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Nawaz A, Zafar S, Alessa AH, Khalid NA, Shahzadi M, Majid A, Badshah M, Shah AA, Khan S. Characterization of ES10 lytic bacteriophage isolated from hospital waste against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1320974. [PMID: 38525078 PMCID: PMC10957765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1320974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the major causative agent of urinary tract infections worldwide and the emergence of multi-drug resistant determinants among clinical isolates necessitates the development of novel therapeutic agents. Lytic bacteriophages efficiently kill specific bacteria and seems promising approach in controlling infections caused by multi-drug resistant pathogens. This study aimed the isolation and detailed characterization of lytic bacteriophage designated as ES10 capable of lysing multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli. ES10 had icosahedral head and non-contractile tail and genome size was 48,315 base pairs long encoding 74 proteins. Antibiotics resistance, virulence and lysogenic cycle associated genes were not found in ES10 phage genome. Morphological and whole genome analysis of ES10 phage showed that ES10 is the member of Drexlerviridae. Latent time of ES10 was 30 min, burst size was 90, and optimal multiplicity of infection was 1. ES10 was stable in human blood and subsequently caused 99.34% reduction of host bacteria. Calcium chloride shortened the adsorption time and latency period of ES10 and significantly inhibited biofilm formation of host bacteria. ES10 caused 99.84% reduction of host bacteria from contaminated fomites. ES10 phage possesses potential to be utilized in standard phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabeena Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nauman Ahmed Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muqaddas Shahzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alina Majid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Badshah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hailemichael T, Girma L, Fissiha P, Geteneh A, Kassa T. Isolation of virulent phages against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii recovered from inanimate objects of Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:820. [PMID: 37993809 PMCID: PMC10666304 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the multidrug resistance features of Acinetobacter baumannii, endurance to diverse conditions, and causing health fatalities in healthcare settings, the global health system is looking for the development of new antimicrobials for such bacteria. As the new antimicrobial drugs pipeline is running dry, it is imperative to look for eco-friendly bio-control strategies. In this regard, phages are one to combat the biofilm producer and MDR A. baumannii. Thus, the study aimed to isolate and examine the role of phages against biofilm producers and MDR A. baumannii from inanimate objects at Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Ethiopia. METHOD Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2019. A total of 309 swab samples were collected from inanimate objects and the environment in JMC. Isolation of A. baumannii, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and biofilm detection were carried out according to standard protocol. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and microliter plate were methods for AST and biofilm detection, respectively. Specific phage was isolated and characterized from sewage at JMC compound. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 25.0, and chi-square (X2) cross-tabulation was used to determine the correlation of variables. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered a statistically significant association. RESULT A. baumannii from inanimate objects and surfaces of different environments at JMC was detected in 6.5% of the samples. From 20 of the isolates, 85% were biofilm producers, and 60% were MDR. The lytic phage isolated specifically against A. baumannii was found host specific, and thermally stable ranging from 10-50°C. The phage was active against 42% of MDR A. baumannii, 40% of both biofilm-producing and MDR A. baumannii (MDRAB), and 35.3% of the biofilm-producing isolates. CONCLUSION The good activity of phages towards MDRAB isolates, its biofilm degradation capability, thermal stability, and host specificity in our study encourages viewing the potential use of phages as a bio-control agent besides the routine cleansing agents. Therefore, we recommend isolation of specific phages in the eradication of MDRAB from health facilities with additional efforts to characterize in detail and assess their efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terefe Hailemichael
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mizan Aman College of Health Sciences, Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Lencho Girma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Bonga University, Bonga, Ethiopia
| | - Paulos Fissiha
- Amhara Public Health Institute (APHI), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Alene Geteneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Nikapitiya C, Chandrarathna HPSU, Dias MKHM, Lee J, De Zoysa M. Characterization and biocontrol efficacy of lytic phage (KPP-1) that infects multidrug resistant Klebsiella variicola. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2509-2520. [PMID: 37368195 PMCID: PMC10484831 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella variicola strain was identified from a natural water stream. Novel phage (KPP-1) infecting K. variicola was isolated and characterized. The biocontrol efficacy of KPP-1 against K. variicola-infected adult zebrafish was also investigated. The host K. variicola strain was resistant to six of the antibiotics tested and comprised the virulence genes kfuBC, fim, ureA, and Wza-Wzb-Wzccps. Morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that KPP-1 has icosahedron head and tail structures. The latent period and burst size of KPP-1 were 20 min and 88 PFU per infected cell, respectively, at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. KPP-1 was stable over a broad pH range (3-11), temperature (4-50 °C), and salinity (0.1-3%). KPP-1 inhibits the growth of K. variicola in vitro and in vivo. In the zebrafish infection model, treatment with KPP-1-infected K. variicola demonstrated 56% of cumulative survival. This suggests the possibility of developing KPP-1 as a potential