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de Freitas LVP, Silveira JGF, Damaceno MA, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira DS, Portela ACV, de Jesus RB, Sasanya JJ, Pilarski F, Rath S, Paschoal JAR. Evaluating the persistence of malachite green residues in tilapia and pacu fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104382. [PMID: 38325623 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Although banned in food-producing animals, residues of malachite green (MG) and its primary metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), have been found in fish due to illegal use in aquaculture and the release of industrial wastewater, which represent a serious risk to food and environmental securities. This study aimed to investigate the residue depletion profile of MG and LMG in edible tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) cultured simultaneously under the same environmental conditions to support control measures in case of abuse. An analytical method involving QuEChERS sample preparation and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed, validated, and applied to quantify MG and LMG residues in fish fillets from two depletion experiments after treatment by immersion bath (MG at 0.10 mg L-1 for 60 min). During the experiment, the average water temperature was 30 ºC, while the pH was 6.9. The method is selective, precise (CV = 0.4 - 22%) and accurate (recovery 92 - 114%). The limits of detection and quantification are 0.15 and 0.5 ng g-1, respectively. In both species, the sum of MG and LMG residues were quantified up to the 32nd day post-exposure, and the concentrations were significantly higher in the pacu fillets (up to 3284 ng g-1) than in Nile tilapia (up to 432 ng g-1). The sums of MG and LMG residues were below 2 ng g-1 at 44 days and 342 days for Nile tilapia and pacu, respectively - the Minimum Required Performance Limit (MRPL) for analytical methods intended to monitor forbidden substances in food according to old European Commission guidelines. The persistence of MG residues in pacu may be attributed to its higher lipid content, which favors the accumulation of the non-polar metabolite LMG. These results provide insights into the concern about human, animal, and environmental health risks resulting from unauthorized use or aquatic contamination by industrial wastewater containing MG residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Grell Fernandes Silveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - da Silva Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vellosa Portela
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Barbetta de Jesus
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil.
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2
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Bahrami M, Haji Shabani AM, Dadfarnia S, Samadzadeh Yazdi MR. Response surface methodology optimization of supramolecular dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction‐solidified floating organic drop of brilliant green and its spectrophotometric determination. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Yazd University Yazd Iran
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Touchais G, Bessiral M, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Verdon E, Dubreil E. Development and applicability of a multi-residue method for dyes, including new residue markers, to detect drug misuse in aquaculture. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1332-1349. [PMID: 34043493 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1914869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the sensitive and exhaustive analysis of residues from triarylmethane dyes, triarylmethane-derivative dyes, phenothiazines, phenoxazines and xanthenes in aquaculture samples. For a wider and more robust detection of dye misuse on farms, other residue markers were also included the leuco forms of brilliant green, crystal violet and malachite green; one direct metabolite of Victoria pure blue BO and methylene blue and three bile acids, which are endogenous markers of the effects of dye contamination in fish. We optimised the extraction method by comparing several extraction solvents and sample solvents reported in the literature to have the best extraction efficiency. The residues were determined using a positive electrospray ionisation source. We assessed the parameters of this LC-MS/MS method by evaluating the matrix effects, identification and quantitative parameters according to the criteria stipulated in the European Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. A study on the applicability of the method was conducted on various aquaculture species and on a positive catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Touchais
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Residues and Contaminants Analysis Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues in Food from Animal Origin and European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Authorised and Non Authorised Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and for Banned Pharmacologically Active Dyes, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Mélaine Bessiral
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Residues and Contaminants Analysis Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues in Food from Animal Origin and European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Authorised and Non Authorised Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and for Banned Pharmacologically Active Dyes, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Residues and Contaminants Analysis Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues in Food from Animal Origin and European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Authorised and Non Authorised Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and for Banned Pharmacologically Active Dyes, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Eric Verdon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Residues and Contaminants Analysis Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues in Food from Animal Origin and European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Authorised and Non Authorised Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and for Banned Pharmacologically Active Dyes, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Estelle Dubreil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Residues and Contaminants Analysis Unit, National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues in Food from Animal Origin and European Union Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Authorised and Non Authorised Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and for Banned Pharmacologically Active Dyes, ANSES, Fougères, France
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Pantano L, La Scala L, Olibrio F, Galluzzo FG, Bongiorno C, Buscemi MD, Macaluso A, Vella A. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3774. [PMID: 33916634 PMCID: PMC8038554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a screening method for mycotoxin analysis in cereal products and spices. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. Dispersive solid-phase extractions (d-SPEs) were used for the extraction of samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxins (AFLA; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUMO; FB1, FB2, FB3), T2, and HT2 were validated in maize. AFLA and DON were validated in black pepper. The method satisfies the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006 and (EC) no. 1881/2006. The screening target concentration (STC) was under maximum permitted levels (MLs) for all mycotoxins validated. The method's performance was assessed by two different proficiencies and tested with 100 real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ladislao La Scala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Olibrio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bongiorno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
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5
