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Yasir M, Al-Zahrani IA, Khan R, Soliman SA, Turkistani SA, Alawi M, Azhar EI. Microbiological risk assessment and resistome analysis from shotgun metagenomics of bovine colostrum microbiome. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103957. [PMID: 38404539 PMCID: PMC10891335 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is known for its nutraceutical qualities, probiotic attributes, and health benefits. The aim of this study was to profile colostrum microbiome from bovine in rural sites of a developing country. The focus was on microbiological safety assessments and antimicrobial resistance, taking into account the risks linked with the consumption of raw colostrum. Shotgun sequencing was employed to analyze microbiome in raw buffalo and cow colostrum. Alpha and beta diversity analyses revealed increased inter and intra-variability within colostrum samples' microbiome from both livestock species. The colostrum microbiome was mainly comprised of bacteria, with over 90% abundance, whereas fungi and viruses were found in minor abundance. Known probiotic species, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus paracasei, were found in the colostrum samples. A relatively higher number of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria were identified in colostrum from both animals, including clinically significant bacteria like Clostridium botulinum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Binning retrieved 11 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), with three MAGs potentially representing novel species from the genera Psychrobacter and Pantoea. Notably, 175 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and variants were detected, with 55 of them common to both buffalo and cow colostrum metagenomes. These ARGs confer resistance against aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and peptide antibiotics. In conclusion, this study describes a thorough overview of microbial communities in buffalo and cow colostrum samples. It emphasizes the importance of hygienic processing and pasteurization in minimizing the potential transmission of harmful microorganisms linked to the consumption of colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Al-Zahrani
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raees Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Safaa A. Turkistani
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control & Environmental Health Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang WX, Xiao CL. Streptococcus strain D19 T as a probiotic candidate to modulate oral health. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:339. [PMID: 37974101 PMCID: PMC10652534 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As probiotics protect host cells, they are used to treat bacterial infections. It has been indicated that probiotics may prevent or reduce the attachment of pathogens to host cells. In this study, Streptococcus strain D19T was isolated from the oropharynx of a healthy child, and its adhesion performance and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion inhibition effect were analysed using human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells, as an in vitro cell model. We evaluated the probiotic properties of the D19T strain based on its acid-base, bile salt, and lysozyme tolerance; antibacterial activity; cytotoxicity; antibiotic sensitivity; in vitro adhesion to 16-HBE cells; and competitive, exclusion, and displacement effects against S. aureus. RESULTS Streptococcus strain D19T showed tolerance to a PH range of 2-5 and 0.5-1% bile. However, it was more tolerant to 0.5% bile than to 1% bile. The strain also demonstrated an ability to adapt to maladaptive oropharyngeal conditions (i.e., tolerating 200 µg/mL lysozyme). It was resistant to 0.8 mM H2O2. The results also demonstrated that D19T exhibited inhibitory activities against various common pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, D19T was not toxic to 16-HBE cells at different multiplicities of infection and was sensitive to most antibiotics tested. The adhesion rate of D19T cells to 16-HBE cells was 47% ± 1.2%, which was significantly higher than that of S. aureus to 16-HBE cells. The competition, exclusion, and displacement assay results showed that D19T has good inhibitory effect against S. aureus adhesion. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that Streptococcus strain D19T has the potential to be developed as a respiratory microbiota preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xiao Zhang
- Microbiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Ling Xiao
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huang he North Street, Shenyang, Liao Ning, People's Republic of China.