biocontrol agent against multidrug-resistant K. variicola that belongs to the K. pneumoniae complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - H P S U Chandrarathna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Zia S, Alkheraije KA. Recent trends in the use of bacteriophages as replacement of antimicrobials against food-animal pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1162465. [PMID: 37303721 PMCID: PMC10247982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A major public health impact is associated with foodborne illnesses around the globe. Additionally, bacteria are becoming more resistant to antibiotics, which pose a global threat. Currently, many scientific efforts have been made to develop and implement new technologies to combat bacteria considering the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in using phages as biocontrol agents for foodborne pathogens in animals used for food production and in food products themselves. Foodborne outbreaks persist, globally, in many foods, some of which lack adequate methods to control any pathogenic contamination (like fresh produce). This interest may be attributed both to consumers' desire for more natural food and to the fact that foodborne outbreaks continue to occur in many foods. Poultry is the most common animal to be treated with phage therapy to control foodborne pathogens. A large number of foodborne illnesses worldwide are caused by Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter, which are found in poultry and egg products. Conventional bacteriophage-based therapy can prevent and control humans and animals from various infectious diseases. In this context, describing bacteriophage therapy based on bacterial cells may offer a breakthrough for treating bacterial infections. Large-scale production of pheasants may be economically challenging to meet the needs of the poultry market. It is also possible to produce bacteriophage therapy on a large scale at a reduced cost. Recently, they have provided an ideal platform for designing and producing immune-inducing phages. Emerging foodborne pathogens will likely be targeted by new phage products in the future. In this review article, we will mainly focus on the Bacteriophages (phages) that have been proposed as an alternative strategy to antibiotics for food animal pathogens and their use for public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zia
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Petrovic Fabijan A, Iredell J, Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Kebriaei R, Abedon ST. Translating phage therapy into the clinic: Recent accomplishments but continuing challenges. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002119. [PMID: 37220114 PMCID: PMC10204993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is a medical form of biological control of bacterial infections, one that uses naturally occurring viruses, called bacteriophages or phages, as antibacterial agents. Pioneered over 100 years ago, phage therapy nonetheless is currently experiencing a resurgence in interest, with growing numbers of clinical case studies being published. This renewed enthusiasm is due in large part to phage therapy holding promise for providing safe and effective cures for bacterial infections that traditional antibiotics acting alone have been unable to clear. This Essay introduces basic phage biology, provides an outline of the long history of phage therapy, highlights some advantages of using phages as antibacterial agents, and provides an overview of recent phage therapy clinical successes. Although phage therapy has clear clinical potential, it faces biological, regulatory, and economic challenges to its further implementation and more mainstream acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Petrovic Fabijan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Razieh Kebriaei
- P3 Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, Ohio, United States of America
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Isolation and Identification of a Wastewater Siphoviridae Bacteriophage Targeting Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.118910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on the WHO, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a priority pathogen that causes opportunistic infections and is widely spread in the environment. Phage therapy is considered a natural, safe, and very efficient alternative to treat difficult-to-treat infections. Objectives: This study aimed to isolate highly virulent, lytic bacteriophages and evaluate their efficacy for lysing multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae. Methods: Municipal wastewater samples were collected and filtered using 0.22 µm syringe filters and cultivated with log-phase cultures of K. pneumoniae using enrichment media. After 48 h of incubation, the cultures were centrifuged, and the resultant supernatant was filtered (0.22 µm). The detection of the phage was done using the spot assay with K. pneumoniae as the host. One-step growth kinetics and bacterial reduction tests were conducted to assess the growth kinetics of the isolated phage. The stability of the isolated phage was characterized by subjecting it to various temperature and pH conditions. The chemical stability of the K. pneumoniae phage was determined by exposing it to various organic compounds. A panel of 20 bacterial strains was tested using the spot assay, as well as double agar overlying assay, to determine the host range of the isolated phage. Results: Out of 40 wastewater samples tested, only one sample was tested positive for the K. pneumoniae phage (2.5%) that was lytic against the host strain. The K. pneumoniae phage had a latent period of 15 min and a burst size of 100 virions per infected cell. It was most stable at 37°C and pH range of 6.0 to 10.0. Chemically, the K. pneumoniae phage was resistant to 10% chloroform treatment. Transmission electron micrograph indicated that the K. pneumoniae phage belonged to the order Caudovirales, family Siphoviridae, morphotype B1. Conclusions: Most of the characteristic features of the K. pneumoniae phage indicated the potential of this phage to be used in phage therapy. Hence, a comprehensive study is highly recommended to characterize the K. pneumoniae phage genome, detect its molecular interactions with the host cell, and determine its lytic activity in combination with other phages, which may lead to the efficient utilization of this phage in phage therapy against K. pneumoniae infections.
