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Frohwitter J, Behrendt G, Klamt S, Bettenbrock K. A new Zymomonas mobilis platform strain for the efficient production of chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:143. [PMID: 38773442 PMCID: PMC11110354 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zymomonas mobilis is well known for its outstanding ability to produce ethanol with both high specific productivity and with high yield close to the theoretical maximum. The key enzyme in the ethanol production pathway is the pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) which is converting pyruvate to acetaldehyde. Since it is widely considered that its gene pdc is essential, metabolic engineering strategies aiming to produce other compounds derived from pyruvate need to find ways to reduce PDC activity. RESULTS Here, we present a new platform strain (sGB027) of Z. mobilis in which the native promoter of pdc was replaced with the IPTG-inducible PT7A1, allowing for a controllable expression of pdc. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase from E. coli in sGB027 allowed the production of D-lactate with, to the best of our knowledge, the highest reported specific productivity of any microbial lactate producer as well as with the highest reported lactate yield for Z. mobilis so far. Additionally, by expressing the L-alanine dehydrogenase of Geobacillus stearothermophilus in sGB027 we produced L-alanine, further demonstrating the potential of sGB027 as a base for the production of compounds other than ethanol. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that our new platform strain can be an excellent starting point for the efficient production of various compounds derived from pyruvate with Z. mobilis and can thus enhance the establishment of this organism as a workhorse for biotechnological production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Frohwitter
- Analysis and Redesign of Biological Networks, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerrich Behrendt
- Analysis and Redesign of Biological Networks, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Klamt
- Analysis and Redesign of Biological Networks, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Bettenbrock
- Analysis and Redesign of Biological Networks, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Rutkis R, Lasa Z, Rubina M, Strazdina I, Kalnenieks U. Eminent Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance in Zymomonas mobilis: A Novel Advantage of Intrinsically Uncoupled Energetics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:451. [PMID: 38786179 PMCID: PMC11118514 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Relative to several model bacteria, the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis is shown here to have elevated resistance to exogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)- with regard to both peptide bulk concentration in the medium and the numbers of peptide molecules per cell. By monitoring the integration of AMPs in the bacterial cell membrane and observing the resulting effect on membrane energy coupling, it is concluded that the membranotropic effects of the tested AMPs in Z. mobilis and in Escherichia coli are comparable. The advantage of Z. mobilis over E. coli apparently results from its uncoupled mode of energy metabolism that, in contrast to E. coli, does not rely on oxidative phosphorylation, and hence, is less vulnerable to the disruption of its energy-coupling membrane by AMPs. It is concluded that the high resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) observed in Z. mobilis not only proves crucial for its survival in its natural environment but also offers a promising platform for AMP production and sheds light on potential strategies for novel resistance development in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Rutkis
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.L.); (M.R.); (U.K.)
| | - Zane Lasa
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.L.); (M.R.); (U.K.)
| | - Marta Rubina
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.L.); (M.R.); (U.K.)
| | - Inese Strazdina
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.L.); (M.R.); (U.K.)
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.L.); (M.R.); (U.K.)
- Alternative Plants Ltd., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Astudillo-Melgar F, Hernández-Chávez G, Rodríguez-Alegría ME, Bolívar F, Escalante A. Analysis of the Microbial Diversity and Population Dynamics during the Pulque Fermentation Process. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulque is the most-studied traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage prepared by fermentation of the fresh sap (aguamiel, AM) extracted from different Agave species (maguey) cultivated for pulque production. This beverage has been produced mainly in the Central Mexico Plateau since pre-Columbian times. In this contribution, we report the analysis of the bacterial and fungal diversity through 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 fragment amplicon and ITSR1 sequencing associated with the tissue of the walls (metzal) of the cavity or cajete, where the sap accumulates in producing plants for its daily extraction, in AM, and during four fermentation stages for pulque production. The results led to determining which microorganisms detected in the plant tissue are present in AM and maintained during the fermentation process. The results showed that eight bacterial OTUs (Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Weisella, Lactococcus, Acetobacter, Gluconobacter, Zymomonas, and Obesumbacterium) and five fungal OTUs (Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Hanseniaspora, and the OTU O_Saccharomycetales) were present from metzal to AM and during all the stages of the fermentation analyzed. The detected diversity was considered the microbial core for pulque fermentation, comprising up to ~84% of the total bacterial diversity and up to ~99.6% of the fungal diversity detected in the pulque produced from three plants of A. salmiana from the locality of Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico. This study provides relevant information on the potential microorganisms responsible for pulque fermentation, demonstrating that the core of microorganisms is preserved throughout the elaboration process and their association with the AM and fermented beverage physiochemical profile.
