:321-4. [PMID: 21889527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Introducing message prompts at the 'point-of-choice' (POC) between stairs and escalators increases stair choice in 'public-access' settings (e.g. malls). For nationwide campaigns, plentiful POCs appear needed. We audited the availability of POCs in public-access settings across England. METHODS Boundaries for 25 urban areas (population=6,829,874) were verified using Ordinance Survey maps, which showed all airports and train/tram stations. Malls and bus stations were identified from commercial listings and local authority web-pages. From September 2010-March 2011 two investigators visually inspected all venues (N=410), counting 'true' POCs and 'quasi' POCs (i.e. instances where stairs were visible from, but not adjacent to, escalators). RESULTS 5% of venues had ≥1 true POC (quasi POC=3%). Aggregating across areas, there was a true and quasi POC for every 243,924 and 379,437 people, respectively. There were regional variations; one area had 10 true/quasi POCs, whilst 10/24 remaining areas had none. POCs were more common in airports (4/6 venues) than malls (11/85) and train stations (4/215). CONCLUSION Although public-access POCs reach sizeable audiences, their availability in England is sporadic, precluding nationwide campaigns. Interventions should be considered locally, based on available POCs. Work/community venues (e.g. offices, hospitals), where pedestrians choose between stairs and elevators, may provide greater intervention opportunities.
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