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Shinde A, Illath K, Gupta P, Shinde P, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. A Review of Single-Cell Adhesion Force Kinetics and Applications. Cells 2021; 10:577. [PMID: 33808043 PMCID: PMC8000588 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exert, sense, and respond to the different physical forces through diverse mechanisms and translating them into biochemical signals. The adhesion of cells is crucial in various developmental functions, such as to maintain tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and activate critical signaling pathways regulating survival, migration, gene expression, and differentiation. More importantly, any mutations of adhesion receptors can lead to developmental disorders and diseases. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulation of cell adhesion during development and its contribution to various conditions with the help of quantitative methods. The techniques involved in offering different functionalities such as surface imaging to detect forces present at the cell-matrix and deliver quantitative parameters will help characterize the changes for various diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed single-cell mechanical properties for mechanotransduction studies using standard and recently developed techniques. This is used to functionalize from the measurement of cellular deformability to the quantification of the interaction forces generated by a cell and exerted on its surroundings at single-cell with attachment and detachment events. The adhesive force measurement for single-cell microorganisms and single-molecules is emphasized as well. This focused review should be useful in laying out experiments which would bring the method to a broader range of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-Do 24341, Korea;
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan;
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
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2
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Kang SM, Kim D, Lee JH, Takayama S, Park JY. Engineered Microsystems for Spheroid and Organoid Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001284. [PMID: 33185040 PMCID: PMC7855453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic physiological characteristics of in vivo microenvironments. Unlike 2D systems, 3D in vitro systems can bridge the gap between inadequate 2D cultures and the in vivo environments, providing novel insights on complex physiological mechanisms at various scales of organization, ranging from the cellular, tissue-, to organ-levels. To satisfy the ever-increasing need for highly complex and sophisticated systems, many 3D in vitro models with advanced microengineering techniques have been developed to answer diverse physiological questions. This review summarizes recent advances in engineered microsystems for the development of 3D in vitro model systems. The relationship between the underlying physics behind the microengineering techniques, and their ability to recapitulate distinct 3D cellular structures and functions of diverse types of tissues and organs are highlighted and discussed in detail. A number of 3D in vitro models and their engineering principles are also introduced. Finally, current limitations are summarized, and perspectives for future directions in guiding the development of 3D in vitro model systems using microengineering techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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Bosch-Fortea M, Martín-Belmonte F. Methods to Generate Tube Micropatterns for Epithelial Morphogenetic Analyses and Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2179:227-242. [PMID: 32939724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0779-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells live in a highly curved and folded 3D microenvironment within the human body. Since epithelial cells in internal organs usually adopt a tubular shape, there is a need to engineer simple in vitro devices to promote this cellular configuration. The aim of these devices would be to investigate epithelial morphogenesis and cell behavior-leading to the development of more sophisticated platforms for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we first explain the need for such epithelial tubular micropatterns based on anatomical considerations and then survey methods that can be used to study different aspects of epithelial tubulogenesis. The methods examined can broadly be divided into two classes: conventional 2D microfabrication for the formation of simple epithelial tubes in substrates of different stiffness; and 3D approaches to enable the self-assembly of organoid-derived epithelial tubes in a tubular configuration. These methods demonstrate that modeling tubulogenesis in vitro with high resolution, accuracy, and reproducibility is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Bosch-Fortea
- Program of Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Martín-Belmonte
- Program of Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Using the Patterned Microarray Culture to Obtain Gene-Editing Monoclonal Cells. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:1906-1909. [PMID: 32461005 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs are the first choice for xenotransplantation research, but there have been problems with monoclonal screening of edited cells before nuclear transfer. Our objective was to get a novel strategy to quickly obtain monoclonal cells with low damage by microarray and to produce efficient gene-editing monoclonal cells in batches. Micropattern array printing technology was introduced to limit only a single cell was adhered on a micropattern substrate, and after 4 days of culture, the single cell grew into a monoclonal cell sphere and then came off from the bottom of the petri dish automatically. After sequencing, the results showed that a single cell is confined to a micropattern and grows into a sphere of monoclonal cells.