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Picozzi C, Clagnan E, Musatti A, Rollini M, Brusetti L. Characterization of Two Zymomonas mobilis Wild Strains and Analysis of Populations Dynamics during Their Leavening of Bread-like Doughs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182768. [PMID: 36140896 PMCID: PMC9497783 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Zymomonas mobilis wild strains (UMB478 and 479) isolated from water kefir were characterized for their biomass production levels and leavening performance when used as the inoculum of a real bread-like dough formulation. The obtained baked product would be consumable by people with adverse responses to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In liquid cultures, the two strains reached similar biomass concentration (0.7 g CDW/L). UMB479 showed an interesting resistance to NaCl (MBC 30 g/L), that may be useful in the bakery sector. When inoculated in doughs, UMB479 produced the maximum dough volume (650 mL) after 5 h, glucose was almost consumed and 1 g/100 g of ethanol produced, +200% respective to UMB478. Using S. cerevisiae for comparison purposes, the dough doubled its volume fast, in only 2 h, but reached a final level of 575 mL, lower than that achieved by Z. mobilis. The analysis of bacterial and fungal population dynamics during dough leavening was performed through the Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA); doughs leavened by UMB479 showed an interesting decrease in fungal richness after leavening. S. cerevisiae, instead, created a more complex fungal community, similar before and after leavening. Results will pave the way for the use of Z. mobilis UMB479 in commercial yeast-free leavened products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Picozzi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Clagnan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alida Musatti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Rollini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250319150
| | - Lorenzo Brusetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Andreson M, Kazantseva J, Kuldjärv R, Malv E, Vaikma H, Kaleda A, Kütt ML, Vilu R. Characterisation of chemical, microbial and sensory profiles of commercial kombuchas. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 373:109715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Antimicrobial Activity of Zymomonas mobilis Is Related to Its Aerobic Catabolism and Acid Resistance. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is an ethanologenic, facultatively anaerobic alpha-proteobacterium, known for its inhibitory effect on the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms. This property might be interesting for the design of novel antimicrobials, yet it has negative implications for biotechnology, as it hinders the use of Z. mobilis as a producer microorganism in cocultivation. So far, the chemical nature of its inhibitory compound(s) has not been established. In the present study, we demonstrate that the putative inhibitor is a low-molecular-weight (below 3 kDa), thermostable compound, resistant to protease treatment, which is synthesized under aerobic conditions in Z. mobilis strains via the active respiratory chain. It is also synthesized by aerated nongrowing, glucose-consuming cells in the presence of chloramphenicol, thus ruling out its bacteriocin-like peptide nature. The inhibitory activity is pH-dependent and strongly correlated with the accumulation of propionate and acetate in the culture medium. Although, in Z. mobilis, the synthesis pathways of these acids still need to be identified, the acid production depends on respiration, and is much less pronounced in the non-respiring mutant strain, which shows low inhibitory activity. We conclude that propionate and acetate play a central role in the antimicrobial effects of Z. mobilis, which itself is known to bear high resistance to organic acids.
