A Modified QuEChERS Sample Preparation Method for Simultaneous Determination of 62 Pesticide Residues in Edible Fungi Using Gas Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Pesticide residues in fresh and processed edible mushrooms from Czech markets

The occurrence of pesticide residues, their metabolites and degradation products in 49 edible mushrooms (fresh, dried, canned and frozen) was investigated. Using QuEChERS extraction, followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, the samples collected from Czech markets were tested for 427 analytes. A total of 21 pesticide residues, their metabolites and pesticide synergists were found in quantifiable concentrations. The most frequently detected pesticide residues included prochloraz and its metabolites, metrafenone and carbendazim. Two mushroom samples were found to be in violation of the maximum residue level. In addition, the fate of 13 pesticides during the processing of fresh mushrooms was investigated. The processing factors calculated from the data ranged from 6.0 to 12.3 for drying and from 0.3 to 1.3 for deep-freezing. The results showed that most of the pesticide residues tested were stable under the conditions of mushroom processing.

New preservation and detection technologies for edible mushrooms: A review

Edible mushrooms are nutritious, tasty, and have medicinal value, which makes them very popular. Fresh mushrooms have a high water content and a crisp texture. They demonstrate strong metabolic activity after harvesting. However, they are prone to textural changes, microbial infestation, and nutritional and flavor loss, and they therefore require appropriate post-harvest processing and preservation. Important factors affecting safety and quality during their processing and storage include their quality, source, microbial contamination, physical damage, and chemical residues. Thus, these aspects should be tested carefully to ensure safety. In recent years, many new techniques have been used to preserve mushrooms, including electrofluidic drying and cold plasma treatment, as well as new packaging and coating technologies. In terms of detection, many new detection techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), imaging technology, and spectroscopy can be used as rapid and effective means of detection. This paper reviews the new technological methods for processing and detecting the quality of mainstream edible mushrooms. It mainly introduces their working principles and application, and highlights the future direction of preservation, processing, and quality detection technologies for edible mushrooms. Adopting appropriate post-harvest processing and preservation techniques can maintain the organoleptic properties, nutrition, and flavor of mushrooms effectively. The use of rapid, accurate, and non-destructive testing methods can provide a strong assurance of food safety. At present, these new processing, preservation and testing methods have achieved good results but at the same time there are certain shortcomings. So it is recommended that they also be continuously researched and improved, for example through the use of new technologies and combinations of different technologies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

A fluorinated chitosan-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in ginseng using GC-MS/MS

In this study, a new fluorinated methacrylamide (MACF) was synthesized and evaluated as an adsorbent in the dispersive solid-phase extraction for the effective determination and extraction of 20 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from ginseng samples using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method coupled with GC-MS/MS. The properties of MACF were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution ¹⁹ F NMR. MACF, chitosan, primary and secondary amine, octadecylsilane, graphitized carbon black, Z-Sep, Z-Sep⁺ , and EMR-Lipid were compared in terms of extraction efficiency. The best results were obtained when MACF was used. Matrix-matched calibration was employed for quantification. All the OPPs exhibited good linearity (r²  > 0.9969) with the concentration at their respective concentration ranges. The limits of detection were 1.5-3.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification were 5.0-10.0 μg/kg. The trueness of the 20 pesticides at four spiked levels ranged from 86.1 to 111.1%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 11.3%. The modified QuEChERS method using MACF as the adsorbent was sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective and could be used for the determination of 20 OPP residues in ginseng.

Toxicity and detoxification of monocrotophos from ecosystem using different approaches: A review

Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide with broad application in agricultural crops like rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnut and vegetables. MCP solubilize in water readily and thus reduced sorption occurs in soil. This leads to MCP leaching into the groundwater and pose a significant threat of contamination. The MCP's half-life depends on the temperature and pH value and estimated as 17-96 d. But the half-life of technical grade MCP can exceed up to 2500 days if properly stored at 38 °C in a glass or polyethylene container in a stable condition. It causes abnormality, ranging from mild to severe confusion, agitation, hypersalivation, convulsion, pulmonary failure, senescence in mammals and insects. MCP affects humans by inhibiting the activity of the acetylcholine esterase enzyme. MCP is accountable for the catalytic degradation of acetylcholine and affects the neurotransmission between neurons. This review discusses MCP's various aspects and fate on aquatic and terrestrial life forms, quantification methods for monitoring, various degradation processes, and their mechanisms. Different case studies related to its impact on the human population in different parts of the world have been discussed. Efforts have also been made to summarize and present different microbial population's role in its degradation and mineralization.