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Dhungana G, Nepal R, Regmi M, Malla R. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Virulent Klebsiella Phage Kp_Pokalde_002 in a Mouse Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:684704. [PMID: 34485172 PMCID: PMC8415502 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.684704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics as we face global antibiotic resistance crisis. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of phage therapy are largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the PK/PD of a locally isolated virulent novel øKp_Pokalde_002 (Podoviridae, C1 morphotype) that infects carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp56) using oral and intraperitoneal (IP) route in a mouse model. The result showed that the øKp_Pokalde_002 rapidly distributed into the systemic circulation within an hour via both oral and IP routes. A higher concentration of phage in plasma was found after 4 h (2.3 x 105 PFU/ml) and 8 h (7.3 x 104 PFU/ml) of administration through IP and oral route, respectively. The phage titer significantly decreased in the blood and other tissues, liver, kidneys, and spleen after 24 h and completely cleared after 72 h of administration. In the Kp56 infection model, the bacterial count significantly decreased in the blood and other organs by 4-7 log10 CFU/ml after 24 h of øKp_Pokalde_002 administration. Elimination half-life of øKp_Pokalde_002 was relatively shorter in the presence of host-bacteria Kp56 compared to phage only, suggesting rapid clearance of phage in the presence of susceptible host. Further, administration of the øKp_Pokalde_002 alone in healthy mice (via IP or oral) did not stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Also, treatment with øKp_Pokalde_002 resulted in a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) caused by bacterial infection, thereby reducing the tissue inflammation. In conclusion, the øKp_Pokalde_002 possess good PK/PD properties and can be considered as a potent therapeutic candidate for future phage therapy in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunaraj Dhungana
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Roshan Nepal
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Madhav Regmi
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Rajani Malla
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
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Pallavali RR, Degati VL, Narala VR, Velpula KK, Yenugu S, Durbaka VRP. Lytic Bacteriophages Against Bacterial Biofilms Formed by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burn Wounds. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2021; 2:120-130. [PMID: 36161242 PMCID: PMC9041503 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Use of bacteriophages as antibiofilm agents to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria has gained importance in recent years. Materials and Methods: In this study, biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli under different growth conditions was studied. Furthermore, the ability of bacteriophages to inhibit biofilm formation was analyzed. Results: Under dynamic growth condition, wherein the medium is renewed for every 12 h, the amount of biomass produced and log10 colony-forming unit counts of all bacterial species studied was highest when compared with other growth conditions tested. Biomass of biofilms produced was drastically reduced when incubated for 2 or 4 h with bacteriophages vB_SAnS_SADP1, vB_PAnP_PADP4, vB_KPnM_KPDP1, and vB_ECnM_ECDP3. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses indicated that the reduction in biomass was due to the lytic action of the bacteriophages. Conclusions: Results of our study reinforce the concept of developing bacteriophages as alternatives to antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kiran Kumar Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology (Peoria), University of Illinois, Chicago, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Address correspondence to: Suresh Yenugu, PhD, Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vijaya Raghava Prasad Durbaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India
- Address correspondence to: Vijaya Raghava Prasad Durbaka, PhD, Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, India
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Alharbi NM, Ziadi MM. Wastewater as a fertility source for novel bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4358-4364. [PMID: 34354420 PMCID: PMC8324929 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a common and serious public health worldwide. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers one of the best solutions to antibiotic resistance. Bacteriophages survive where their bacterial hosts are found; thus, they exist in almost all environments and their applications are quite varied in the medical, environmental, and industrial fields. Moreover, a single phage or a mixture of phages can be used in phage therapy; mixed phages tend to be more effective in reducing the number and/or activity of pathogenic bacteria than that of a single phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa M. Alharbi