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Martien JI, Trujillo EA, Jacobson TB, Tatli M, Hebert AS, Stevenson DM, Coon JJ, Amador-Noguez D. Metabolic Remodeling during Nitrogen Fixation in Zymomonas mobilis. mSystems 2021; 6:e0098721. [PMID: 34783580 PMCID: PMC8594446 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00987-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is an ethanologenic bacterium currently being developed for production of advanced biofuels. Recent studies have shown that Z. mobilis can fix dinitrogen gas (N2) as a sole nitrogen source. During N2 fixation, Z. mobilis exhibits increased biomass-specific rates of ethanol production. In order to better understand the physiology of Z. mobilis during N2 fixation and during changes in ammonium (NH4+) availability, we performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based targeted metabolomics and shotgun proteomics under three regimes of nitrogen availability: continuous N2 fixation, gradual NH4+ depletion, and acute NH4+ addition to N2-fixing cells. We report dynamic changes in abundance of proteins and metabolites related to nitrogen fixation, motility, ammonium assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) glycolysis, providing insight into the regulatory mechanisms that control these processes in Z. mobilis. Our analysis identified potential physiological mechanisms that may contribute to increased specific ethanol production during N2 fixation, including decreased activity of biosynthetic pathways, increased protein abundance of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHI), and increased thermodynamic favorability of the ED pathway. Of particular relevance to advanced biofuel production, we found that intermediates in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis were depleted during N2 fixation, coinciding with decreased protein abundance of deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme in the pathway. This implies that DXS protein abundance serves as a native control point in regulating MEP pathway activity in Z. mobilis. The results of this study will inform metabolic engineering to further develop Z. mobilis as a platform organism for biofuel production. IMPORTANCE Biofuels and bioproducts have the potential to serve as environmentally sustainable replacements for petroleum-derived fuels and commodity molecules. Advanced fuels such as higher alcohols and isoprenoids are more suitable gasoline replacements than bioethanol. Developing microbial systems to generate advanced biofuels requires metabolic engineering to reroute carbon away from ethanol and other native products and toward desired pathways, such as the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. However, rational engineering of microbial metabolism relies on understanding metabolic control points, in terms of both enzyme activity and thermodynamic favorability. In Z. mobilis, the factors that control glycolytic rates, ethanol production, and isoprenoid production are still not fully understood. In this study, we performed metabolomic, proteomic, and thermodynamic analysis of Z. mobilis during N2 fixation. This analysis identified key changes in metabolite levels, enzyme abundance, and glycolytic thermodynamic favorability that occurred during changes in NH4+ availability, helping to inform future efforts in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Martien
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edna A. Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tyler B. Jacobson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mehmet Tatli
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander S. Hebert
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M. Stevenson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Braga A, Gomes D, Rainha J, Amorim C, Cardoso BB, Gudiña EJ, Silvério SC, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Zymomonas mobilis as an emerging biotechnological chassis for the production of industrially relevant compounds. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:128. [PMID: 38650193 PMCID: PMC10992037 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is a well-recognized ethanologenic bacterium with outstanding characteristics which make it a promising platform for the biotechnological production of relevant building blocks and fine chemicals compounds. In the last years, research has been focused on the physiological, genetic, and metabolic engineering strategies aiming at expanding Z. mobilis ability to metabolize lignocellulosic substrates toward biofuel production. With the expansion of the Z. mobilis molecular and computational modeling toolbox, the potential of this bacterium as a cell factory has been thoroughly explored. The number of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and fluxomic data that is becoming available for this bacterium has increased. For this reason, in the forthcoming years, systems biology is expected to continue driving the improvement of Z. mobilis for current and emergent biotechnological applications. While the existing molecular toolbox allowed the creation of stable Z. mobilis strains with improved traits for pinpointed biotechnological applications, the development of new and more flexible tools is crucial to boost the engineering capabilities of this bacterium. Novel genetic toolkits based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system and recombineering have been recently used for the metabolic engineering of Z. mobilis. However, they are mostly at the proof-of-concept stage and need to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Braga
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Gomes
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Rainha
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Amorim
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz B Cardoso
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara C Silvério
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana L Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Strazdina I, Klavins L, Galinina N, Shvirksts K, Grube M, Stalidzans E, Kalnenieks U. Syntrophy of Crypthecodinium cohnii and immobilized Zymomonas mobilis for docosahexaenoic acid production from sucrose-containing substrates. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:63-70. [PMID: 34280360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii is an aerobic oleaginous microorganism that accumulates intracellular lipid with high content of 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated ω-3 (22:6) fatty acid with multiple health benefits. C. cohnii can grow on glucose and ethanol, but not on sucrose or fructose. For conversion of sucrose-containing renewables to C. cohnii DHA, we investigated a syntrophic process, involving immobilized cells of ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis for fermenting sucrose to ethanol. The non-respiring, NADH dehydrogenase-deficient Z. mobilis strain Zm6-ndh, with high ethanol yield both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, was taken as the genetic background for inactivation of levansucrase (sacB). SacB mutation eliminated the levan-forming activity on sucrose. The double mutant Zm6-ndh-sacB cells were immobilized in Ca alginate, and applied for syntrophic conversion of sucrose to DHA of C. cohnii, either taking the ethanol-containing fermentation medium from the immobilized Z. mobilis for feeding to the C. cohnii fed-batch culture, or directly coculturing the immobilized Zm6-ndh-sacB with C. cohnii on sucrose. Both modes of cultivation produced C. cohnii CCMP 316 biomass with DHA content around 2-3 % of cell dry weight, corresponding to previously reported results for this strain on glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Strazdina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linards Klavins
- University of Latvia, Natural Resource Research Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nina Galinina
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Shvirksts
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Grube
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Egils Stalidzans
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- University of Latvia, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Riga, Latvia.