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Li G, Tong Y, Xiao Y, Huang S, Zhao T, Xia X. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis contributes to the modulation of gut microbiota and blood metabolic profile of hosts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 272:109712. [PMID: 37544638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic Bacillus subtilis has beneficial efficacy on host's health. The microbiota-gut-blood system (MGBS) plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of hosts. However, the mechanism by which the probiotic B. subtilis positively acts on the MGBS of hosts remains unclear. Herein, we used an interspecies animal model to explore the causal associations between this bacterium and the micro-ecology balance and circulatory homeostasis of hosts. Results showed that the body weight of hosts significantly increased after probiotic B. subtilis supplementation (P < 0.05). Enterococcus was found to be the most important microbial marker causing the intergroup differences observed herein, and its relative abundance remarkably increased after B. subtilis supplementation. In addition, the supplementation of B. subtilis induced significant alterations in the levels of circulating metabolites, such as serine, arginine, adenine, uric acid, and pyridoxal (P < 0.05), indicating that B. subtilis modulated the metabolic profile of blood circulation in the host. The metabolisms of amino acids, purine, and vitamin B were the primary pathways modulated by B. subtilis. In conclusion, probiotic B. subtilis substantially introduced subtle but positive changes in the host's gut microbiome, and it promoted the physiological activity of the host by modulating circulating metabolites. The study provides a theoretical reference for the application of probiotic B. subtilis to improve the health state of specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengquan Huang
- Renhe Global (Shanghai) Big Health Research Institute Co., LTD., Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejuan Xia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Intestinal Dysbiosis in Rats: Interaction between Amoxicillin and Probiotics, a Histological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051105. [PMID: 36904107 PMCID: PMC10004829 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota can be easily altered by common treatments, such as antibiotic therapy. However, the dysmicrobism induced by such a treatment may be counteracted by the administration of different beneficial microbes, such as probiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the interaction between intestinal microbiota, antibiotic therapy, and sporulated bacteria, correlated with the evolution of growth indices. Twenty-five Wistar rats, females, were divided into five groups. Amoxicillin and a probiotic combination of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici were administered according to each group's purpose. The conventional growth indices were calculated and histological and immunohistochemical assessments were realized from intestinal samples. The results of the conventional growth indices suggested a beneficial effect when the antibiotic therapy was accompanied by probiotics, while for the groups where the dysmicrobism was present, the values for feed conversion ratio were negative. These findings were supported by the microscopic aspects of the intestinal mucosa, which suggested a decreased absorption capacity due to significant morphological changes. Moreover, the immunohistochemical reaction of the inflammatory cells from intestinal lamina propria was intensely positive for the same affected groups. However, for the control group and the group with antibiotic and probiotic treatment, the immunopositivity was significantly decreased. Probiotics based on bacillus spores administered simultaneously with the antibiotic offered the best restoration of the gut microbiota, a fact suggested by the absence of intestinal lesions, a normal food conversion ratio, and low expression of TLR4 and LBP immunomarkers.
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Cuvas-Limon RB, Ferreira-Santos P, Cruz M, Teixeira JA, Belmares R, Nobre C. Effect of Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Fermented Aloe vera Juices. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122479. [PMID: 36552686 PMCID: PMC9774616 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based beverages are enriched by the fermentation process. However, their biocompounds are transformed during gastrointestinal digestion, improving their bioaccessibility, which is of primary importance when considering the associated health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on phenolic compound bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of novel Aloe vera juices fermented by probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Lactococcus lactis. Aloe vera juices were digested using the standardized static INFOGEST protocol. During digestion, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were accessed. The digestion process was seen to significantly increase the total phenolic content of the fermented Aloe vera juices. The fermentation of Aloe vera increased the bioaccessibility of juice biocompounds, particularly for kaempferol, ellagic acid, resveratrol, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and aloin. The phenolics released during digestion were able to reduce the oxidative radicals assessed by ABTS and FRAP tests, increasing the antioxidant action in the intestine, where they are absorbed. The fermentation of Aloe vera by probiotics is an excellent process to increase the bioavailability of beverages, resulting in natural added-value functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B. Cuvas-Limon
- Food Research Department, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza e Ing. José Cárdenas s/n Col. República C.P., Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira-Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.F.-S.); (C.N.); Tel.: +351-253-604-400 (P.F.-S.)
| | - Mario Cruz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Antonio Narro Autonomous Agricultural University, Calzada Antonio Narro, No. 1923 Col. Buena Vista C.P., Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - José A. Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ruth Belmares
- Food Research Department, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza e Ing. José Cárdenas s/n Col. República C.P., Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Clarisse Nobre
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.F.-S.); (C.N.); Tel.: +351-253-604-400 (P.F.-S.)
