1
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Hossain MMN, Hu NW, Kazempour A, Murfee WL, Balogh P. Hemodynamic Characteristics of a Tortuous Microvessel Using High-Fidelity Red Blood Cell Resolved Simulations. Microcirculation 2024:e12875. [PMID: 38989907 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tortuous microvessels are characteristic of microvascular remodeling associated with numerous physiological and pathological scenarios. Three-dimensional (3D) hemodynamics in tortuous microvessels influenced by red blood cells (RBCs), however, are largely unknown, and important questions remain. Is blood viscosity influenced by vessel tortuosity? How do RBC dynamics affect wall shear stress (WSS) patterns and the near-wall cell-free layer (CFL) over a range of conditions? The objective of this work was to parameterize hemodynamic characteristics unique to a tortuous microvessel. METHODS RBC-resolved simulations were performed using an immersed boundary method-based 3D fluid dynamics solver. A representative tortuous microvessel was selected from a stimulated angiogenic network obtained from imaging of the rat mesentery and digitally reconstructed for the simulations. The representative microvessel was a venule with a diameter of approximately 20 μm. The model assumes a constant diameter along the vessel length and does not consider variations due to endothelial cell shapes or the endothelial surface layer. RESULTS Microvessel tortuosity was observed to increase blood apparent viscosity compared to a straight tube by up to 26%. WSS spatial variations in high curvature regions reached 23.6 dyne/cm2 over the vessel cross-section. The magnitudes of WSS and CFL thickness variations due to tortuosity were strongly influenced by shear rate and negligibly influenced by tube hematocrit levels. CONCLUSIONS New findings from this work reveal unique tortuosity-dependent hemodynamic characteristics over a range of conditions. The results provide new thought-provoking information to better understand the contribution of tortuous vessels in physiological and pathological processes and help improve reduced-order models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Md Nasim Hossain
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nien-Wen Hu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Kazempour
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Lampejo AO, Hu NW, Lucas D, Lomel BM, Nguyen CM, Dominguez CC, Ren B, Huang Y, Murfee WL. A Challenge for Engineering Biomimetic Microvascular Models: How do we Incorporate the Physiology? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:912073. [PMID: 35795159 PMCID: PMC9252339 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gap between in vitro and in vivo assays has inspired biomimetic model development. Tissue engineered models that attempt to mimic the complexity of microvascular networks have emerged as tools for investigating cell-cell and cell-environment interactions that may be not easily viewed in vivo. A key challenge in model development, however, is determining how to recreate the multi-cell/system functional complexity of a real network environment that integrates endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, vascular pericytes, lymphatics, nerves, fluid flow, extracellular matrix, and inflammatory cells. The objective of this mini-review is to overview the recent evolution of popular biomimetic modeling approaches for investigating microvascular dynamics. A specific focus will highlight the engineering design requirements needed to match physiological function and the potential for top-down tissue culture methods that maintain complexity. Overall, examples of physiological validation, basic science discoveries, and therapeutic evaluation studies will emphasize the value of tissue culture models and biomimetic model development approaches that fill the gap between in vitro and in vivo assays and guide how vascular biologists and physiologists might think about the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinola O. Lampejo
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nien-Wen Hu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniela Lucas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Banks M. Lomel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christian M. Nguyen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carmen C. Dominguez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Walter L. Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Walter L. Murfee,
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3
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Polk T, Schmitt S, Aldrich JL, Long DS. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cell morphological response to fluid shear stress. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104377. [PMID: 35561754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the cells that line the vasculature, endothelial cells are continually exposed to fluid shear stress by blood flow. Recent studies suggest that the morphological response of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress depends on the endothelial cell type. Thus, the present study characterizes the morphological response of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and nuclei to steady, laminar, and unidirectional fluid shear stress. Cultured HMEC-1 monolayers were exposed to shear stress of 0.3 dyn/cm2, 16 dyn/cm2, or 32 dyn/cm2 for 72 h with hourly live-cell imaging capturing both the nuclear and cellular morphology. Despite changes in elongation and alignment occurring with increasing fluid shear stress, there was a lack of elongation and alignment over time under each fluid shear stress condition. Conversely, changes in cellular and nuclear area exhibited dependence on both time and fluid shear stress magnitude. The trends in cellular morphology differed at shear stress levels above and below 16 dyn/cm2, whereas the nuclear orientation was independent of fluid shear stress magnitude. These findings show the complex morphological response of HMEC-1 to fluid shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Polk
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Jessica L Aldrich
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - David S Long
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA.