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Mavrommati M, Daskalaki A, Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G. Adaptive laboratory evolution principles and applications in industrial biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107795. [PMID: 34246744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is an innovative approach for the generation of evolved microbial strains with desired characteristics, by implementing the rules of natural selection as presented in the Darwinian Theory, on the laboratory bench. New as it might be, it has already been used by several researchers for the amelioration of a variety of characteristics of widely used microorganisms in biotechnology. ALE is used as a tool for the deeper understanding of the genetic and/or metabolic pathways of evolution. Another important field targeted by ALE is the manufacturing of products of (high) added value, such as ethanol, butanol and lipids. In the current review, we discuss the basic principles and techniques of ALE, and then we focus on studies where it has been applied to bacteria, fungi and microalgae, aiming to improve their performance to biotechnological procedures and/or inspect the genetic background of evolution. We conclude that ALE is a promising and efficacious method that has already led to the acquisition of useful new microbiological strains in biotechnology and could possibly offer even more interesting results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrommati
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Daskalaki
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - George Aggelis
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
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Valdivieso Solís DG, Vargas Escamilla CA, Mondragón Contreras N, Galván Valle GA, Gilés-Gómez M, Bolívar F, Escalante A. Sustainable Production of Pulque and Maguey in Mexico: Current Situation and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.678168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulque is a traditional Mexican fermented, non-distilled alcoholic beverage produced by fermenting the fresh sap (aguamiel) extracted from several Agave (maguey) species cultivated for pulque production (mainly A. salmiana). This beverage was produced and consumed since Pre-Hispanic times by Mesoamerican civilizations, mainly in the Mexican Central Plateau, and is one of the essential alcoholic beverages produced and consumed during several centuries in Mexico. By 2019, annual pulque production was reported in 171,482 billion liters. Nevertheless, traditional pulque production faces several significant limitations, including the disappearance of large agave plantations and the extent of time required (at least 5 years) to complete the plant maturation for aguamiel extraction; traditional production practices; and the lack of an efficient stabilization process of the fermented product resulting in low shelf life. In opposition, successful examples of sustainable cultivation of maguey species for aguamiel extraction and the fermentation process's industrialization resulted in high-quality pulque production, with international exportation certification. In this contribution, we present a review of the most relevant aspects of the history and commercial relevance of pulque, the causes that resulted in its production debacle during the first half of the twentieth century, the current situation of its traditional production, and the successful efforts of industrial production of the beverage. We describe recent results on the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of aguamiel and on the microbiology of the beverage explored by metagenomic techniques that can be proposed as a baseline to redefine the quality criteria of the beverage and to define for the first time a microbiological core to optimize its production. We describe the relevance of maguey species for aguamiel production as a fundamental element of agroforestry and the relevance of its sustainable production, in four sustainable plantation models to maintain a stable plant population to ensure the continuous extraction of aguamiel and pulque production. Finally, we describe some successful examples of beverage industrialization and potential applications of several microorganisms isolated from aguamiel, pulque, aguamiel concentrates, and the maguey to produce high-value bioactive products.