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6
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Screening and identification of lactic acid bacteria with antimicrobial abilities for aquaculture pathogens in vitro. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abouloifa H, Hasnaoui I, Ben Slima S, Rokni Y, Gaamouche S, Trabelsi I, Bellaouchi R, Ghabbour N, Ben Salah R, Jaouadi B, Saalaoui E, Asehraou A. Bio-preservation Effect of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61 Against Rhodotorula glutinis and Listeria monocytogenes in Poultry Meat. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:232. [PMID: 35767082 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is the study of the antifungal and antibacterial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61 strains, isolated from traditional fermenting green olives against Rhodotorula glutinis UMP 22 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, and its application in meat as bio-preservative agent. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lpb. plantarum S61 shows high inhibition zones, which are 22.45 ± 0.49 and 17.75 ± 0.35 mm, against Rhodotorula glutinis and Listeria monocytogenes. The minimum fungicidal and bactericidal concentrations of the CFS obtained are 8% (v/v) and 10% (v/v), respectively. The competition assay, realized in liquid medium by co-culture of Lpb. plantarum S61 with Rho Rhodotorula glutinis and L. monocytogenes, led to inhibition percentages of 77.72% and 89.52%, respectively. However, the antimicrobial activity of Lpb. plantarum S61 was revealed a proteinaceous nature. Lpb. plantarum S61 strain allowed the reduction of L. monocytogenes in minced poultry meat during 7 days of storage at 4 °C. In addition, Lpb. plantarum S61 improved the physicochemical and color parameters of poultry minced meat. Lpb. plantarum S61 and/or its antimicrobial compounds can be applied as bio-preservative agent in meat product and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Abouloifa
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.
- Research Unit of Microbiology, Biomolecules and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Chemistry-Physics and Biotechnology of Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammédia, Morocco.
| | - Ismail Hasnaoui
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sirine Ben Slima
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yahya Rokni
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
- Research Unit Bioprocess and Biointerfaces, Laboratory of Industrial Engineering and Surface Engineering, National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Mghila, 23000, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Sara Gaamouche
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Imen Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Nabil Ghabbour
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B. P 1223, Taza, Morocco
| | - Riadh Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road Sidi Mansour 6 km, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ennouamane Saalaoui
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioressource, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
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Grispoldi L, Karama M, El-Ashram S, Saraiva C, García-Díez J, Chalias A, Cenci-Goga BT. Evolution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from Pecorino and goat cheese manufactured on-farm in an area facing constraints as per EU Regulation 1305/2013 in Umbria, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:10070. [PMID: 35832036 PMCID: PMC9272083 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest EU regulation on geographical indications (EU Regulation No. 1151/2012) has introduced a set of new tools for the protection and enhancement of food products in rural areas, under the group name of optional quality term (OQT). The Commission Delegated EU Regulation, No. 665/2014, regulated the conditions for the use of the optional quality term mountain product (MP), to support the implementation of a mountain value chain. This new tool is aimed at promoting local development, maintaining the economic activities in mountain areas, and redistributing wealth, whilst, at the same time, promoting the territory. Pecorino and goat cheeses are typical Italian cheeses made usually with whole raw ewe’s or raw goat’s milk, without starter culture addition. In an attempt to characterize these productions, the aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of enterococci during the production and ripening of Pecorino cheese made in three different farms, located in Umbria, Italy in areas facing natural or other specific constraints as stipulated by Regulation 1305/2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). Enterococci are enteric organisms which are commonly isolated from ewe and goat’s milk production in Umbria, Italy. Counts of enterococci in raw milk ranged from 1.75 for ovine milk to 3.62 for ewe milk and a marked reduction was observed after thermization especially in ovine milk. Out of 100 isolates, 69 were E. faecium, 23 E. durans, 8 E. faecalis and 2 E. casseliflavus and the distribution of species between farms and between samples showed a prevalence of E. faecium in ovine farms and E. durans in ewes farms, with an equal dis-tribution between samples. High percentages of susceptible isolates were found for amoxicil-lin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, ticarcillin, vancomycin. A high prevalence of resistant strains (>30%) was ob-served for amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin, tetracycline. A comparison of this re-sults with those of previous works on similar dairy products revealed high levels of resistance to antimicrobials which needs to be addressed.