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4
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Baek KI, Chang SS, Chang CC, Roustaei M, Ding Y, Wang Y, Chen J, O'Donnell R, Chen H, Ashby JW, Xu X, Mack JJ, Cavallero S, Roper M, Hsiai TK. Vascular Injury in the Zebrafish Tail Modulates Blood Flow and Peak Wall Shear Stress to Restore Embryonic Circular Network. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841101. [PMID: 35369301 PMCID: PMC8971683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-responsive signaling pathways enable blood vessels within a connected network to structurally adapt to partition of blood flow between organ systems. Wall shear stress (WSS) modulates endothelial cell proliferation and arteriovenous specification. Here, we study vascular regeneration in a zebrafish model by using tail amputation to disrupt the embryonic circulatory loop (ECL) at 3 days post fertilization (dpf). We observed a local increase in blood flow and peak WSS in the Segmental Artery (SeA) immediately adjacent to the amputation site. By manipulating blood flow and WSS via changes in blood viscosity and myocardial contractility, we show that the angiogenic Notch-ephrinb2 cascade is hemodynamically activated in the SeA to guide arteriogenesis and network reconnection. Taken together, ECL amputation induces changes in microvascular topology to partition blood flow and increase WSS-mediated Notch-ephrinb2 pathway, promoting new vascular arterial loop formation and restoring microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung In Baek
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shyr-Shea Chang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chih-Chiang Chang
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mehrdad Roustaei
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yichen Ding
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryan O'Donnell
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julianne W. Ashby
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Zebrafish Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julia J. Mack
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Susana Cavallero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Roper
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Failure Analysis of TEVG’s II: Late Failure and Entering the Regeneration Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060939. [PMID: 35326390 PMCID: PMC8946846 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to treat vascular disease under complex hemodynamic conditions. However, despite efforts from the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields, the interactions between the material and the biological and hemodynamic environment are still to be understood, and optimization of the rational design of vascular grafts is an open challenge. This is of special importance as TEVGs not only have to overcome the surgical requirements upon implantation, they also need to withhold the inflammatory response and sustain remodeling of the tissue. This work aims to analyze and evaluate the bio-molecular interactions and hemodynamic phenomena between blood components, cells and materials that have been reported to be related to the failure of the TEVGs during the regeneration process once the initial stages of preimplantation have been resolved, in order to tailor and refine the needed criteria for the optimal design of TEVGs.
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6
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Subramaniam N, Nair R, Marsden PA. Epigenetic Regulation of the Vascular Endothelium by Angiogenic LncRNAs. Front Genet 2021; 12:668313. [PMID: 34512715 PMCID: PMC8427604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of the vascular endothelium are diverse and heterogeneous between vascular beds. This is especially evident when new blood vessels develop from a pre-existing closed cardiovascular system, a process termed angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are key drivers of angiogenesis as they undergo a highly choreographed cascade of events that has both exogenous (e.g., hypoxia and VEGF) and endogenous regulatory inputs. Not surprisingly, angiogenesis is critical in health and disease. Diverse therapeutics target proteins involved in coordinating angiogenesis with varying degrees of efficacy. It is of great interest that recent work on non-coding RNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), indicates that they are also important regulators of the gene expression paradigms that underpin this cellular cascade. The protean effects of lncRNAs are dependent, in part, on their subcellular localization. For instance, lncRNAs enriched in the nucleus can act as epigenetic modifiers of gene expression in the vascular endothelium. Of great interest to genetic disease, they are undergoing rapid evolution and show extensive inter- and intra-species heterogeneity. In this review, we describe endothelial-enriched lncRNAs that have robust effects in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline Subramaniam
- Marsden Lab, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ranju Nair
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip A. Marsden
- Marsden Lab, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Li YJ, Zhang WJ, Zhan CL, Chen KJ, Xue CD, Wang Y, Chen XM, Qin KR. A microfluidic generator of dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals based on autonomously oscillatory flow. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2264-2272. [PMID: 34278592 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biological cells in vivo typically reside in a dynamic flowing microenvironment with extensive biomechanical and biochemical cues varying in time and space. These dynamic biomechanical and biochemical signals together act to regulate cellular behaviors and functions. Microfluidic technology is an important experimental platform for mimicking extracellular flowing microenvironment in vitro. However, most existing microfluidic chips for generating dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals require expensive, large peripheral pumps and external control systems, unsuitable for being placed inside cell incubators to conduct cell biology experiments. This study has developed a microfluidic generator of dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals based on autonomously oscillatory flow. Further, based on the lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter models of multiscale fluid dynamics, the oscillatory flow field and the concentration field of biochemical factors has been simulated at the cell culture region within the designed microfluidic chip. Using the constructed experimental system, the feasibility of the designed microfluidic chip has been validated by simulating biochemical factors with red dye. The simulation results demonstrate that dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals with adjustable period and amplitude can be generated at the cell culture chamber within the microfluidic chip. The amplitudes of dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals is proportional to the pressure difference and inversely proportional to the flow resistance, while their periods are correlated positively with the flow capacity and the flow resistance. The experimental results reveal the feasibility of the designed microfluidic chip. Conclusively, the proposed microfluidic generator based on autonomously oscillatory flow can generate dynamic shear stress and biochemical signals without peripheral pumps and external control systems. In addition to reducing the experimental cost, due to the tiny volume, it is beneficial to be integrated into cell incubators for cell biology experiments. Thus, the proposed microfluidic chip provides a novel experimental platform for cell biology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jia Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Lin Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Jie Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
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8