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Berent ZT, Wagoner Johnson AJ. Cell seeding simulation on micropatterned islands shows cell density depends on area to perimeter ratio, not on island size or shape. Acta Biomater 2020; 107:152-163. [PMID: 32112979 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein micropatterned substrates have been used to control cell size, shape, and cell-cell contacts, characteristics that influence a range of cell behaviors from early cell differentiation to late stages of maturation. Knowing the initial island cell seeding density is important to interpreting results and understanding downstream cell behavior. While studies routinely report the intended or target cell seeding density, they do not report the actual cell seeding density on the islands. As cells proliferate, differences in initial cell seeding density could compound and may lead to misinterpretation of results. In this work, we present a cell seeding simulation and apply it to 100s of islands with a range of geometries (sizes and shapes) to explore how island cell seeding density relates to the target or unpatterned cell seeding density. We first experimentally validate the simulation and then show that normalized island cell seeding density depends on island size, shape, and spacing, but can be predicted solely from island area to perimeter ratio, A2P, via a power law relationship for a wide range of island geometries. Interestingly, normalized island cell seeding density is the same as the normalized unpatterned cell seeding density for A2P ≥ 17 µm. This simulation will help to design micropatterned substrates and to have more accurate representation of the island cell seeding density at the start of experiments. By knowing the island cell seeding density, we can more easily reproduce results across research groups to understand the roles of cell-cell contact and cell size and shape on cell behavior. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present a cell seeding simulation on protein-micropatterned substrates and use it to simulate seeding across 100s of island geometries (size, shape, and spacing) covering two orders of magnitude in size. The simulation shows that island cell density varies significantly with island geometry compared to the target seeding density. However, island cell density can be predicted from one geometric parameter - the island's area to perimeter ratio. Results will help direct researchers on how to achieve uniform cell density across all island geometries. Since cell density and island shape both influence cell behaviors, such as differentiation, this simulation may help to isolate these factors, facilitate micropatterned substrate design, and provide a mechanism for more reproduceable results across studies.
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Tran R, Moraes C, Hoesli CA. Controlled clustering enhances PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression in pancreatic endoderm cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1190. [PMID: 31988329 PMCID: PMC6985188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived insulin-producing cells are a promising cell source for diabetes cellular therapy. However, the efficiency of the multi-step process required to differentiate PSCs towards pancreatic beta cells is variable between cell lines, batches and even within cultures. In adherent pancreatic differentiation protocols, we observed spontaneous local clustering of cells expressing elevated nuclear expression of pancreatic endocrine transcription factors, PDX1 and NKX6.1. Since aggregation has previously been shown to promote downstream differentiation, this local clustering may contribute to the variability in differentiation efficiencies observed within and between cultures. We therefore hypothesized that controlling and directing the spontaneous clustering process would lead to more efficient and consistent induction of pancreatic endocrine fate. Micropatterning cells in adherent microwells prompted clustering, local cell density increases, and increased nuclear accumulation of PDX1 and NKX6.1. Improved differentiation profiles were associated with distinct filamentous actin architectures, suggesting a previously overlooked role for cell-driven morphogenetic changes in supporting pancreatic differentiation. This work demonstrates that confined differentiation in cell-adhesive micropatterns may provide a facile, scalable, and more reproducible manufacturing route to drive morphogenesis and produce well-differentiated pancreatic cell clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Corinne A Hoesli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Ma Z, Sagrillo-Fagundes L, Tran R, Parameshwar PK, Kalashnikov N, Vaillancourt C, Moraes C. Biomimetic Micropatterned Adhesive Surfaces To Mechanobiologically Regulate Placental Trophoblast Fusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47810-47821. [PMID: 31773938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The placental syncytiotrophoblast is a giant multinucleated cell that forms a tree-like structure and regulates transport between mother and baby during development. It is maintained throughout pregnancy by continuous fusion of trophoblast cells, and disruptions in fusion are associated with considerable adverse health effects including diseases such as preeclampsia. Developing predictive control over cell fusion in culture models is hence of critical importance in placental drug discovery and transport studies, but this can currently be only partially achieved with biochemical factors. Here, we investigate whether biophysical signals associated with budding morphogenesis during development of the placental villous tree can synergistically direct and enhance trophoblast fusion. We use micropatterning techniques to manipulate physical stresses in engineered microtissues and demonstrate that biomimetic geometries simulating budding robustly enhance fusion and alter spatial patterns of synthesis of pregnancy-related hormones. These findings indicate that biophysical signals play a previously unrecognized and significant role in regulating placental fusion and function, in synergy with established soluble signals. More broadly, our studies demonstrate that biomimetic strategies focusing on tissue mechanics can be important approaches to design, build, and test placental tissue cultures for future studies of pregnancy-related drug safety, efficacy, and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Lucas Sagrillo-Fagundes
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 0C5 , Canada