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Bioprospecting of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for cholesterol lowering and exopolysaccharide producing potential. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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A potentially probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecalis from human milk that is avirulent, antibiotic sensitive, and nonbreaching of the gut barrier. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:158. [PMID: 35107663 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a key source of promising probiotic lactic acid bacteria. The Enterococcus species, because of their dual commensal and pathogenic nature, demand critical safety analysis to establish them as probiotic candidates. In this study, eighteen E. faecalis strains from human milk of mothers living in Pakistan were typed at the strain level by riboprinting. The typed strains were then evaluated in vitro for physiological safety and the presence of transmissible antibiotic resistance genes, adhesion genes, biogenic amines, and virulence factors. Selected strains were then checked for tolerance to gastrointestinal acid and bile as criteria for probiotic efficacy. Molecular typing revealed that the strains fell into five distinct clusters or ribotypes. Testing revealed that they were non-hemolytic; however, all strains had gelatinase activity except NPL-493. The isolates were susceptible to most clinically important antibiotics except streptomycin. Molecular screening for antibiotic resistance genes, adhesion genes, biogenic amines, and virulence factors indicated that none of the strains possessed resistance genes for aminoglycosides, vancomycin, bacitracin, tetracycline, or clindamycin. Most virulence factors were absent except for the genes gelE and efaAs associated with gut adhesion and translocation, which were present in all except NPL-493. Strain NPL-493 was the most promising probiotic candidate demonstrating significant tolerance to the acid, bile, and digestive enzymes in the human GIT and antibacterial activity against multiple pathogens. The study concluded that E. faecalis NPL-493 from human milk was safe among all the strains and could be considered a potential probiotic.
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11
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Choeisoongnern T, Sirilun S, Waditee-Sirisattha R, Pintha K, Peerajan S, Chaiyasut C. Potential Probiotic Enterococcus faecium OV3-6 and Its Bioactive Peptide as Alternative Bio-Preservation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102264. [PMID: 34681312 PMCID: PMC8534580 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Enterococcus faecium OV3-6 and its secreted active peptide were characterized and investigated. The strain survived in simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions at 88.16% and 94.33%, respectively. The safety assessment revealed that the strain was shown α-hemolysis and susceptible to most clinically relevant antibiotics, but intermediate sensitivity to erythromycin and kanamycin was found. It does not harbor any virulence genes except for the efaAfm gene. Both of its living cells and the cell-free supernatants (CFS) of the strain significantly reduced the adhesion of E. coli and S. Typhi on Caco-2 cells. The strain can regulate the secretion of pro and inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-12 and induce the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10 of the Caco-2 cell. The strain can prevent the growth of Gram-positive strains belonging to the genera Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Listeria, and Staphylococcus. It also presented the entP gene that involves the production of bacteriocin named enterocin P. The antimicrobial peptide was matched 40% with 50S ribosomal proteins L29 (7.325 kDa), as revealed by LC-MS/MS. This active peptide exhibits heat stability, is stable over a wide pH range of 2−10, and maintains its activity at −20 and 4 °C for 12 weeks of storage. Altogether, E. faecium OV3-6 thus has potential for consideration as a probiotic and bio-preservative for applied use as a fermented food starter culture and in functional food or feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiwanya Choeisoongnern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +66-5394-4375 (S.S.); +66-5394-4340 (C.C.)
| | | | - Komsak Pintha
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
| | | | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +66-5394-4375 (S.S.); +66-5394-4340 (C.C.)