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Li R, Shen W, Yang Y, Du J, Li M, Yang S. Investigation of the impact of a broad range of temperatures on the physiological and transcriptional profiles of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 for high-temperature-tolerant recombinant strain development. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:146. [PMID: 34176507 PMCID: PMC8237431 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The model ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis has many advantages for diverse biochemical production. Although the impact of temperature especially high temperature on the growth and ethanol production of Z. mobilis has been reported, the transcriptional profiles of Z. mobilis grown at different temperatures have not been systematically investigated. In this study, Z. mobilis wild-type strain ZM4 was used to study the effect of a broad range of temperatures of 24, 30, 36, 40, and 45 °C on cell growth and morphology, glucose utilization and ethanol production, as well as the corresponding global gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq-based transcriptomics. In addition, a recombinant Z. mobilis strain expressing reporter gene EGFP (ZM4_EGFP) was constructed to study the effect of temperature on heterologous protein expression at different temperatures. Our result demonstrated that the effect of temperature on the growth and morphology of ZM4 and ZM4_EGFP were similar. The biomass of these two strains decreased along with the temperature increase, and an optimal temperature range is needed for efficient glucose utilization and ethanol production. Temperatures lower or higher than normal temperature investigated in this work was not favorable for the glucose utilization and ethanol production as well as the expression of exogenous protein EGFP based on the results of flow cytometry and Western blot. Temperature also affected the transcriptional profiles of Z. mobilis especially under high temperature. Compared with ZM4 cultured at 30 °C, 478 genes were up-regulated and 481 genes were down-regulated at 45 °C. The number of differentially expressed genes of ZM4 cultured at other temperatures (24, 36 or 40 °C) was relatively small though compared with those at 30 °C. Since temperature usually increases during the fermentation process, and heat tolerance is one of the important robustness traits of industrial strains, candidate genes related to heat resistance based on our RNA-Seq result and literature report were then selected for genetics study using the strategies of plasmid overexpression of candidate gene or replacement of the native promoter of candidate gene by an inducible Ptet promoter. The genetics studies indicated that ZMO0236, ZMO1335, ZMO0994, operon groESL, and cspL, which encodes Mrp family chromosome partitioning ATPase, flavoprotein WrbA, an uncharacterized protein, chaperonin Cpn10 and GroEL, and an exogenous cold shock protein, respectively, were associated with heat tolerance, and recombinant strains over-expressing these genes can improve their heat tolerance. Our work thus not only explored the effects of temperature on the expression of exogenous gene EGFP and endogenous genes, but also selected and confirmed several genes associated with heat tolerance in Z. mobilis, which provided a guidance on identifying candidate genes associated with phenotypic improvement through systems biology strategy and genetics studies for other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhixing College of Hubei University, Wuhan, 430011 China
| | - Yongfu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Jun Du
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing, 100833 China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kaihua County, Zhejiang China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
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13
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Acetaldehyde Stimulation of the Growth of Zymomonas mobilis Subjected to Ethanol and Other Environmental Stresses: Effect of Other Metabolic Electron Acceptors and Evidence for a Mechanism. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol-stressed cultures of Z. mobilis showed greatly reduced lag times in growth when supplemented with small amounts of acetaldehyde. This effect could be mimicked by other metabolic electron acceptors, including propionaldehyde and oxygen, indicating a redox-based mechanism. Added propionaldehyde was rapidly and stoichiometrically converted to 1-propanol, suggesting that added acetaldehyde is also reduced during early growth. Acetaldehyde addition measurably accelerated glycolysis in nongrowing cells and also slightly stimulated cultures subjected to temperature change, osmotic shock and salt and acetate stress. Acetaldehyde’s stimulatory effect appears to be due to its ability to accelerate glycolysis via its effect on the cellular redox balance. Acetaldehyde reduction opposes the drain on NAD+ concentrations caused by oxidation of the added ethanol, accounting for the particularly strong effect on ethanol-stressed cells. This study provides evidence for our earlier proposed redox-based mechanism for acetaldehyde’s ability to reduce the lag phase of environmentally stressed cultures and suggests that the effect may have applications in industrial fermentations, especially those inhibited by ethanol and toxic compounds present in, for instance, lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