- INRS-Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotehnologie and Réseau Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l'Université du Québec , Laval , QC H7V 1B7 , Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment , Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , QC H3C 3P8 , Canada
| | - Raymond Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Prabu Karthick Parameshwar
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 2B4 , Canada
| | - Nikita Kalashnikov
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotehnologie and Réseau Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l'Université du Québec , Laval , QC H7V 1B7 , Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment , Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , QC H3C 3P8 , Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 0C5 , Canada
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 2B4 , Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC H3A 1A3 , Canada
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8
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Abstract
Cells need to be anchored to extracellular matrix (ECM) to survive, yet the role of ECM in guiding developmental processes, tissue homeostasis, and aging has long been underestimated. How ECM orchestrates the deterioration of healthy to pathological tissues, including fibrosis and cancer, also remains poorly understood. Inquiring how alterations in ECM fiber tension might drive these processes is timely, as mechanobiology is a rapidly growing field, and many novel mechanisms behind the mechanical forces that can regulate protein, cell, and tissue functions have recently been deciphered. The goal of this article is to review how forces can switch protein functions, and thus cell signaling, and thereby inspire new approaches to exploit the mechanobiology of ECM in regenerative medicine as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Some of the mechanochemical switching concepts described here for ECM proteins are more general and apply to intracellular proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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9
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Balikov DA, Crowder SW, Lee JB, Lee Y, Ko UH, Kang ML, Kim WS, Shin JH, Sung HJ. Aging Donor-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species Loads and Increased Differentiation Potential Following Serial Expansion on a PEG-PCL Copolymer Substrate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020359. [PMID: 29370101 PMCID: PMC5855581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been widely studied for therapeutic development in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They can be harvested from human donors via tissue biopsies, such as bone marrow aspiration, and cultured to reach clinically relevant cell numbers. However, an unmet issue lies in the fact that the hMSC donors for regenerative therapies are more likely to be of advanced age. Their stem cells are not as potent compared to those of young donors, and continue to lose healthy, stemness-related activities when the hMSCs are serially passaged in tissue culture plates. Here, we have developed a cheap, scalable, and effective copolymer film to culture hMSCs obtained from aged human donors over several passages without loss of reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling or differentiation capacity. Assays of cell morphology, reactive oxygen species load, and differentiation potential demonstrate the effectiveness of copolymer culture on reduction in senescence-related activities of aging donor-derived hMSCs that could hinder the therapeutic potential of autologous stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Balikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Spencer W Crowder
- Department of Materials and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Yunki Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Ung Hyun Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Won Shik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Boddupalli A, Zhu L, Bratlie KM. Methods for Implant Acceptance and Wound Healing: Material Selection and Implant Location Modulate Macrophage and Fibroblast Phenotypes. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2575-2594. [PMID: 27593734 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on materials and methods used to induce phenotypic changes in macrophages and fibroblasts. Herein, we give a brief overview on how changes in macrophages and fibroblasts phenotypes are critical biomarkers for identification of implant acceptance, wound healing effectiveness, and are also essential for evaluating the regenerative capabilities of some hybrid strategies that involve the combination of natural and synthetic materials. The different types of cells present during the host response have been extensively studied for evaluating the reaction to different materials and there are varied material approaches towards fabrication of biocompatible substrates. We discuss how natural and synthetic materials have been used to engineer desirable outcomes in lung, heart, liver, skin, and musculoskeletal implants, and how certain properties such as rigidity, surface shape, and porosity play key roles in the progression of the host response. Several fabrication strategies are discussed to control the phenotype of infiltrating macrophages and fibroblasts: decellularization of scaffolds, surface coatings, implant shape, and pore size apart from biochemical signaling pathways that can inhibit or accelerate unfavorable host responses. It is essential to factor all the different design principles and material fabrication criteria for evaluating the choice of implant materials or regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuraag Boddupalli
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Iowa State University; 2114 Sweeney Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Lida Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Iowa State University; 2114 Sweeney Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Kaitlin M. Bratlie
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Iowa State University; 2114 Sweeney Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Iowa State University; 2220 Hoover Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering; Ames National Laboratory; 126 Metals Development Ames IA 50011 USA
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11
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Abstract