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Wright ME, Yu JK, Jain D, Maeda A, Yeh SCA, DaCosta RS, Lin CP, Santerre JP. Engineering functional microvessels in synthetic polyurethane random-pore scaffolds by harnessing perfusion flow. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120183. [PMID: 32622017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently reported biomaterial-based approaches toward prevascularizing tissue constructs rely on biologically or structurally complex scaffolds that are complicated to manufacture and sterilize, and challenging to customize for clinical applications. In the current work, a prevascularization method for soft tissue engineering that uses a non-patterned and non-biological scaffold is proposed. Human fibroblasts and HUVECs were seeded on an ionomeric polyurethane-based hydrogel and cultured for 14 days under medium perfusion. A flow rate of 0.05 mL/min resulted in a greater lumen density in the constructs relative to 0.005 and 0.5 mL/min, indicating the critical importance of flow magnitude in establishing microvessels. Constructs generated at 0.05 mL/min perfusion flow were implanted in a mouse subcutaneous model and intravital imaging was used to characterize host blood perfusion through the construct after 2 weeks. Engineered microvessels were functional (i.e. perfused with host blood and non-leaky) and neovascularization of the construct by host vessels was enhanced relative to non-prevascularized constructs. We report on the first strategy toward engineering functional microvessels in a tissue construct using non-bioactive, non-patterned synthetic polyurethane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Ee Wright
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Yu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Chi A Yeh
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph S DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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9
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Zippusch S, Helms F, Lau S, Klingenberg M, Schrimpf C, Haverich A, Wilhelmi M, Böer U. Perfusion promotes endothelialized pore formation in high concentration fibrin gels otherwise unsuitable for tube development. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:130-138. [PMID: 32611278 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820936700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of tissue engineered implants is crucial for their survival and integration in the recipient's body. Pre-vascularized, fibrin-based implants offer a solution since low concentration fibrin hydrogels (1 mg/mL) have been shown to promote tube formation of endothelial cells in co-culture with adipogenic stem cells. However, higher fibrinogen concentrations (> 20 mg/mL) enabling the fabrication of stable implants are necessary.We here characterized fibrin gels of 1-30 mg/mL for their rheological properties and whether they support tube formation of endothelial cell-adipogenic stem cell co-cultures for up to 7 days. Moreover, 20 mg/mL gels containing preformed channels and endothelial cell-adipogenic stem cell co-culture were perfused continuously in a customized flow chamber with 3.9 dyn/cm2 for 12 days and analyzed for capillary formation.Rheology of fibrin gels showed increasing stability proportional to fibrinogen concentration with 20 mg/mL gels having a storage module of 465 Pa. Complex tube networks stable for 7 days were observed at 1-5 mg/mL gels whereas higher concentrations showed initial sprouting only. However, perfusion of 20 mg/mL fibrin gels resulted in endothelialized pore formation in several layers of the gel with endothelial cell-adipogenic stem cell co-culture.Thus, perfusion supports the formation of capillary-like structures in fibrin gels that are too dense for spontaneous tube formation under static conditions. Future studies are necessary to further increase pore density and to investigate proper nutrition of tissue-specific target cells in the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zippusch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Helms
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Skadi Lau
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Klingenberg
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schrimpf
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Wilhelmi
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Böer
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Azimi MS, Motherwell JM, Hodges NA, Rittenhouse GR, Majbour D, Porvasnik SL, Schmidt CE, Murfee WL. Lymphatic-to-blood vessel transition in adult microvascular networks: A discovery made possible by a top-down approach to biomimetic model development. Microcirculation 2019; 27:e12595. [PMID: 31584728 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging areas of vascular biology focus on lymphatic/blood vessel mispatterning and the regulation of endothelial cell identity. However, a fundamental question remains unanswered: Can lymphatic vessels become blood vessels in adult tissues? Leveraging a novel tissue culture model, the objective of this study was to track lymphatic endothelial cell fate over the time course of adult microvascular network remodeling. METHODS Cultured adult Wistar rat mesenteric tissues were labeled with BSI-lectin and time-lapse images were captured over five days of serum-stimulated remodeling. Additionally, rat mesenteric tissues on day 0 and day 3 and 5 post-culture were labeled for PECAM + LYVE-1 or PECAM + podoplanin. RESULTS Cultured networks were characterized by increases in blood capillary sprouting, lymphatic sprouting, and the number of lymphatic/blood vessel connections. Comparison of images from the same network regions identified incorporation of lymphatic vessels into blood vessels. Mosaic lymphatic/blood vessels contained lymphatic marker positive and negative endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the ability for lymphatic vessels to transition into blood vessels in adult microvascular networks and discover a new paradigm for investigating lymphatic/blood endothelial cell dynamics during microvascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jessica M Motherwell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hodges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Garret R Rittenhouse
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dima Majbour
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stacey L Porvasnik
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Motherwell JM, Rozenblum M, Katakam PV, Murfee WL. Bioreactor System to Perfuse Mesentery Microvascular Networks and Study Flow Effects During Angiogenesis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:447-458. [PMID: 31280703 PMCID: PMC6686705 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Microvascular remodeling, or angiogenesis, plays a central role in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and ischemia. Tissue-engineered in vitro models have emerged as tools to elucidate the mechanisms that drive the angiogenic process. However, a major challenge with model development is recapitulating the physiological complexity of real microvascular networks, including incorporation of the entire vascular tree and hemodynamics. This study establishes a bioreactor system that incorporates real microvascular networks with physiological flow as a novel ex vivo tissue culture model, thereby providing a platform to evaluate angiogenesis in a physiologically relevant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Motherwell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maximillian Rozenblum
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Prasad V.G. Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Walter L. Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Kang H, Hong Z, Zhong M, Klomp J, Bayless KJ, Mehta D, Karginov AV, Hu G, Malik AB. Piezo1 mediates angiogenesis through activation of MT1-MMP signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C92-C103. [PMID: 30427721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00346.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is initiated in response to a variety of external cues, including mechanical and biochemical stimuli; however, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the proangiogenic role of the endothelial mechanosensor Piezo1. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of Piezo1 reduced endothelial sprouting and lumen formation induced by wall shear stress and proangiogenic mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate, whereas Piezo1 activation by selective Piezo1 activator Yoda1 enhanced sprouting angiogenesis. Similarly to wall shear stress, sphingosine 1-phosphate functioned by activating the Ca2+ gating function of Piezo1, which in turn signaled the activation of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase during sprouting angiogenesis. Studies in mice in which Piezo1 was conditionally deleted in endothelial cells demonstrated the requisite role of sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent activation of Piezo1 in mediating angiogenesis in vivo. These results taken together suggest that both mechanical and biochemical stimuli trigger Piezo1-mediated Ca2+ influx and thereby activate matrix metalloproteinase-2 and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and synergistically facilitate sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhigang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer Klomp