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Felczak MM, Bowers RM, Woyke T, TerAvest MA. Zymomonas diversity and potential for biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:112. [PMID: 33933155 PMCID: PMC8088579 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zymomonas mobilis is an aerotolerant α-proteobacterium, which has been genetically engineered for industrial purposes for decades. However, a comprehensive comparison of existing strains on the genomic level in conjunction with phenotype analysis has yet to be carried out. We here performed whole-genome comparison of 17 strains including nine that were sequenced in this study. We then compared 15 available Zymomonas strains for their natural abilities to perform under conditions relevant to biofuel synthesis. We tested their growth in anaerobic rich media, as well as growth, ethanol production and xylose utilization in lignocellulosic hydrolysate. We additionally compared their tolerance to isobutanol, flocculation characteristics, and ability to uptake foreign DNA by electroporation and conjugation. RESULTS Using clustering based on 99% average nucleotide identity (ANI), we classified 12 strains into four clusters based on sequence similarity, while five strains did not cluster with any other strain. Strains belonging to the same 99% ANI cluster showed similar performance while significant variation was observed between the clusters. Overall, conjugation and electroporation efficiencies were poor across all strains, which was consistent with our finding of coding potential for several DNA defense mechanisms, such as CRISPR and restriction-modification systems, across all genomes. We found that strain ATCC31821 (ZM4) had a more diverse plasmid profile than other strains, possibly leading to the unique phenotypes observed for this strain. ZM4 also showed the highest growth of any strain in both laboratory media and lignocellulosic hydrolysate and was among the top 3 strains for isobutanol tolerance and electroporation and conjugation efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that strain ZM4 has a unique combination of genetic and phenotypic traits that are beneficial for biofuel production and propose investing future efforts in further engineering of ZM4 for industrial purposes rather than exploring new Zymomonas isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Felczak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Robert M Bowers
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michaela A TerAvest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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15
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Lynch KM, Wilkinson S, Daenen L, Arendt EK. An update on water kefir: Microbiology, composition and production. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 345:109128. [PMID: 33751986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Water kefir is a sparkling, slightly acidic fermented beverage produced by fermenting a solution of sucrose, to which dried fruits have been added, with water kefir grains. These gelatinous grains are a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. Lactic acid bacteria, yeast and acetic acid bacteria are the primary microbial members of the sugary kefir grain. Amongst other contributions, species of lactic acid bacteria produce the exopolysaccharide matrix from which the kefir grain is formed, while yeast assists the bacteria by a nitrogen source that can be assimilated. Exactly which species predominate within the grain microbiota, however, appears to be dependent on the geographical origin of the grains and the fermentation substrate and conditions. These factors ultimately affect the characteristics of the beverage produced in terms of aroma, flavour, and acidity, for example, but can also be controlled and exploited in the production of a beverage of desired characteristics. The production of water kefir has traditionally occurred on a small scale and the use of defined starter cultures is not commonly practiced. However, as water kefir increases in popularity as a beverage - in part because of consumer lifestyle trends and in part due to water kefir being viewed as a health drink with its purported health benefits - the need for a thorough understanding of the biology and dynamics of water kefir, and for defined and controlled production processes, will ultimately increase. The aim of this review is to provide an update into the current knowledge of water kefir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart Wilkinson
- Global Innovation & Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luk Daenen
- Global Innovation & Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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16
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The Ethanologenic Bacterium Zymomonas mobilis Divides Asymmetrically and Exhibits Heterogeneity in DNA Content. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02441-20. [PMID: 33452021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02441-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis exhibits extreme ethanologenic physiology, making this species a promising biofuel producer. Numerous studies have investigated its biology relevant to industrial applications and mostly at the population level. However, the organization of single cells in this industrially important polyploid species has been largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we characterized basic cellular behavior of Z. mobilis strain Zm6 under anaerobic conditions at the single-cell level. We observed that growing Z. mobilis cells often divided at a nonmidcell position, which contributed to variant cell size at birth. However, the cell size variance was regulated by a modulation of cell cycle span, mediated by a correlation of bacterial tubulin homologue FtsZ ring accumulation with cell growth. The Z. mobilis culture also exhibited heterogeneous cellular DNA content among individual cells, which might have been caused by asynchronous replication of chromosome that was not coordinated with cell growth. Furthermore, slightly angled divisions might have resulted in temporary curvatures of attached Z. mobilis cells. Overall, the present study uncovers a novel bacterial cell organization in Z. mobilis IMPORTANCE With increasing environmental concerns about the use of fossil fuels, development of a sustainable biofuel production platform has been attracting significant public attention. Ethanologenic Z. mobilis species are endowed with an efficient ethanol fermentation capacity that surpasses, in several respects, that of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the most-used microorganism for ethanol production. For development of a Z. mobilis culture-based biorefinery, an investigation of its uncharacterized cell biology is important, because bacterial cellular organization and metabolism are closely associated with each other in a single cell compartment. In addition, the current work demonstrates that the polyploid bacterium Z. mobilis exhibits a distinctive mode of bacterial cell organization, likely reflecting its unique metabolism that does not prioritize incorporation of nutrients for cell growth. Thus, another significant result of this work is to advance our general understanding in the diversity of bacterial cell architecture.