A variety of cell types exhibit phenotype changes in response to the mechanical stiffness of the substrate. Many cells excluding neurons display an increase in the spread area, actin stress fiber formation and larger focal adhesion complexes as substrate stiffness increases in a sparsely populated culture. Cell proliferation is also known to directly correlate with these phenotype changes/changes in substrate stiffness. Augmented spreading and proliferation on stiffer substrates require nuclear transcriptional regulator YAP (Yes associated protein) localization in the cell nucleus and is tightly coupled to larger traction force generation. In this study, we show that different types of fibroblasts can exhibit spread morphology, well defined actin stress fibers, and larger focal adhesions even on very soft collagen gels (modulus in hundreds of Pascals) as if they are on hard glass substrates (modulus in GPa, several orders of magnitude higher). Strikingly, we show, for the first time, that augmented spreading and other hard substrate cytoskeleton architectures on soft collagen gels are not correlated with the cell proliferation pattern and do not require YAP localization in the cell nucleus. Finally, we examine the response of human colon carcinoma (HCT-8) cells on soft collagen gels. Recent studies show that human colon carcinoma (HCT-8) cells form multicellular clusters by 2-3 days when cultured on soft polyacrylamide (PA) gels with a wide range of stiffness (0.5-50 kPa) and coated with an extracellular matrix, ECM (collagen monomer/fibronectin). These clusters show limited spreading/wetting on PA gels, form 3D structures at the edges, and eventually display a remarkable, dissociative metastasis like phenotype (MLP), i.e., epithelial to rounded morphological transition after a week of culture on PA gels only, but not on collagen monomer coated stiff polystyrene/glass where they exhibit enhanced wetting and form confluent monolayers. Here, we show that HCT-8 cell clusters also show augmented spreading/wetting on soft collagen gels and eventually form confluent monolayers as on rigid glass substrates and MLP is completely inhibited on soft collagen gels. Overall, these results suggest that cell-material interactions (soft collagen gels in this case) can induce cellular phenotype and cytoskeleton organization in a remarkably distinct manner compared to a classical synthetic polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel cell culture model and may contribute in designing new functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yakut Ali
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA61801.
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12
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Sart S, Tsai AC, Li Y, Ma T. Three-dimensional aggregates of mesenchymal stem cells: cellular mechanisms, biological properties, and applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:365-80. [PMID: 24168395 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue engineering and are being tested in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases. Originally isolated and expanded as plastic adherent cells, MSCs have intriguing properties of in vitro self-assembly into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates reminiscent of skeletal condensation in vivo. Recent studies have shown that MSC 3D aggregation improved a range of biological properties, including multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against ischemic condition. Hence, the formation of 3D MSC aggregates has been explored as a novel strategy to improve cell delivery, functional activation, and in vivo retention to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This article summarizes recent reports of MSC aggregate self-assembly, characterization of biological properties, and their applications in preclinical models. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MSC aggregate formation and functional activation are discussed, and the areas that warrant further investigation are highlighted. These analyses are combined to provide perspectives for identifying the controlling mechanisms and refining the methods of aggregate fabrication and expansion for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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13
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Jaeger AA, Das CK, Morgan NY, Pursley RH, McQueen PG, Hall MD, Pohida TJ, Gottesman MM. Microfabricated polymeric vessel mimetics for 3-D cancer cell culture. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8301-13. [PMID: 23911071 PMCID: PMC3759366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modeling tumor growth in vitro is essential for cost-effective testing of hypotheses in preclinical cancer research. 3-D cell culture offers an improvement over monolayer culture for studying cellular processes in cancer biology because of the preservation of cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. Oxygen transport poses a major barrier to mimicking in vivo environments and is not replicated in conventional cell culture systems. We hypothesized that we can better mimic the tumor microenvironment using a bioreactor system for controlling gas exchange in cancer cell cultures with silicone hydrogel synthetic vessels. Soft-lithography techniques were used to fabricate oxygen-permeable silicone hydrogel membranes containing arrays of micropillars. These membranes were inserted into a bioreactor and surrounded by basement membrane extract (BME) within which fluorescent ovarian cancer (OVCAR8) cells were cultured. Cell clusters oxygenated by synthetic vessels showed a ∼100μm drop-off to anoxia, consistent with in vivo studies of tumor nodules fed by the microvasculature. Oxygen transport in the bioreactor system was characterized by experimental testing with a dissolved oxygen probe and finite element modeling of convective flow. Our study demonstrates differing growth patterns associated with controlling gas distributions to better mimic in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Jaeger
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chandan K. Das
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Y. Morgan
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Randall H. Pursley
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip G. McQueen
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Pohida
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael M. Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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