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Terán JE, Millbern Z, Shao D, Sui X, Liu Y, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Characterization of synthetic dyes for environmental and forensic assessments: A chromatography and mass spectrometry approach. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:387-402. [PMID: 33047882 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Dyes have become common substances since they are employed in mostly all objects surrounding our daily activities such as clothing and upholstery. Based on the usage and disposal of these objects, the transfer of the dyes to other media such as soil and water increases their prevalence in our environment. However, this prevalence could help to solve crimes and pollution problems if detection techniques are proper. For that reason, the detection and characterization of dyes in complex matrices is important to determine the possible events leading to their deposition (natural degradation, attempts of removal, possible match with evidence, among others). Currently, there are several chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches used for the identification of these organic molecules and their derivatives with high specificity and accuracy. This review presents current chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods that are used for the detection and characterization of disperse, acid, basic, and reactive dyes, and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Terán
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinyi Sui
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Cicero A, Galluzzo FG, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Vella A, Ferrantelli V. Development of a Rapid and Eco-Friendly UHPLC Analytical Method for the Detection of Histamine in Fish Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207453. [PMID: 33066328 PMCID: PMC7602054 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We developed, validated, and confirmed with proficiency tests a fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) method to determine histamine in fish and fishery products. The proposed method consists of two successive solid–liquid extractions: one with a dilute solution of perchloric acid (6%) and the second only with water. The instrumental analysis with UHPLC provides a very fast run time (only 6 min) with a retention time of approximately 4 min, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 7.2 mg kg−1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.2 mg kg−1, a recovery around 100%, a relative standard deviation (RSD%) between 0.5 and 1.4, and an r2 of calibration curve equal to 0.9995. The method detected optimal values of the validation parameters and required a limited number of reagents in comparison to other methods reported in the literature. Furthermore, the method could detect histamine in a very short time compared with other methods. This method, in addition to being validated, precise, specific, and accurate, avoids wasting time, money, and resources, and limits the use of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Cicero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916-565-258
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia ‘A. Mirri’, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (V.F.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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7
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Yan XT, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Technical Overview of Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to the Detection of Small Molecules in Food (Update Since 2012). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:593-626. [PMID: 32880479 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1815168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food safety and quality issues are becoming increasingly important and attract much attention, requiring the development of better analytical platforms. For example, high-resolution (especially Orbitrap) mass spectrometry simultaneously offers versatile functions such as targeted/non-targeted screening while providing qualitative and quantitative information on an almost unlimited number of analytes to facilitate routine analysis and even allows for official surveillance in the food field. This review covers the current state of Orbitrap mass spectrometry (OMS) usage in food analysis based on research reported in 2012-2019, particularly highlighting the technical aspects of OMS application and the achievement of OMS-based screening and quantitative analysis in the food field. The gained insights enhance our understanding of state-of-the-art high-resolution mass spectrometry and highlight the challenges and directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Yan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Vella A, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Galluzzo F, Randisi B, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Gennaro S, Ciaccio G, Cicero N, Ferrantelli V. High hydroxycinnamic acids contents in fennel honey produced in Southern Italy. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4104-4109. [PMID: 32019359 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1723090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 122 honey samples (Apis mellifera ssp. Ligustica) collected from Southern Italy were examined for floral identification by melissopalynological examination and for polyphenols detection by an LC-ESI-OrbitrapTM -MS/MS method. The melissopalynological examination confirmed all the samples examined as fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) unifloral variety. The analytical method carried out for polyphenols detection showed satisfactory linearity and recovery values, achieved during the validation of the method. Very high amounts of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid), were found in all the samples examined. Among the hydroxycinnamic acids group, caffeic acid showed the highest mean contents (865.90 ± 67.07 µg/kg). The results of this work confirmed the high presence of phenolic acids with strong free radical-scavenging activity in fennel products such as honey, suggesting their use to reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Randisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Ciaccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento SASTAS, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH, Alhamad MN, Rababah T, Ammari ZA, Tranchant CC, Talafha W, AlRosan M. Analysis of Triphenylmethane Dye Residues and their Leuco-Forms in Frozen Fish by LC-MS/MS, Fish Microbial Quality, and Effect of Immersion in Whole Milk on Dye Removal. J Food Sci 2019; 84:370-380. [PMID: 30640981 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify crystal violet (CV), leucocrystal violet (LCV), malachite green (MG), leucomalachite green (LMG), and brilliant green (BG) residues in frozen fish (121 samples) from various countries, in order to detect the use of prohibited antibiotic dyes in fish for human consumption. The microbial quality of the fish was also assessed along with the effectiveness of a simple treatment with whole fat milk to reduce the levels of CV and LCV contamination. CV and LCV were the only two residues detected. They were found in farmed Pangasius (0.362 to 41.34 μg/kg and 0.178 to 10.58 μg/kg, respectively) and Tilapia (1.24 to 9.48 μg/kg and 1.29 to 2.81 μg/kg). Based on aerobic plate count (APC), 74%, 59%, and 55% of the samples of Tilapia fillets (from China) and Pangasius fillets (United Arab Emirates and Vietnam), and 100% and 50% of the skin samples of Hake (Argentina and U.S.A.) were of unacceptable microbial quality (APC > 107 cfu/g). Human pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp., were detected in most fish. A significant reduction in CV and LCV concentrations by more than a third was achieved after immersing Pangasius and Tilapia fillets in whole fat milk for 120 minutes. These findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with routine assessments of fish microbial quality, in order to protect public health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The described LC-MS/MS method can be used to rapidly and simultaneously quantify antibiotic dye residues in frozen fish. CV and LCV were detected in farmed Pangasius and Tilapia fillets and their concentrations was reduced by more than one third after immersing the fillets in whole milk for 120 min, a treatment which is not intended to replace safe fish farming practices upstream to artificially lower the level of banned dyes in fish. The findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with assessments of fish microbial quality, to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Gammoh
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad N Alhamad
- Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Taha Rababah
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Zaid A Ammari
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, U.S.A
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Univ. de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Wesam Talafha
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlRosan
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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