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Chacón-Vargas K, Torres J, Giles-Gómez M, Escalante A, Gibbons JG. Genomic profiling of bacterial and fungal communities and their predictive functionality during pulque fermentation by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15115. [PMID: 32934253 PMCID: PMC7493934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulque is a culturally important 4,000-year-old traditional Mexican fermented drink. Pulque is produced by adding fresh aguamiel (agave sap) to mature pulque, resulting in a mixture of microbial communities and chemical compositions. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of five stages of pulque fermentation to characterize organismal and functional diversity. We identified 6 genera (Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Saccharomyces and Zymomonas) and 10 species (Acinetobacter boissieri, Acinetobacter nectaris, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus piscium, Lactococcus plantarum, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that were present ≥ 1% in at least one stage of pulque fermentation. The abundance of genera and species changed during fermentation and was associated with a decrease in sucrose and increases in ethanol and lactic acid, suggesting that resource competition shapes organismal diversity. We also predicted functional profiles, based on organismal gene content, for each fermentation stage and identified an abundance of genes associated with the biosynthesis of folate, an essential B-vitamin. Additionally, we investigated the evolutionary relationships of S. cerevisiae and Z. mobilis, two of the major microbial species found in pulque. For S. cerevisiae, we used a metagenomics assembly approach to identify S. cerevisiae scaffolds from pulque, and performed phylogenetic analysis of these sequences along with a collection of 158 S. cerevisiae strains. This analysis suggests that S. cerevisiae from pulque is most closely related to Asian strains isolated from sake and bioethanol. Lastly, we isolated and sequenced the whole-genomes of three strains of Z. mobilis from pulque and compared their relationship to seven previously sequenced isolates. Our results suggest pulque strains may represent a distinct lineage of Z. mobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chacón-Vargas
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Julian Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Martha Giles-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - John G Gibbons
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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18
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Fuchino K, Bruheim P. An assessment of serial co-cultivation approach for generating novel Zymomonas mobilis strains. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:422. [PMID: 32894180 PMCID: PMC7487726 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis is an efficient ethanol producer, and Z. mobilis-based biorefinery shows great potential for biofuel production. Serial co-cultivation is an emerging approach that promotes inter-species interactions which can improve or rewire the metabolic features in industrially useful microorganisms by inducing frequent mutations. We applied this method to assess if it improves or rewires the desirable physiological features of Z. mobilis, especially ethanol production. Results We performed serial co-culture of Z. mobilis with the baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed filamentation of Z. mobilis cells in the co-culture, indicating that the Z. mobilis cells were exposed to stress due to the presence of a competitor. After 50 times of serial transfers, we characterized the generated Z. mobilis strains, showing that long term co-culture did not drive significant changes in either the growth or profile of excreted metabolites in the generated strains. In line with this, whole genome sequencing of the generated Z. mobilis strains revealed only minor genetic variations from the parental strain. 50 generations of Z. mobilis monoculture did not induce morphological changes or any significant genetic variations. The result indicates that the method needs to be carefully optimized for Z. mobilis strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Fuchino
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Palamae S, Choorit W, Chatsungnoen T, Chisti Y. Simultaneous nitrogen fixation and ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:41-52. [PMID: 32259548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on production of ethanol with simultaneous fixing of nitrogen (N2) using the anaerobic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis DSM 473. A batch fermentation with an initial glucose concentration of 50 g L-1, an initial pH of ∼5.5, an inoculum size of 10% by volume and a N2 feeding rate of 50 mL min-1 without mechanical agitation was found to provide the highest ethanol productivity (0.401 g L-1 h-1). Ethanol yield on glucose exceeded 97% of the theoretical maximum. The nitrogen content of the microbial biomass was 10.4% w/w at 65 h and all of it was derived by fixation of dinitrogen. Repeated-batch fermentations were investigated for ethanol production using simultaneous nitrogen fixation. A 2-cycle repeated-batch fermentation lasting 71 h gave a maximum ethanol yield on glucose of 0.475 g g-1 and an ethanol productivity of 0.675 g L-1 h-1. The yield (0.415 g g-1) and productivity (0.638 g L-1 h-1) were reduced in a 3-cycle repeated batch operation lasting 94 h. The need to fix nitrogen did not reduce the final achievable ethanol concentration, or the ethanol yield on glucose, relative to fermentations provided with fixed nitrogen, but did reduce the ethanol productivity by ∼82% because less cell mass was produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Palamae