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , College Station, Texas
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrei V Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guochang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Hodges NA, Suarez-Martinez AD, Murfee WL. Understanding angiogenesis during aging: opportunities for discoveries and new models. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1843-1850. [PMID: 29648521 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00112.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular network growth and remodeling are common denominators for most age-related pathologies. For multiple pathologies (myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension), promoting microvascular growth, termed angiogenesis, would be beneficial. For others (cancer, retinopathies, rheumatoid arthritis), blocking angiogenesis would be desirable. Most therapeutic strategies, however, are motivated based on studies using adult animal models. This approach is problematic and does not account for the impaired angiogenesis or the inherent network structure changes that might result from age. Considering the common conception that angiogenesis is impaired with age, a need exists to identify the causes and mechanisms of angiogenesis in aged scenarios and for new tools to enable comparison of aged versus adult responses to therapy. The objective of this article is to introduce opportunities for advancing our understanding of angiogenesis in aging through the discovery of novel cell changes along aged microvascular networks and the development of novel ex vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Hodges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana.,Departmental of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Walter L Murfee
- Departmental of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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14
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Zhan K, Bai L, Wu Q, Lei D, Wang G. Fractal characteristics of the microvascular network: A useful index to assess vascularization level of porous silk fibroin biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2276-2290. [PMID: 28445607 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neovascularization of biomaterials for tissue engineering is not only related to growth of capillaries but also involves appropriate hierarchy distribution of the microvessels. In this study, we proposed hierarchy distribution contrast method which can assess vascular transport capacity, in order to examine the hierarchy distribution of the neovessels during vascularization of the porous silk fibroin biomaterials implanted into rats and its evolution. The results showed that the fractal characteristics appeared toward the end of the vascularization stages, and the structure of the microvascular network after 3 weeks of implantation was similar to the fractal microvascular tree with bifurcation exponent x = 3 and fractal dimension D = 1.46, which became a sign of maturation of the regenerative vasculature. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2276-2290, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihua Zhan
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China.,College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Lun Bai
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qinqin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Derong Lei
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Guangqian Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 178 Gan Jiang East Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
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15
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Azimi MS, Motherwell JM, Murfee WL. An Ex Vivo Method for Time-Lapse Imaging of Cultured Rat Mesenteric Microvascular Networks. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287513 DOI: 10.3791/55183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, involves endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, immune cells, and the coordination with lymphatic vessels and nerves. The multi-cell, multi-system interactions necessitate the investigation of angiogenesis in a physiologically relevant environment. Thus, while the use of in vitro cell-culture models have provided mechanistic insights, a common critique is that they do not recapitulate the complexity associated with a microvascular network. The objective of this protocol is to demonstrate the ability to make time-lapse comparisons of intact microvascular networks before and after angiogenesis stimulation in cultured rat mesentery tissues. Cultured tissues contain microvascular networks that maintain their hierarchy. Immunohistochemical labeling confirms the presence of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. In addition, labeling tissues with BSI-lectin enables time-lapse comparison of local network regions before and after serum or growth factor stimulation characterized by increased capillary sprouting and vessel density. In comparison to common cell culture models, this method provides a tool for endothelial cell lineage studies and tissue specific angiogenic drug evaluation in physiologically relevant microvascular networks.
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16
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Wilson C, Lee MD, McCarron JG. Acetylcholine released by endothelial cells facilitates flow-mediated dilatation. J Physiol 2016; 594:7267-7307. [PMID: 27730645 PMCID: PMC5157078 DOI: 10.1113/jp272927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The endothelium plays a pivotal role in the vascular response to chemical and mechanical stimuli. The endothelium is exquisitely sensitive to ACh, although the physiological significance of ACh-induced activation of the endothelium is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of flow-mediated endothelial calcium signalling. Our data establish that flow-mediated endothelial calcium responses arise from the autocrine action of non-neuronal ACh released by the endothelium. ABSTRACT Circulating blood generates frictional forces (shear stress) on the walls of blood vessels. These frictional forces critically regulate vascular function. The endothelium senses these frictional forces and, in response, releases various vasodilators that relax smooth muscle cells in a process termed flow-mediated dilatation. Although some elements of the signalling mechanisms have been identified, precisely how flow is sensed and transduced to cause the release of relaxing factors is poorly understood. By imaging signalling in large areas of the endothelium of intact arteries, we show that the endothelium responds to flow by releasing ACh. Once liberated, ACh acts to trigger calcium release from the internal store in endothelial cells, nitric oxide production and artery relaxation. Flow-activated release of ACh from the endothelium is non-vesicular and occurs via organic cation transporters. ACh is generated following mitochondrial production of acetylCoA. Thus, we show ACh is an autocrine signalling molecule released from endothelial cells, and identify a new role for the classical neurotransmitter in endothelial mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of StrathclydeSIPBS BuildingGlasgowUK
| | - Matthew D. Lee
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of StrathclydeSIPBS BuildingGlasgowUK
| | - John G. McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of StrathclydeSIPBS BuildingGlasgowUK
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17
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Koutsiaris AG. Wall shear stress in the human eye microcirculation in vivo, segmental heterogeneity and performance of in vitro cerebrovascular models. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 63:15-33. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Arrigoni C, Bongio M, Talò G, Bersini S, Enomoto J, Fukuda J, Moretti M. Rational Design of Prevascularized Large 3D Tissue Constructs Using Computational Simulations and Biofabrication of Geometrically Controlled Microvessels. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1617-26. [PMID: 27191352 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of clinically relevant 3D tissue constructs is the formation of vascular networks for oxygenation, nutrient supply, and waste removal. To this end, this study implements a multimodal approach for the promotion of vessel-like structures formation in stiff fibrin hydrogels. Computational simulations have been performed to identify the easiest microchanneled configuration assuring normoxic conditions throughout thick cylindrical hydrogels (8 mm height, 6 mm ∅), showing that in our configuration a minimum of three microchannels (600 μm ∅), placed in a non-planar disposition, is required. Using small hydrogel bricks with oxygen distribution equal to the microchanneled configuration, this study demonstrates that among different culture conditions, co-culture of mesenchymal and endothelial cells supplemented with ANG-1 and VEGF leads to the most developed vascular network. Microchanneled hydrogels have been then cultured in the same conditions both statically and in a bioreactor for 7 d. Unexpectedly, the combination between shear forces and normoxic conditions is unable to promote microvascular networks formation in three-channeled hydrogels. Differently, application of either shear forces or normoxic conditions alone results in microvessels outgrowth. These results suggest that to induce angiogenesis in engineered constructs, complex interactions between several biochemical and biophysical parameters have to be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Arrigoni
