1
|
Nappi F, Alzamil A, Avtaar Singh SS, Spadaccio C, Bonnet N. Current Knowledge on the Interaction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection, Encoded miRNAs, and Acute Aortic Syndrome. Viruses 2023; 15:2027. [PMID: 37896804 PMCID: PMC10611417 DOI: 10.3390/v15102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a clinicopathological entity caused by rupture of the intima, leading to a high mortality if not treated. Over time, diagnostic and investigative methods, antihypertensive therapy, and early referrals have resulted in improved outcomes according to registry data. Some data have also emerged from recent studies suggesting a link between Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and aortic dissection. Furthermore, the use of microRNAs has also become increasingly widespread in the literature. These have been noted to play a role in aortic dissections with elevated levels noted in studies as early as 2017. This review aims to provide a broad and holistic overview of the role of miRNAs, while studying the role of HCMV infection in the context of aortic dissections. The roles of long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs are explored to identify changes in expression during aortic dissections. The use of such biomarkers may one day be translated into clinical practice to allow early detection and prognostication of outcomes and drive preventative and therapeutic options in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Almothana Alzamil
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Cristiano Spadaccio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lun Y, Hu J, Zuming Y. Circular RNAs expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 37:e24805. [PMID: 36514862 PMCID: PMC9833990 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has long been considered the most challenging chronic lung disease for neonatologists and researchers due to its complex pathological mechanisms and difficulty in prediction. Growing evidence indicates that BPD is associated with the dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression profiles of circRNAs and investigate the underlying molecular network associated with BPD. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants at 5-8 days of life to extract PBMCs. Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR tests were performed to determine the differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) between BPD and non-BPD VLBW infants. Simultaneous analysis of GSE32472 was conducted to obtain differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNA) from BPD infants. The miRNAs were predicted by DEcircRNAs and DEmRNAs of upregulated, respectively, and then screened for overlapping ones. GO and KEGG analysis was performed following construction of the competing endogenous RNA regulatory network (ceRNA) for further investigation. RESULTS A total of 65 circRNAs (52 upregulated and 13 downregulated) were identified as DEcircRNAs between the two groups (FC >2.0 and p.adj <0.05). As a result, the ceRNA network was constructed based on three upregulated DEcircRNAs validated by qRT-PCR (hsa_circ_0007054, hsa_circ_0057950, and hsa_circ_0120151). Bioinformatics analysis indicated these DEcircRNAs participated in response to stimulus, IL-1 receptor activation, neutrophil activation, and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS In VLBW infants with a high risk for developing BPD, the circRNA expression profiles in PBMCs were significantly altered in the early post-birth period, suggesting immune dysregulation caused by infection and inflammatory response already existed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lun
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care UnitSuzhou Municipal HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Junlong Hu
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care UnitSuzhou Municipal HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yang Zuming
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care UnitSuzhou Municipal HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng J, Wang Q, Zhang J, Ma Y, Qi Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Ruan Q, Huang Y. Identification and characterization of human cytomegalovirus-encoded circular RNAs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980974. [PMID: 36452301 PMCID: PMC9702070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) exists extensively and plays essential roles in serving as microRNA (miRNA) or protein sponges and protein scaffolding in many organisms. However, the profiles and potential functions of the virus-encoded circRNA, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded circular RNAs, remain unclear. In the present study, HCMV-encoded circRNAs profile in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) with lytic infection was investigated using RNA deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In total, 629 HCMV-encoded circRNAs were identified with various expression patterns in our results. The full sequences and alternative splicings of circUS12, circUL55, and circUL89 were verified by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) with divergent primers followed and Sanger sequencing. Transcription of circUL89 was validated by Northern blot. The HCMV-encoded circRNA-miRNA network analyses revealed the potential function of HCMV-encoded circRNAs during HCMV infection in HELFs. Collectively, HCMV infection deduced abundant HCMV-associated circRNAs during infection, and the HCMV-encoded circRNAs might play important roles in benefiting HCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Deng