- College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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D’Accolti M, Soffritti I, Mazzacane S, Caselli E. Bacteriophages as a Potential 360-Degree Pathogen Control Strategy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:261. [PMID: 33513949 PMCID: PMC7911525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that exclusively kill bacteria and are the most ubiquitous organisms on the planet. Since their discovery, bacteriophages have been considered an important weapon to fight human and animal infections of bacterial origin due to their specific ability to attack the associated target bacteria. With the discovery of antibiotics, phage treatment was progressively abandoned in Western countries. However, due to the recent emergence of growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antibiotics, interest in phage use in human therapy has once again grown. Similarly, at the environmental level, the extensive use of disinfectants based on chemicals, including biocides in agriculture, has been associated with the emergence of resistance against disinfectants themselves, besides having a high environmental impact. Due to these issues, the applications of phages with biocontrol purposes have become an interesting option in several fields, including farms, food industry, agriculture, aquaculture and wastewater plants. Notably, phage action is maintained even when the target bacteria are multidrug resistant (MDR), rendering this option extremely interesting in counteracting AMR emergence both for therapeutical and decontamination purposes. Based on this, bacteriophages have been interestingly proposed as environmental routine sanitizers in hospitals, to counteract the spread of the pathogenic MDR bacteria that persistently contaminate hard surfaces. This review summarizes the studies aimed at evaluating the potential use of phages as decontaminants, with a special focus on hospital sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D’Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Centre, Department of Architecture and Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Centre, Department of Architecture and Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sante Mazzacane
- CIAS Research Centre, Department of Architecture and Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Centre, Department of Architecture and Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Santiago AJ, Donlan RM. Bacteriophage Infections of Biofilms of Health Care-Associated Pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9. [PMID: 33118486 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0029-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are considered both serious and urgent public health threats. Biofilms formed by these health care-associated pathogens can lead to negative and costly health outcomes. The global spread of antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatments in biofilm-associated bacteria, highlights the need for novel strategies to overcome treatment hurdles. Bacteriophages (phages), or viruses that infect bacteria, have reemerged as one such potential strategy. Virulent phages are capable of infecting and killing their bacterial hosts, in some cases producing depolymerases that are able to hydrolyze biofilms. Phage therapy does have its limitations, however, including potential narrow host ranges, development of bacterial resistance to infection, and the potential spread of phage-encoded virulence genes. That being said, advances in phage isolation, screening, and genome sequencing tools provide an upside in overcoming some of these limitations and open up the possibilities of using phages as effective biofilm control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Santiago
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney M Donlan
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Gatea Kaabi SA, Musafer HK. New Phage cocktail against infantile Sepsis bacteria. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104447. [PMID: 32805360 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 54 positive blood aerobic cultures of suspected blood sepsis in neonates were purified, diagnosed and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Six bacterial pathogens of Escherichia coli (10 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10 isolates), Haemophilus influenzae (4 isolates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 isolates), Citrobacter fruendii (1 isolate) and Moraxella catarrhalis (1 isolate) were selected for preparation of phages active against all isolates of each species. Virulent phages towards bacterial isolates were isolated from sewage water by spot lysis method, and a total of 29 phages active towards selected bacterial pathogens were isolated and purified. Phage(s) active against each bacterial species showed activity spectrum within each species of 30-80%, 50-80%, 50%, 50%, 100% and 100% for isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter fruendii and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively. A total of 29 phages were formulated in one cocktail in a concentration of 106 PFU/ml in SM buffer for each of a total of 29 phages in SM buffer and showed activity spectrum of 100% against all their bacterial hosts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadeel Kareem Musafer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Box 14022, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Herridge WP, Shibu P, O’Shea J, Brook TC, Hoyles L. Bacteriophages of Klebsiella spp., their diversity and potential therapeutic uses. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:176-194. [PMID: 31976857 PMCID: PMC7431098 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella spp. are commensals of the human microbiota, and a leading cause of opportunistic nosocomial infections. The incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing serious infections is increasing, and Klebsiella oxytoca is an emerging pathogen. Alternative strategies to tackle infections caused by these bacteria are required as strains become resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as colistin. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria. They and their gene products are now being considered as alternatives or adjuncts to antimicrobial therapies. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the potential for lytic phages to combat MDR K. pneumoniae infections. Ready access to cheap sequencing technologies has led to a large increase in the number of genomes available for Klebsiella-infecting phages, with these phages being heterogeneous at the whole-genome level. This review summarizes our current knowledge on phages of Klebsiella spp. and highlights technological and biological issues relevant to the development of phage-based therapies targeting these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren P. Herridge