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Via R. Galeazzi 4 20161 Milan Italy
| | - Matilde Bongio
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Via R. Galeazzi 4 20161 Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Via R. Galeazzi 4 20161 Milan Italy
| | - Simone Bersini
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Via R. Galeazzi 4 20161 Milan Italy
| | - Junko Enomoto
- Faculty of Engineering; Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; University of Yokohama; 79-1 Tokiwadai Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering; Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; University of Yokohama; 79-1 Tokiwadai Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Via R. Galeazzi 4 20161 Milan Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab; Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC); Lugano 6900 Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM); Lugano 6900 Switzerland
- Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino; Lugano 6900 Switzerland
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19
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Azimi MS, Lacey M, Mondal D, Murfee WL. An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model for Anti-angiogenic Drug Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1464:85-95. [PMID: 27858358 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3999-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new blood vessels from existing ones, plays a key role in development, growth, and tissue repair. Its necessary role in tumor growth and metastasis has led to the creation of a new category of anti-angiogenic cancer therapies. Preclinical development and evaluation of potential drug candidates require models that mimic real microvascular networks. Here, we describe the rat mesentery culture model as a simple ex vivo assay that offers time-lapse imaging of intact microvascular network remodeling and demonstrate its application for anti-angiogenic drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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20
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Gandhi JK, Zivkovic L, Fisher JP, Yoder MC, Brey EM. Enhanced Viability of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells in Fibrin Microbeads for Sensor Vascularization. SENSORS 2015; 15:23886-902. [PMID: 26393602 PMCID: PMC4610420 DOI: 10.3390/s150923886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced vascularization at sensor interfaces can improve long-term function. Fibrin, a natural polymer, has shown promise as a biomaterial for sensor coating due to its ability to sustain endothelial cell growth and promote local vascularization. However, the culture of cells, particularly endothelial cells (EC), within 3D scaffolds for more than a few days is challenging due to rapid loss of EC viability. In this manuscript, a robust method for developing fibrin microbead scaffolds for long-term culture of encapsulated ECs is described. Fibrin microbeads are formed using sodium alginate as a structural template. The size, swelling and structural properties of the microbeads were varied with needle gauge and composition and concentration of the pre-gel solution. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) were suspended in the fibrin beads and cultured within a perfusion bioreactor system. The perfusion bioreactor enhanced ECFCs viability and genome stability in fibrin beads relative to static culture. Perfusion bioreactors enable 3D culture of ECs within fibrin beads for potential application as a sensor coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarel K Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wishnick Hall 223, 3255 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Lada Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wishnick Hall 223, 3255 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46201, USA.
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wishnick Hall 223, 3255 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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21
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Sweat RS, Sloas DC, Murfee WL. VEGF-C induces lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in the rat mesentery culture model. Microcirculation 2015; 21:532-40. [PMID: 24654984 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphatic and blood microvascular systems are critical for tissue function. Insights into the coordination of both systems can be gained by investigating the relationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Recently, our laboratory established the rat mesentery culture model as a novel tool to investigate multicellular interactions during angiogenesis in an intact microvascular network scenario. The objective of this study was to determine whether the rat mesentery culture model can be used to study lymphangiogenesis. METHODS Mesenteric tissue windows were harvested from adult male Wistar rats and cultured for three or five days in either serum-free MEM or MEM supplemented with VEGF-C. Tissues were immunolabeled for PECAM and LYVE-1 to identify blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. Tissues selected randomly from those containing vascular networks were quantified for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RESULTS VEGF-C treatment resulted in an increase in the density of blood vessel sprouting compared to controls by day 3. By day 5, lymphatic sprouting was increased compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with in vivo findings that lymphangiogenesis lags angiogenesis after chronic stimulation and establish a tool for investigating the interrelationships between lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in a multisystem microvascular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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22
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Kang H, Duran CL, Abbey CA, Kaunas RR, Bayless KJ. Fluid shear stress promotes proprotein convertase-dependent activation of MT1-MMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:596-602. [PMID: 25800869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During angiogenesis, endothelial cells (ECs(1)) initiate new blood vessel growth and invade into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) facilitates this process and translocates to the plasma membrane following activation to promote ECM cleavage. The N-terminal pro-domain within MT1-MMP must be processed for complete activity of the proteinase. This study investigated whether MT1-MMP activation was altered by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and wall shear stress (WSS), which combine to stimulate EC invasion in three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices. MT1-MMP was activated rapidly and completely by WSS but not S1P. Proprotein convertases (PCs) promoted MT1-MMP processing, prompting us to test whether WSS or S1P treatments increased PC activity. Like MT1-MMP, PC activity increased with WSS, while S1P had no effect. A pharmacological PC inhibitor completely blocked S1P- and WSS-induced EC invasion and MT1-MMP translocation to the plasma membrane. Further, a recombinant PC inhibitor reduced MT1-MMP activation and decreased lumen formation in invading ECs, a process known to be controlled by MT1-MMP. Thus, we conclude that PC and MT1-MMP activation are mechanosensitive events that are required for EC invasion into 3D collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kang
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Camille L Duran
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Abbey
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Roland R Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.