Pesticides in edible mushrooms in Vietnam

Maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides have been established for edible mushrooms in order to control quality and ensure benefits of consumers in numerous countries, especially areas comprising Europe. In this study, by means of optimising extract purification conditions, a high sensitivity and reliability method to simultaneously determine 180 pesticides in mushrooms has been proposed. Matrix effects were minimised by combining QuEChERS extraction and a mixed mode of SPE cleaned up with different adsorbent materials after sample preparation. The method was completely validated following the requirements of SANTE/12682/2019. The LOQs ranged from 2 to 5 μg/kg, well below the MRLs as regulated by the EU (10-50 μg/kg). Both relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSD_r) and reproducibility (RSD_R) were less than 20% and recoveries varied from 70 to 120%. Therefore, this method was considered to be suitable for routine analysis of multi-pesticide residues in edible mushrooms.

Simultaneous determination of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A fast, sensitive, and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous identification and quantification of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). First, sample extraction was done with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid followed by phase separation with the addition of MgSO₄:NaOAc. Then, the supernatant was purified by primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecylsilane (C18), and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The linearities of the calibrations for all analytes were excellent (R² ≥ 0.9953). Acceptable recoveries (74.5–106.4%) for all analytes were obtained with good intra- and inter- relative standard deviations of less than 14.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQs) for all analytes was 10 μg kg⁻¹. For accurate quantification, matrix-matched calibration curve was applied to normalize the matrix effect. The results indicated that the method was suitable for detecting the three acaricides and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi.

Development and validation of a method for the analysis of five diamide insecticides in edible mushrooms using modified QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS

In this study, a new method for simultaneous determination of cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole and flubendiamide in edible mushrooms by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) combined with a modified QuEChERS procedure. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and then cleaned up by primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18). The determination of these insecticides was achieved in less than 5 min using an electrospray ionization source in positive mode (ESI+) for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, while negative mode (ESI-) for tetrachlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole and flubendiamide. The linearities of the calibrations for all target compounds were acceptable (R² ≥ 0.9922). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.05-2 μg kg^-1 and 5 μg kg^-1, respectively. Acceptable recoveries (73.5-110.2%) were acquired for these insecticides with RSDs less than 12.7%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was effective and convenient for the determination of these insecticides in edible mushrooms.

Method development and validation of ten pyrethroid insecticides in edible mushrooms by Modified QuEChERS and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method for simultaneous determination of ten pyrethroid insecticides residues in edible mushrooms was developed. The samples were pretreated by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged (QuEChERS) method. The ten pyrethroid insecticides were extracted from six kinds of edible mushrooms using acetonitrile and subsequently cleaned up by octadecylsilane (C18) or primary secondary amine (PSA). Instrumental analysis was completed in 16 min using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The overall average recoveries in the six kinds of edible mushrooms at three levels (10, 100 and 1000 μg kg^-1) ranged from 72.8% to 103.6%. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 13.0%. The quantification limits were below 5.57 μg kg^-1 in different matrices. The results demonstrated that the method is convenient for the quick detection of pyrethroid insecticides in edible mushrooms.

Dissipation and Migration of Pyrethroids in Auricularia polytricha Mont. from Cultivation to Postharvest Processing and Dietary Risk

In order to ensure raw consumption safety the dissipation behavior, migration, postharvest processing, and dietary risk assessment of five pyrethroids in mushroom (Auricularia polytricha Mont.) cultivated under Chinese greenhouse-field conditions. Half-lives (t1/2) of pyrethroids in fruiting body and substrate samples were 3.10-5.26 and 17.46-40.06 d, respectively. Fenpropathrin dissipated rapidly in fruiting bodies (t1/2 3.10 d); bifenthrin had the longest t1/2. At harvest, pyrethroid residues in A. polytricha (except fenpropathrin) were above the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). Some migration of lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the substrate-fruit body system. In postharvest-processing, sun-drying and soaking reduced pyrethroid residues by 25-83%. We therefore recommend that consumers soak these mushrooms in 0.5% NaHCO₃ at 50 °C for 90 min. Pyrethroids exhibit a particularly low PF value of 0.08-0.13%, resulting in a negligible exposure risk upon mushroom consumption. This study provides guidance for the safe application of pyrethroids to edible fungi, and for the establishment of MRLs in mushrooms to reduce pesticide exposure in humans.