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12
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Ayyash MM, Abdalla AK, AlKalbani NS, Baig MA, Turner MS, Liu SQ, Shah NP. Invited review: Characterization of new probiotics from dairy and nondairy products-Insights into acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8363-8379. [PMID: 33934857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selection of potential probiotic strains that possess the physiological capacity of performing successfully in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a critical challenge. Probiotic microorganisms must tolerate the deleterious effects of various stresses to survive passage and function in the human GIT. Adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is also an important aspect. Recently, numerous studies have been performed concerning the selection and evaluation of novel probiotic microorganisms, mainly probiotic bacteria isolated from dairy and nondairy products. Therefore, it would be crucial to critically review the assessment methods employed to select the potential probiotics. This article aims to review and discuss the recent approaches, methods used for the selection, and outcomes of the evaluation of novel probiotic strains with the main purpose of supporting future probiotic microbial assessment studies. The findings and approaches used for assessing acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability are the focus of this review. In addition, probiotic bile deconjugation and bile salt hydrolysis are explored. The selection of a new probiotic strain has mainly been based on the in vitro tolerance of physiologically related stresses including low pH and bile, to ensure that the potential probiotic microorganism can survive the harsh conditions of the GIT. However, the varied experimental conditions used in these studies (different types of media, bile, pH, and incubation time) hamper the comparison of the results of these investigations. Therefore, standardization of experimental conditions for characterizing and selecting probiotics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutamed M Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abdelmoneim K Abdalla
- Food Science Department, College of Agriculture, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Nadia S AlKalbani
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Affan Baig
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark S Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shao-Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2 117542, Singapore
| | - Nagendra P Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
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13
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Benítez-Chao DF, León-Buitimea A, Lerma-Escalera JA, Morones-Ramírez JR. Bacteriocins: An Overview of Antimicrobial, Toxicity, and Biosafety Assessment by in vivo Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630695. [PMID: 33935991 PMCID: PMC8083986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is facing a significant increase in infections caused by drug-resistant infectious agents. In response, various strategies have been recently explored to treat them, including the development of bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are a group of antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, capable of controlling clinically relevant susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins have been studied to be able to modify and improve their physicochemical properties, pharmacological effects, and biosafety. This manuscript focuses on the research being developed on the biosafety of bacteriocins, which is a topic that has not been addressed extensively in previous reviews. This work discusses the studies that have tested the effect of bacteriocins against pathogens and assess their toxicity using in vivo models, including murine and other alternative animal models. Thus, this work concludes the urgency to increase and advance the in vivo models that both assess the efficacy of bacteriocins as antimicrobial agents and evaluate possible toxicity and side effects, which are key factors to determine their success as potential therapeutic agents in the fight against infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Benítez-Chao
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Jordy Alexis Lerma-Escalera
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
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14
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Huang J, Huang J, Yin T, Lv H, Zhang P, Li H. Enterococcus faecium R0026 Combined with Bacillus subtilis R0179 Prevent Obesity-Associated Hyperlipidemia and Modulate Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6 Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:181-188. [PMID: 33144552 PMCID: PMC9706029 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2009.09005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium are commonly used probiotics. This study aimed to identify the effect of live combined Bacillus subtilis R0179 and Enterococcus faecium R0026 (LCBE) on obesityassociated hyperlipidemia and gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: normal group (N group), model group (M group), low-dose group (L group), and high-dose group (H group). Mice were gavaged with LCBE at 0.023 g/mice/day (L group) or 0.23 g/mice/day (H group) and fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. In vitro E. faecium R0026 showed an ability to lower the low-concentration of cholesterol by 46%, and the ability to lower the highconcentration of cholesterol by 58%. LCBE significantly reduced the body weight gain, Lee index, brown fat index and body mass index of mice on a high-fat diet. Moreover, LCBE markedly improved serum lipids (including serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and highdensity lipoprotein) while also significantly reducing liver total cholesterol. Serum lipopolysaccharide and total bile acid in L and H groups decreased significantly compared with M group. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the composition of gut microbiota in the treatment groups was improved. Akkermansia muciniphila was found in H group. The PCA result indicated a similar gut microbiota structure between LCBE treatment groups and normal group while the number of bands and Shannon diversity index increased significantly in the LCBE treatment groups. Finally, qPCR showed Bifidobacterium spp. increased significantly in H group compared with M group, LCBE alleviated liver steatosis and improved brown adipose tissue index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Huang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 6044, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 6044, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Yin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Huiyun Lv