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23
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Azimi MS, Myers L, Lacey M, Stewart SA, Shi Q, Katakam PV, Mondal D, Murfee WL. An ex vivo model for anti-angiogenic drug testing on intact microvascular networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119227. [PMID: 25742654 PMCID: PMC4350846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New models of angiogenesis that mimic the complexity of real microvascular networks are needed. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that cultured rat mesentery tissues contain viable microvascular networks and could be used to probe pericyte-endothelial cell interactions. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the rat mesentery culture model for anti-angiogenic drug testing by time-lapse quantification of network growth. Mesenteric windows were harvested from adult rats, secured in place with an insert, and cultured for 3 days according to 3 experimental groups: 1) 10% serum (angiogenesis control), 2) 10% serum + sunitinib (SU11248), and 3) 10% serum + bevacizumab. Labeling with FITC conjugated BSI-lectin on Day 0 and 3 identified endothelial cells along blood and lymphatic microvascular networks. Comparison between day 0 (before) and 3 (after) in networks stimulated by 10% serum demonstrated a dramatic increase in vascular density and capillary sprouting. Growing networks contained proliferating endothelial cells and NG2+ vascular pericytes. Media supplementation with sunitinib (SU11248) or bevacizumab both inhibited the network angiogenic responses. The comparison of the same networks before and after treatment enabled the identification of tissue specific responses. Our results establish, for the first time, the ability to evaluate an anti-angiogenic drug based on time-lapse imaging on an intact microvascular network in an ex vivo scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leann Myers
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Qirong Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Prasad V. Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Walter L. Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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24
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Wragg JW, Durant S, McGettrick HM, Sample KM, Egginton S, Bicknell R. Shear stress regulated gene expression and angiogenesis in vascular endothelium. Microcirculation 2015; 21:290-300. [PMID: 24471792 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of vascular EC is greatly altered in sites of pathological angiogenesis, such as a developing tumor or atherosclerotic plaque. Until recently it was thought that this was largely due to abnormal chemical signaling, i.e., endothelial cell chemo transduction, at these sites. However, we now demonstrate that the shear stress intensity encountered by EC can have a profound impact on their gene expression and behavior. We review the growing body of evidence suggesting that mechanotransduction, too, is a major regulator of pathological angiogenesis. This fits with the evolving story of physiological angiogenesis, where a combination of metabolic and mechanical signaling is emerging as the probable mechanism by which tight feedback regulation of angiogenesis is achieved in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Wragg
- Angiogenesis Group, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, Schools of Immunity and Infection and Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Dave JM, Bayless KJ. Vimentin as an integral regulator of cell adhesion and endothelial sprouting. Microcirculation 2015; 21:333-44. [PMID: 24387004 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep process that requires intricate changes in cell shape to generate new blood vessels. IF are a large family of proteins that play an important structural and functional role in forming and regulating the cytoskeleton. Vimentin, a major type III intermediate filament protein is expressed in endothelial and other mesenchymal cells. The structure of vimentin is conserved in mammals and shows dynamic expression profiles in various cell types and different developmental stages. Although initial studies with vimentin-deficient mice demonstrated a virtually normal phenotype, subsequent studies have revealed several defects in cell attachment, migration, signaling, neurite extension, and vascularization. Regulation of vimentin is highly complex and is driven by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and cleavage by intracellular proteases. This review discusses various novel functions which are now known to be mediated by vimentin, summarizing structure, regulation and roles of vimentin in cell adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, neurite extension, and cancer. We specifically highlight a pathway involving growth factor-mediated calpain activation, vimentin cleavage, and MT1-MMP membrane translocation that is required for endothelial cell invasion in 3D environments. This pathway may also regulate the analogous processes of neurite extension and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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26