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Preetha Shibu
- Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Jessica O’Shea
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Thomas C. Brook
- Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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14
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Shen J, Zhou J, Fu H, Mu Y, Sun Y, Xu Y, Xiu Z. A Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophage and its effect on 1,3-propanediol fermentation. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Lu Y, Shi H, Zhang Z, Han F, Li J, Sun Y. Isolation and characterization of a lytic bacteriophage φKp-lyy15 of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virol Sin 2015; 30:66-8. [PMID: 25648354 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Lu
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Basic Medical School, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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16
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Hoyles L, Murphy J, Neve H, Heller KJ, Turton JF, Mahony J, Sanderson JD, Hudspith B, Gibson GR, McCartney AL, van Sinderen D. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae-bacteriophage combination from the caecal effluent of a healthy woman. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1061. [PMID: 26246963 PMCID: PMC4525690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sample of caecal effluent was obtained from a female patient who had undergone a routine colonoscopic examination. Bacteria were isolated anaerobically from the sample, and screened against the remaining filtered caecal effluent in an attempt to isolate bacteriophages (phages). A lytic phage, named KLPN1, was isolated on a strain identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (capsular type K2, rmpA (+)). This Siphoviridae phage presents a rosette-like tail tip and exhibits depolymerase activity, as demonstrated by the formation of plaque-surrounding haloes that increased in size over the course of incubation. When screened against a panel of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, phage KLPN1 was shown to infect and lyse capsular type K2 strains, though it did not exhibit depolymerase activity on such hosts. The genome of KLPN1 was determined to be 49,037 bp (50.53 %GC) in length, encompassing 73 predicted ORFs, of which 23 represented genes associated with structure, host recognition, packaging, DNA replication and cell lysis. On the basis of sequence analyses, phages KLPN1 (GenBank: KR262148) and 1513 (a member of the family Siphoviridae, GenBank: KP658157) were found to be two new members of the genus "Kp36likevirus."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Hoyles
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Horst Neve
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (MBT), Kiel, Germany
| | - Knut J Heller
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (MBT), Kiel, Germany
| | - Jane F Turton
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England-Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jeremy D Sanderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Hudspith
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L McCartney
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Wangkahad B, Bosup S, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella in water and association with contamination sources in Thailand. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:613-624. [PMID: 26042992 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The co-residence of bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts in humans, animals, and environmental sources directed the use of bacteriophages to track the origins of the pathogenic bacteria that can be found in contaminated water. The objective of this study was to enumerate bacteriophages of Aeromonas caviae (AecaKS148), Enterobacter sp. (EnspKS513), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KlpnKS648) in water and evaluate their association with contamination sources (human vs. animals). Bacterial host strains were isolated from untreated wastewater in Bangkok, Thailand. A double-layer agar technique was used to detect bacteriophages. All three bacteriophages were detected in polluted canal samples, with likely contamination from human wastewater, whereas none was found in non-polluted river samples. AecaKS148 was found to be associated with human fecal sources, while EnspKS513 and KlpnKS648 seemed to be equally prevalent in both human and animal fecal sources. Both bacteriophages were also present in polluted canals that could receive contamination from other fecal sources or the environment. In conclusion, all three bacteriophages were successfully monitored in Bangkok, Thailand. This study provided an example of bacteriophages for potential use as source identifiers of pathogen contamination. The results from this study will assist in controlling sources of pathogen contamination, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suchada Bosup
- Inter-University Program on Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Center for Emerging Bacterial Infections, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand and Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand E-mail: ; Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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18