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 6044, P.R. China
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 6044, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-411 86110305 Fax: +86-411-86110282 E-mail:
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15
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Oqdeh SB, Olaimat AN, Jaradat ZW, Ayyash M, Holley RA. Antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese under different storage conditions. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2719-2734. [PMID: 33455758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the survival of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheeses as influenced by the presence of Lactobacillus reuteri. The white cheeses were made from pasteurized bovine milk inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (cocktail of 3 strains) to achieve ∼5 log10 cfu/g with absence or presence of Lb. reuteri (∼6 log10 cfu/g). Cheese samples were brined in 10% or 15% NaCl solution and stored at 10°C and 25°C for 28 d. The white-brined cheeses were assessed for salt content, pH, water activity (Aw), and numbers of E. coli O157:H7, Lb. reuteri, nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB), yeasts, and molds. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 survived in cheese stored in both brine solutions at 10°C and 25°C regardless of the presence of Lb. reuteri. A substantial reduction was observed in cheese stored in 10% NaCl brine at 25°C, followed by cheese stored in 15% NaCl brine at 10°C by 2.64 and 2.16 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the presence of Lb. reuteri and by 1.02 and 1.87 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the absence of Lb. reuteri under the same conditions. The pathogen in brine solutions survived but at a lower rate. Furthermore, the growth of Lb. reuteri and NSLAB were enhanced or slightly decreased in cheese and brine by 28 d, respectively. The salt concentrations of cheese ranged from 4 to 6% and 5 to 7% (wt/wt), during 28-d ripening in 10 and 15% brine, respectively. Values of pH and Aw slightly increased at d 1 after exposure to brine and reached 4.69 to 6.08 and 0.91 to 0.95, respectively, in all treatments. Therefore, the addition of Lb. reuteri can be used as a biopreservation method to inhibit the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese when combined with the appropriate temperature, NaCl level, and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saba B Oqdeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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16
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Effective microencapsulation of Enterococcus faecium in biopolymeric matrices using spray drying. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9595-9605. [PMID: 33037917 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of whey protein concentrate (WPC), native agave fructans (NAF), and their mixture (WPC-NAF, 1:1 w/w) as wall materials and evaluate the physicochemical properties and stability of encapsulated Enterococcus faecium during the spray drying, storage, and passage through the simulated gastrointestinal tests. The encapsulated microorganisms with WPC-NAF by spray drying showed greater viability (9.26 log CFU/g) and a higher microencapsulation yield (88.43%). They also had a smaller reduction in the cell count (0.61 log cycles), while the microcapsules produced with NAF had the greatest reduction in viability during the simulated gastrointestinal tests. Similarly, probiotics encapsulated with WPC-NAF revealed a higher survival rate (> 8 log CFU/g) when stored at a water activity of 0.328. The thermal analysis showed that the addition of NAF to the WPC produced a slight shift in the Tg towards temperatures higher than that shown by NAF. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the spray drying process was appropriate to encapsulate the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium and that the mixture WPC-NAF protected it from adverse drying conditions and improved the viability of Enterococcus faecium during storage and simulated gastrointestinal tests, demonstrating that the combination of NAF and WPC as encapsulating material is adequate in the production of more stable microcapsules with potential application in various foods.Key Points• E. faecium was successfully encapsulated in WPC and NAF.• WPC-NAF offered protection to E. faecium in the gastrointestinal tests and during storage.• Aw around 0.328 positively influenced the viability of the microorganism during storage. Graphical abstract.
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17
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Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Biofilm Potentials of Bacteriocins Produced by Non-Pathogenic Enterococcus sp. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:571-585. [PMID: 33010007 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide; likewise, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant biofilm-forming pathogens has led to a tremendous increase in morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus sp. with a focus on their anti-biofilm and anticancer activities. Three of 79 Enterococcus isolates (FM43, FM65, FM50) were identified as producers of broad-spectrum bioactive molecules and were molecularly characterized as Enterococcus faecium by 16S rRNA sequencing. Phenotypic and genotypic screening for potential virulence factors revealed no factors known to promote pathogenicity. Treatment with proteinase K resulted in diminished antimicrobial activity; PCR-based screening for bacteriocin genes suggested the presence of both entA and entB genes that encode enterocins A and B, respectively. Maximum antimicrobial activity was detected during the early stationary phase, while activity disappeared after 24 h in culture. Bacteriocins from these isolates were stable at high temperatures and over a wide range of pH. Interestingly, crude supernatants of Ent. faecium FM43 and Ent. faecium FM50 resulted in significant destruction (80% and 48%, respectively; P < 0.05) of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175-associated preformed biofilms. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that extracts from Ent. faecium isolates FM43, FM65, and FM50 inhibited Caco-2 cell proliferation by 76.9%, 70%, and 85.3%, respectively. Taken together, the multifunctional capabilities of the microbial-derived proteins identified in our study suggest potentially important roles as alternative treatments for biofilm-associated infections and cancer.