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Wang Y, Wu B, Dong L, Wang C, Wang X, Shu X. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase patterns in association with aortic dilatation in bicuspid aortic valve patients with isolated severe aortic stenosis. Heart Vessels 2014; 31:189-97. [PMID: 25325992 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) exhibits a clinical incline toward aortopathy, in which aberrant tensile and shear stress generated by BAV can induce differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Whether stenotic BAV, which exhibits additional eccentric high-velocity flow jet upon ascending aorta and further worsens circumferential systolic wall shear stress than BAV with echocardiographically normal aortic valve, can lead to unique plasma MMP/TIMP patterns is still unknown. According to their valvulopathy and aortic dilatation status, 93 BAV patients were included in the present study. Group A (n = 37) and B (n = 28) comprised severely stenotic patients with or without ascending aorta dilatation; Group C (n = 12) and D (n = 16) comprised echocardiographically normal BAV patients with or without ascending aorta dilatation. Plasma MMP/TIMP levels (MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, -9, -10, -13 and TIMP-1, -2, -4) were determined via a multiplex ELISA detection system in a single procedure. Among patients with isolated severe aortic stenosis, plasma levels of MMP-2 and -9 were significantly elevated when ascending aortic dilatation was present (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). MMP-2, however, remained as the single elevated plasma component among echocardiographically normal BAV patients with dilated ascending aorta (p = 0.027). Multivariate analysis revealed that MMP-2 and MMP-9 could both serve as independent risk factor for aortic dilatation in the case of isolated severe stenosis (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively), and MMP-2 in echocardiographically normal patients (p = 0.002). In conclusion, BAV patients with isolated severe aortic stenosis demonstrated a distinct plasma MMP/TIMP pattern, which might be utilized as circulating biomarkers for early detection of aortic dilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Boting Wu
- Department of Transfusion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianhong Shu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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27
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Lancerotto L, Orgill DP. Mechanoregulation of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:626-634. [PMID: 25302137 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Mechanical forces are important regulators of cell and tissue function. Endothelial cells proliferate in response to tissue stretch and the mechanical properties of the environment direct capillary sprouting and growth. As the vascular network is a key factor in physiology and disease, control of the vascularity by means of mechanical forces could lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent Advances: Increased understanding of mechanobiology has stimulated translational research and allowed the development and optimization of clinical devices that exploit mechanical forces for the treatment of diseases, in particular in the field of wound healing. Stretching in distraction osteogenesis and tissue expansion induces neogenesis of well-vascularized tissues. In micro-deformational wound therapy, micro-mechanical distortions of the wound bed stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis by stretching resident cells to improve healing of difficult wounds. Relief from tension antagonizes proliferation and angiogenesis in primarily closed wounds allowing for better scar quality. Critical Issues: The integration of mechanobiology into traditional cell biology and pathophysiology in general is not yet complete and further research is needed to fill existing gaps, in particular in the complexity of in vivo conditions. Future Directions: Still largely unexplored approaches based on mechanical perturbation of the micro-/macro-environment can be devised to overcome the limits of current strategies in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lancerotto
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, University of Padova , Italy . ; Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Matrix density alters zyxin phosphorylation, which limits peripheral process formation and extension in endothelial cells invading 3D collagen matrices. Matrix Biol 2014; 38:36-47. [PMID: 25038525 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the optimal conditions required for known pro-angiogenic stimuli to elicit successful endothelial sprouting responses. We used an established, quantifiable model of endothelial cell (EC) sprout initiation where ECs were tested for invasion in low (1 mg/mL) and high density (5 mg/mL) 3D collagen matrices. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) alone, or S1P combined with stromal derived factor-1α (SDF) and phorbol ester (TPA), elicited robust sprouting responses. The ability of these factors to stimulate sprouting was more effective in higher density collagen matrices. S1P stimulation resulted in a significant increase in invasion distance, and with the exception of treatment groups containing phorbol ester, invasion distance was longer in 1mg/mL compared to 5mg/mL collagen matrices. Closer examination of cell morphology revealed that increasing matrix density and supplementing with SDF and TPA enhanced the formation of multicellular structures more closely resembling capillaries. TPA enhanced the frequency and size of lumen formation and correlated with a robust increase in phosphorylation of p42/p44 Erk kinase, while S1P and SDF did not. Also, a higher number of significantly longer extended processes formed in 5mg/mL compared to 1mg/mL collagen matrices. Because collagen matrices at higher density have been reported to be stiffer, we tested for changes in the mechanosensitive protein, zyxin. Interestingly, zyxin phosphorylation levels inversely correlated with matrix density, while levels of total zyxin did not change significantly. Immunofluorescence and localization studies revealed that total zyxin was distributed evenly throughout invading structures, while phosphorylated zyxin was slightly more intense in extended peripheral processes. Silencing zyxin expression increased extended process length and number of processes, while increasing zyxin levels decreased extended process length. Altogether these data indicate that ECs integrate signals from multiple exogenous factors, including changes in matrix density, to accomplish successful sprouting responses. We show here for the first time that zyxin limited the formation and extension of fine peripheral processes used by ECs for matrix interrogation, providing a molecular explanation for altered EC responses to high and low density collagen matrices.