- Department of Microorganism Laboratory, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang S, Liu X, Wang M, Cao D, Jaijyan DK, Enescu N, Liu J, Wu S, Wang S, Sun W, Xiao L, Gu A, Li Y, Zhou H, Tyagi S, Wu J, Tang Q, Zhu H. Circular RNAs Represent a Novel Class of Human Cytomegalovirus Transcripts. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0110622. [PMID: 35604147 PMCID: PMC9241847 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01106-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a large portion of the human population globally. Several HCMV-derived noncoding RNAs are involved in the regulation of viral gene expression and the virus life cycle. Here, we reported that circRNAs are a new class of HCMV transcripts. We bioinformatically predict 704 candidate circRNAs encoded by the TB40/E strain and 230 encoded by the HAN strain. We also systematically compare circRNA features, including the breakpoint sequence consensus, strand preference, length distribution, and exon numbers between host genome-encoded circRNAs and viral circRNAs, and showed that the unique characteristics of viral circRNAs are correlated with their genome types. Furthermore, we experimentally confirmed 324 back-splice junctions (BSJs) from three HCMV strains, Towne, TB40/E, and Toledo, and identified 4 representative HCMV circRNAs by RNase R treatment. Interestingly, we also showed that HCMV contains alternative back-splicing circRNAs. We developed a new amplified FISH method that allowed us to visualize circRNAs and quantify the number of circRNA molecules in the infected cells. The competitive endogenous RNA network analysis suggests that HCMV circRNAs play important roles in viral DNA synthesis via circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks. Our findings highlight that circRNAs are an important component of the HCMV transcriptome that may contribute to viral replication and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE HCMV infects 40% to 100% of the human population globally and may be a life-threatening pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. CircRNA is a family of unique RNA that is the most newly found and remains unknown in many aspects. Our current studies computationally identified HCMV-encoded circRNAs and confirmed the existence of the HCMV circRNAs in the infected cells. We systematically compared the features between host and different viral circRNAs and found that the unique characteristics of circRNAs were correlated with their genome types. We also first reported that HCMV contained alternative back-splicing circRNAs. More importantly, we developed a new amplified FISH method which allowed us for the first time not only to visualize circRNAs but also to quantify the number of circRNA molecules in the infected cells. This work describes a novel component of HCMV transcriptome bringing a new understanding of HCMV biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Wang
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Cao
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicole Enescu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sashuang Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wuping Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Alison Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yaolan Li
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu Z, Wang J, Nan F, Shi W, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Human Cytomegalovirus Induced Aberrant Expression of Non-coding RNAs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918213. [PMID: 35770158 PMCID: PMC9234646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus whose genome consists of double stranded linear DNA. HCMV genome can generate non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) through transcription in its host cells. Besides that, HCMV infection also changes the ncRNAs expression profile of the host cells. ncRNAs play a key role in maintaining the normal physiological activity of cells, and the disorder of ncRNAs expression has numerous adverse effects on cells. However, until now, the relationship between ncRNAs and HCMV-induced adverse effects are not summarized in detail. This review aims to give a systematic summary of the role of HCMV infection in ncRNAs expression while providing insights into the molecular mechanism of unnormal cellular events caused by ncRNAs disorder. ncRNAs disorder induced by HCMV infection is highly associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and immune regulation, as well as the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the potential role of biomarker. We summarize the studies on HCMV associated ncRNAs disorder and suggest innovative strategies for eliminating the adverse effects caused by HCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyi Shi
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a recently rediscovered class of functional noncoding RNAs that are involved in gene regulation and cancer development. Next-generation sequencing approaches identified circRNA fragments and sequences underlying circularization events in virus-induced cancers. In the present study, we performed viral circRNA expression analysis and full-length sequencing in infections with Marek’s disease virus (MDV), which serves as a model for herpesvirus-induced tumorigenesis. We established inverse PCRs to identify and characterize circRNA expression from the repeat regions of the MDV genome during viral replication, latency, and reactivation. We identified a large variety of viral circRNAs through precise mapping of full-length circular transcripts and detected matching sequences with several viral genes. Hot spots of circRNA expression included the transcriptional unit of the major viral oncogene encoding the Meq protein and the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). Moreover, we performed genome-wide bioinformatic analyses to extract back-splice junctions from lymphoma-derived samples. Using this strategy, we found that circRNAs were abundantly expressed in vivo from the same key virulence genes. Strikingly, the observed back-splice junctions do not follow a unique canonical pattern, compatible with the U2-dependent splicing machinery. Numerous noncanonical junctions were observed in viral circRNA sequences characterized from in vitro and in vivo infections. Given the importance of the genes involved in the transcription of these circRNAs, our study contributes to our understanding and complexity of this deadly pathogen. IMPORTANCE Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were rediscovered in recent years both in physiological and pathological contexts, such as in cancer. Viral circRNAs are encoded by at least two human herpesviruses, the Epstein Barr virus and the Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, both associated with the development of lymphoma. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a well-established animal model to study virus-induced lymphoma but circRNA expression has not been reported for MDV yet. Our study provided the first evidence of viral circRNAs that were expressed at key steps of the MDV lifecycle using genome-wide analyses of circRNAs. These circRNAs were primarily found in transcriptional units that corresponded to the major MDV virulence factors. In addition, we established a bioinformatics pipeline that offers a new tool to identify circular RNAs in other herpesviruses. This study on the circRNAs provided important insights into major MDV virulence genes and herpesviruses-mediated gene dysregulation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wen C, Li B, Nie L, Mao L, Xia Y. Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicle-Delivered Circular RNAs in Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:804247. [PMID: 35445015 PMCID: PMC9014218 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.804247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is universally defined as chronic vascular inflammation induced by dyslipidaemia, obesity, hypertension, diabetes and other risk factors. Extracellular vesicles as information transmitters regulate intracellular interactions and their important cargo circular RNAs are involved in the pathological process of AS. In this review, we summarize the current data to elucidate the emerging roles of extracellular vesicle-derived circular RNAs (EV-circRNAs) in AS and the mechanism by which EV-circRNAs affect the development of AS. Additionally, we discuss their vital role in the progression from risk factors to AS and highlight their great potential for use as diagnostic biomarkers of and novel therapeutic strategies for AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Differential host circRNA expression profiles in human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104923. [PMID: 34004360 PMCID: PMC8123525 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging and highly pathogenic coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and might even lead to death. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new type of RNAs, are implicated in viral pathogenesis and host immune responses. However, their dynamic expression patterns and functions during SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be unclear. We herein performed genome-wide dynamic analysis of circRNAs in human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 at four time points. A total of 6118 circRNAs were identified at different genomic locations, including 5641 known and 477 novel circRNAs. Notably, a total of 42 circRNAs were significantly dysregulated, wherein 17 were up-regulated and 25 were down-regulated following infection at multiple phases. The gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the parental genes of circRNAs were mainly involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Further, the RNA binding protein (RBP) prediction analysis indicated that the dysregulated circRNAs could regulate mRNA stability, immunity, cell death by binding specific proteins. Additionally, the circRNA-miRNA-gene network analysis showed that circRNAs indirectly regulated gene expression by absorbing their targeted miRNAs. Collectively, these results shed light on the roles of circRNAs in virus-host interactions, facilitating future studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Collados Rodríguez M. The Fate of Speckled Protein 100 (Sp100) During Herpesviruses Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607526. [PMID: 33598438 PMCID: PMC7882683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive expression of Speckled-100 (Sp100) is known to restrict the replication of many clinically important DNA viruses. This pre-existing (intrinsic) immune defense to virus infection can be further upregulated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation as a component of the innate immune response. In humans, Sp100 is encoded by a single gene locus, which can produce alternatively spliced isoforms. The widely studied Sp100A, Sp100B, Sp100C and Sp100HMG have functions associated with the transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular chromatin, either directly through their characteristic DNA-binding domains, or indirectly through post-translational modification (PTM) and associated protein interaction networks. Sp100 isoforms are resident component proteins of promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), dynamic nuclear sub-structures which regulate host immune defenses against many pathogens. In the case of human herpesviruses, multiple protein antagonists are expressed to relieve viral DNA genome transcriptional silencing imposed by PML-NB and Sp100-derived proteinaceous structures, thereby stimulating viral propagation, pathogenesis, and transmission to new hosts. This review details how different Sp100 isoforms are manipulated during herpesviruses HSV1, VZV, HCMV, EBV, and KSHV infection, identifying gaps in our current knowledge, and highlighting future areas of research.
Collapse
|