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18
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Stimulation of Bovicin HC5 Production and Selection of Improved Bacteriocin-Producing Streptococcus equinus HC5 Variants. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:899-913. [PMID: 32865761 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovicin HC5 is a peptide that has inhibitory activity against various pathogenic microorganisms and food spoilage bacteria. Aiming to improve the productivity of this bacteriocin, we evaluated several potential factors that could stimulate the synthesis of bovicin HC5 and selected variants of Streptococcus equinus (Streptococcus bovis) HC5 with enhanced bacteriocin production by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). The highest production of the bacteriocin (1.5-fold) was observed when Strep. equinus HC5 was cultivated with lactic acid (100 mmol/L). For the ALE experiment, Strep. equinus HC5 cells were subjected to acid-shock (pH 3.0 for 2 h) and maintained in continuous culture for approximately 140 generations (40 days) in media with lactic acid (100 mmol/L) and pH-controlled at 5.5 ± 0.2. An adapted variant was selected showing a distinct phenotype (sedimentation, pigmentation) compared with the parental strain. Bacteriocin production increased 2-fold in this adapted Strep. equinus HC5 variant, which appears to be associated with changes in the cell envelope of the adapted variant and enhanced bacteriocin release into the culture media. In addition, the adapted variant showed higher levels of expression of all bovicin HC5 biosynthetic genes compared with the parental strain during the early and late stages of growth. Results presented here indicate that ALE is a promising strategy for selecting strains of lactic acid bacteria with increased production of bacteriocins.
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19
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Santos DDS, Calaça PRDA, Porto ALF, de Souza PRE, de Freitas NSA, Cavalcanti Vieira Soares MT. What Differentiates Probiotic from Pathogenic Bacteria? The Genetic Mobility of Enterococcus faecium Offers New Molecular Insights. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:706-713. [PMID: 32762606 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a lactic acid bacterium with applications in food engineering and nutrigenomics, including as starter cultures in fermented foods. To differentiate the E. faecium probiotic from pathogenic bacteria, physiological analyses are often used but they do not guarantee that a bacterial strain is not pathogenic. We report here new findings and an approach based on comparison of the genetic mobility of (1) probiotic, (2) pathogenic, and (3) nonpathogenic and non-probiotic strains, so as to differentiate probiotics, and inform their safe use. The region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes of different E. faecium strains native to Pernambuco-Brazil was used with the GenBank query sequence. Complete genomes were selected and divided into three groups as noted above to identify the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (transposase, integrase, conjugative transposon protein and phage) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and to undertake pan-genome analysis and multiple genome alignment. Differences in the number of MGEs were found in ARGs, in the presence and absence of the genes that differentiate E. faecium probiotics and pathogenic bacteria genetically. Our data suggest that genetic mobility appears to be informative in differentiating between probiotic and pathogenic strains. While the present findings are not necessarily applicable to all probiotics, they offer novel molecular insights to guide future research in nutrigenomics, clinical medicine, and food engineering on new ways to differentiate pathogenic from probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane da Silva Santos
- Research Support Center (CENAPESQ), Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Biology Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Régia de Andrade Calaça
- Research Support Center (CENAPESQ), Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Research Support Center (CENAPESQ), Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Eleutério de Souza
- Biology Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Genetics, Biochemistry and Sequencing Laboratory, Tânia Falcão-Genoma, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Taciana Cavalcanti Vieira Soares
- Research Support Center (CENAPESQ), Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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20
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Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1039. [PMID: 32283875 PMCID: PMC7231147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katríona E. Lyons
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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21
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Isolation of Enterococcus faecium, characterization of its antimicrobial metabolites and viability in probiotic Minas Frescal cheese. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:5128-5137. [PMID: 31741537 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Enterococcus faecium from raw milk samples, to characterize its antimicrobial metabolites, and to evaluate its viability in a probiotic Minas Frescal cheese. For this, antagonist activity against Listeria monocytogenes, safety aspects and biochemical, genotypic, and probiotic characteristics of the isolates were evaluated. Minas Frescal cheese was manufactured with the isolate that showed the best characteristics in vitro, and its viability in the product was evaluated. It was observed that of the 478 lactic acid bacteria isolates, only isolate E297 presented antagonist activity, genes encoding for enterocin production and absence of virulence factors. Besides that, E297 presented probiotic characteristics in vitro, and maintained its viability (8.09 log CFU mL-1) for 14 days of cold storage, when it was added to cheese. Therefore, isolate E297 can be considered a promising microorganism for the manufacture of probiotic foods, especially Minas Frescal cheese.
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