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29
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Brown A, Burke GA, Meenan BJ. Patterned cell culture substrates created by hot embossing of tissue culture treated polystyrene. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2797-2807. [PMID: 23900705 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Patterning materials such that they elicit a different cell response in different regions would have significant implications in fields such as implantable biomaterials, in vitro cell culture and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Moreover, the ability to pattern polymers using inexpensive, currently available processes, without the need for adding proteins or other biochemical agents could lead to new opportunities in biomaterials research. The research reported here demonstrates that by combining the plasma surface treatments used to create commercial grade tissue culture treated polystyrene, with controlled hot embossing processes, that distinct regions can be created on a substrate that result in spatial control of endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation. As well as the topographical changes that result from hot embossing, significant changes in surface chemistry and wettability have been observed and characterised and the resultant effects on endothelial cell responses evaluated. By spatially controlling endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation and subsequent angiogenesis, the processes outlined here have the potential to be used to create a range of different substrates, with applications in the development of assays for high throughput screening, the patterning of implantable biomaterials or the development of smart scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brown
- University of Ulster, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, UK,
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30
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Branum SR, Yamada-Fisher M, Burggren W. Reduced heart rate and cardiac output differentially affect angiogenesis, growth, and development in early chicken embryos (Gallus domesticus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:370-82. [PMID: 23629887 DOI: 10.1086/670594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An increase in both vascular circumferential tension and shear stress in the developing vasculature of the chicken embryo has been hypothesized to stimulate angiogenesis in the developing peripheral circulation chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). To test this hypothesis, angiogenesis in the CAM, development, and growth were measured in the early chicken embryo, following acute and chronic topical application of the purely bradycardic drug ZD7288. At hour 56, ZD7288 reduced heart rate (f(H)) by ~30% but had no significant effect on stroke volume (~0.19 ± 0.2 μL), collectively resulting in a significant fall in cardiac output (CO) from ~27 ± 3 to 18 ± 2 μL min(-1). Mean f(H) at 72 h of development was similarly significantly lowered by acute ZD7288 treatment (250 μM) to 128 ± 0.3 beats min(-1), compared with 174.5 ± 0.3 and 174.7 ± 0.8 beats min(-1) in control and Pannett-Compton (P-C) saline-treated embryos, respectively. Chronic dosing with ZD7288-and the attendant decreases in f(H) and CO-did not change eye diameter or cervical flexion (key indicators of development rate) at 120 h but significantly reduced overall growth (wet and dry body mass decreased by 20%). CAM vessel density index (reflecting angiogenesis) measured 200-400 μm from the umbilical stalk was not altered, but ZD7288 reduced vessel numbers-and therefore vessel density-by 13%-16% more distally (500-600 μm from umbilical stalk) in the CAM. In the ZD7288-treated embryos, a decrease in vessel length was found within the second branch order (~300-400 μm from the umbilical stock), while a decrease in vessel diameter was found closer to the umbilical stock, beginning in the first branch order (~200-300 μm). Paradoxically, chronic application of P-C saline also reduced peripheral CAM vessel density index at 500 and 600 μm by 13% and 7%, respectively, likely from washout of local angiogenic factors. In summary, decreased f(H) with reduced CO did not slow development rate but reduced embryonic growth rate and angiogenesis in the CAM periphery. This study demonstrates for the first time that different processes in the ontogeny of the early vertebrate embryo (i.e., hypertrophic growth vs. development) have differential sensitivities to altered convective blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Branum
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
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31
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Burggren WW. Cardiovascular Development and Angiogenesis in the Early Vertebrate Embryo. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2013; 4:234-245. [DOI: 10.1007/s13239-013-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Stapor PC, Azimi MS, Ahsan T, Murfee WL. An angiogenesis model for investigating multicellular interactions across intact microvascular networks. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 304:H235-45. [PMID: 23125212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00552.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing therapies aimed at manipulating microvascular remodeling requires a better understanding of angiogenesis and how angiogenesis relates to other network remodeling processes, such as lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis. The objective of this study was to develop an angiogenesis model that enables probing of multicellular and multisystem interactions at the molecular level across an intact adult microvascular network. Adult male Wistar rat mesenteric windows were aseptically harvested and cultured in serum-free minimum essential media. Viability/cytotoxicity analysis revealed that cells remain alive for at least 7 days. Immunohistochemical labeling at 3 days for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), and class III β-tubulin identified endothelial cells, pericytes, lymphatics, and nerves, respectively. Media supplemented with bFGF or VEGF induced an increase in endothelial cell sprouting off existing vessels. Endothelial cell sprouting in both growth factor groups was inhibited by targeting pericytes with NG2 functional blocking antibody. VEGF caused an increase in the number of lymphatic/blood endothelial cell connections compared with media alone or bFGF groups. Finally, the comparison of the same network before and after angiogenesis stimulated by the supplement of media with 20% serum identified the ability of disconnected endothelial segments to reconnect to nearby vessels. The results establish a novel in situ angiogenesis model for investigating the location of capillary sprouting within an intact network, the role of pericytes, lymphatic/blood endothelial cell interactions, and the fate of specific endothelial cell segments. The rat mesentery culture system offers a unique tool for understanding the complex dynamics associated with angiogenesis in an intact adult tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Stapor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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33
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Rotenberg MY, Ruvinov E, Armoza A, Cohen S. A multi-shear perfusion bioreactor for investigating shear stress effects in endothelial cell constructs. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2696-703. [PMID: 22622237 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering research is increasingly relying on the use of advanced cultivation technologies that provide rigorously-controlled cell microenvironments. Herein, we describe the features of a micro-fabricated Multi-Shear Perfusion Bioreactor (MSPB) designed to deliver up to six different levels of physiologically-relevant shear stresses (1-13 dyne cm(-2)) to six cell constructs simultaneously, during a single run. To attain a homogeneous fluid flow within each construct, flow-distributing nets photo-etched with a set of openings for fluid flow were placed up- and down-stream from each construct. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) seeded in alginate scaffolds within the MSPB and subjected to three different levels of shear stress for 24 h, responded accordingly by expressing three different levels of the membranal marker Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS). A longer period of cultivation, 17 d, under two different levels of shear stress resulted in different lengths of cell sprouts within the constructs. Collectively, the HUVEC behaviour within the different constructs confirms the feasibility of using the MSPB system for simultaneously imposing different shear stress levels, and for validating the flow regime in the bioreactor vessel as assessed by the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem Y Rotenberg
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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