- School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Wanna Choorit
- School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand; Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Tawan Chatsungnoen
- Agro-Industrial Biotechnology, Maejo University-Phrae Campus, Rong Kwang, Phrae 54140, Thailand
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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Suenami S, Konishi Nobu M, Miyazaki R. Community analysis of gut microbiota in hornets, the largest eusocial wasps, Vespa mandarinia and V. simillima. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9830. [PMID: 31285515 PMCID: PMC6614390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are important for various aspects of host physiology, and its composition is generally influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic contexts of the host. Social bee gut microbiota composition is simple and highly stable hypothesized to be due to their unique food habit and social interactions. Here, we focused on hornets, the largest of the eusocial wasps – Vespa mandarinia and V. simillima. Unlike the well-studied honey bees, adult hornets are generally herbivorous but also hunt insects for broods, a unique behavior which could influence their gut microbiota. Analysis of the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the two species have simple gut microbiota, composed of seven or eight consistently maintained ‘core’ operational taxonomic units (OTUs). While the two Vespa species shared some OTUs, the structures of their gut communities differed. Phylogenetic analysis indicated association of core OTUs with host diet. Intriguingly, prey honey bee gut microbes were detected in the V. simillima gut (and to a lesser extent in V. mandarinia), suggesting migration of microorganisms from the prey gut. This is the first report uncovering gut microbiome in hornets, giving additional insight into how food habit affects gut microbiota of social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suenami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Konishi Nobu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyazaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. .,Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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21
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Bioethanol a Microbial Biofuel Metabolite; New Insights of Yeasts Metabolic Engineering. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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RecET recombination system driving chromosomal target gene replacement in Zymomonas mobilis. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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23
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Yang S, Fei Q, Zhang Y, Contreras LM, Utturkar SM, Brown SD, Himmel ME, Zhang M. Zymomonas mobilis as a model system for production of biofuels and biochemicals. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:699-717. [PMID: 27629544 PMCID: PMC5072187 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is a natural ethanologen with many desirable industrial biocatalyst characteristics. In this review, we will discuss work to develop Z. mobilis as a model system for biofuel production from the perspectives of substrate utilization, development for industrial robustness, potential product spectrum, strain evaluation and fermentation strategies. This review also encompasses perspectives related to classical genetic tools and emerging technologies in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Yang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Qiang Fei
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sagar M Utturkar
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37919, USA
| | - Steven D Brown
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37919, USA.,BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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Escalante A, López Soto DR, Velázquez Gutiérrez JE, Giles-Gómez M, Bolívar F, López-Munguía A. Pulque, a Traditional Mexican Alcoholic Fermented Beverage: Historical, Microbiological, and Technical Aspects. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1026. [PMID: 27446061 PMCID: PMC4928461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulque is a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage produced from the fermentation of the fresh sap known as aguamiel (mead) extracted from several species of Agave (maguey) plants that grow in the Central Mexico plateau. Currently, pulque is produced, sold and consumed in popular districts of Mexico City and rural areas. The fermented product is a milky white, viscous, and slightly acidic liquid beverage with an alcohol content between 4 and 7° GL and history of consumption that dates back to pre-Hispanic times. In this contribution, we review the traditional pulque production process, including the microbiota involved in the biochemical changes that take place during aguamiel fermentation. We discuss the historical relevance and the benefits of pulque consumption, its chemical and nutritional properties, including the health benefits associated with diverse lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from the beverage. Finally, we describe the actual status of pulque production as well as the social, scientific and technological challenges faced to preserve and improve the production of this ancestral beverage and Mexican cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - David R. López Soto
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Judith E. Velázquez Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Francisco Bolívar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Agustín López-Munguía
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, Mexico
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