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Salem M, Virtanen S, Korkeala H, Skurnik M. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia-specific bacteriophages from pig stools in Finland. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:599-608. [PMID: 25495090 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacteriophages infect bacteria, and they are present everywhere in the world including the intestinal tracts of animals. Yersiniosis is a common foodborne infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. As these bacteria are frequently isolated from pigs, we wanted to know whether Yersinia-specific bacteriophages are also present in the pig stools and, if so, whether there is a positive or negative association between the prevalence of the Yersinia phages and the pathogenic Yersinia in the stool samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether 793 pig stool samples collected between November 2010 and March 2012 from 14 Finnish pig farms were screened for the presence of bacteriophages able to infect Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3, O:5,27 or O:9 strains, or Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1a, O:1b or O:3 strains. Yersinia phages were isolated from 90 samples from eight farms. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 was infected by 59 phages, 28 phages infected serotypes O:3 and O:5,27, and eight phages infected serotypes O:3, O:5,27 and O:9, and Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1a by eight phages. Many phages originating from pigs in the same farm were identical based on their restriction enzyme digestion patterns; 20 clearly different phages were selected for further characterization. Host ranges of these phages were tested with 94 Yersinia strains. Six of the phages infected eight strains, 13 phages infected three strains, and one phage infected only one strain, indicating that the phages had a relatively narrow host range. CONCLUSIONS There was a clear association between the presence of the host bacteria and specific phages in the stools. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The isolated bacteriophages may have potential as biocontrol agents for yersiniosis in both humans and pigs in future, and as alternatives or in addition to antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first reported isolation of Yersinia-specific phages from pig stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salem
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
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19
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Shang A, Liu Y, Wang J, Mo Z, Li G, Mou H. Complete nucleotide sequence of Klebsiella phage P13 and prediction of an EPS depolymerase gene. Virus Genes 2014; 50:118-28. [PMID: 25392088 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of Klebsiella phage P13 was sequenced and analyzed. Bacteriophage P13 has a double-stranded linear DNA with a length of 45,976 bp and a G+C content of 51.7 %, which is slightly lower than that of Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC 2242. The codon biases of phage P13 are very similar to those of SP6-like phages and K. pneumoniae KCTC 2242. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the phage P13 genome has 282 open reading frames (ORFs) that are greater than 100 bp in length, and 50 of these ORFs were identified as predicted genes with an average length of 833 bp. Among these genes, 41 show homology to known proteins in the GenBank database. The functions of the 24 putative proteins were investigated, and 13 of these were found to be highly conserved. According to the homology analysis of the 50 predicted genes and the whole genome, phage P13 is homologous to SP6-like phages. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics of phage P13 suggest that it belongs to the SP6-like viral genus of the Podoviridae subfamily Autographivirinae. Two hypothetical genes encoding an extracellular polysaccharide depolymerase were predicted using PSI-BLAST. This analysis serves as groundwork for further research and application of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Shang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
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20
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Šimoliūnas E, Kaliniene L, Truncaitė L, Zajančkauskaitė A, Staniulis J, Kaupinis A, Ger M, Valius M, Meškys R. Klebsiella phage vB_KleM-RaK2 - a giant singleton virus of the family Myoviridae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60717. [PMID: 23593293 PMCID: PMC3622015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At 346 kbp in size, the genome of a jumbo bacteriophage vB_KleM-RaK2 (RaK2) is the largest Klebsiella infecting myovirus genome sequenced to date. In total, 272 out of 534 RaK2 ORFs lack detectable database homologues. Based on the similarity to biologically defined proteins and/or MS/MS analysis, 117 of RaK2 ORFs were given a functional annotation, including 28 RaK2 ORFs coding for structural proteins that have no reliable homologues to annotated structural proteins in other organisms. The electron micrographs revealed elaborate spike-like structures on the tail fibers of Rak2, suggesting that this phage is an atypical myovirus. While head and tail proteins of RaK2 are mostly myoviridae-related, the bioinformatics analysis indicate that tail fibers/spikes of this phage are formed from podovirus-like peptides predominantly. Overall, these results provide evidence that bacteriophage RaK2 differs profoundly from previously studied viruses of the Myoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenijus Šimoliūnas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laura Kaliniene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
| | - Lidija Truncaitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zajančkauskaitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Staniulis
- Laboratory of Plant Viruses, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marija Ger
- Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Kęsik-Szeloch A, Drulis-Kawa Z, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Kassner J, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Augustyniak D, Lusiak-Szelachowska M, Zaczek M, Górski A, Kropinski AM. Characterising the biology of novel lytic bacteriophages infecting multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virol J 2013; 10:100. [PMID: 23537199 PMCID: PMC3620542 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the genus Klebsiella are among the leading microbial pathogens associated with nosocomial infection. The increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance in these species has propelled the need for alternate/combination therapeutic regimens to aid clinical treatment. Bacteriophage therapy forms one of these alternate strategies. Methods Electron microscopy, burst size, host range, sensitivity of phage particles to temperature, chloroform, pH, and restriction digestion of phage DNA were used to characterize Klebsiella phages. Results and conclusions Of the 32 isolated phages eight belonged to the family Myoviridae, eight to the Siphoviridae whilst the remaining 16 belonged to the Podoviridae. The host range of these phages was characterised against 254 clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains including multidrug resistant Klebsiella isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Based on their lytic potential, six of the phages were further characterised for burst size, physicochemical properties and sensitivity to restriction endonuclease digestion. In addition, five were fully sequenced. Multiple phage-encoded host resistance mechanisms were identified. The Siphoviridae phage genomes (KP16 and KP36) contained low numbers of host restriction sites similar to the strategy found in T7-like phages (KP32). In addition, phage KP36 encoded its own DNA adenine methyltransferase. The φKMV-like KP34 phage was sensitive to all endonucleases used in this study. Dam methylation of KP34 DNA was detected although this was in the absence of an identifiable phage encoded methyltransferase. The Myoviridae phages KP15 and KP27 both carried Dam and Dcm methyltransferase genes and other anti-restriction mechanisms elucidated in previous studies. No other anti-restriction mechanisms were found, e.g. atypical nucleotides (hmC or glucosyl hmC), although Myoviridae phage KP27 encodes an unknown anti-restriction mechanism that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kęsik-Szeloch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus phage plaque size enhancement using sublethal concentrations of antibiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8227-33. [PMID: 23001655 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02371-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy presents an alternative approach against the emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) threat. Some of the problems encountered during isolation of MRSA phages include the high prevalence of enteric phages in natural sources, nonspecific absorption of viable phage, and the formation of pinpoint or tiny plaques. The phage isolated in this study, MR-5, also formed tiny plaques against its host S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), making its detection and enumeration difficult. An improved method of increasing the plaque size of MRSA phage by incorporating sublethal concentrations of three different classes of antibiotics (inhibitors of protein synthesis) in the classical double-layer agar (DLA) method was investigated. The β-lactam and quinolone antibiotics commonly employed in earlier studies for increasing the plaque size did not show any significant effect on the plaque size of isolated MR-5 phage. Linezolid (oxazolidinone class), tetracycline, and ketolide antibiotics brought significant enhancements (3 times the original size) in the plaque size of MR-5 phage. Prior treatment with these antibiotics resulted in significant reductions in the time of adsorption and the latent period of MR-5 phage. To rule out whether the action of linezolid (which brought the maximum increase in plaque size) was specific for a single phage only, its effect on the plaque size of seven other S. aureus-specific phages was also assessed. Significant enhancements in the plaque size of these phages were observed. These results indicate that this modification can therefore safely be incorporated in the traditional DLA overlay method to search for new MRSA-virulent phages.
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Moradpour Z, Ghasemian A. Modified phages: Novel antimicrobial agents to combat infectious diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jończyk E, Kłak M, Międzybrodzki R, Górski A. The influence of external factors on bacteriophages--review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:191-200. [PMID: 21625877 PMCID: PMC3131515 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteriophages to survive under unfavorable conditions is highly diversified. We summarize the influence of different external physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, acidity, and ions, on phage persistence. The relationships between a phage’s morphology and its survival abilities suggested by some authors are also discussed. A better understanding of the complex problem of phage sensitivity to external factors may be useful not only for those interested in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications of bacteriophages, but also for others working with phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jończyk
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
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25
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Isolation and characterisation of KP34--a novel φKMV-like bacteriophage for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1333-45. [PMID: 21327407 PMCID: PMC3082699 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage KP34 is a novel virus belonging to the subfamily Autographivirinae lytic for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Its biological features, morphology, susceptibility to chemical and physical agents, burst size, host specificity and activity spectrum were determined. As a potential antibacterial agent used in therapy, KP34 molecular features including genome sequence and protein composition were examined. Phylogenetic analyses and clustering of KP34 phage genome sequences revealed its clear relationships with "phiKMV-like viruses". Simultaneously, whole-genome analyses permitted clustering and classification of all phages, with completely sequenced genomes, belonging to the Podoviridae.
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