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He L, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Chen L, Yu K, Li L, Jia Q, Wang Y, Ni J, Wang C, Li Q, Zhai X, Zhao J, Liu Y, Fan R, Li YP. Development of Broad-Spectrum Nanobodies for the Therapy and Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Multiple Variants. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3866-3879. [PMID: 38920116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evaded the efficacy of previously developed antibodies and vaccines, thus remaining a significant global public health threat. Therefore, it is imperative to develop additional antibodies that are capable of neutralizing emerging variants. Nanobodies, as the smallest functional single-domain antibodies, exhibit enhanced stability and penetration ability, enabling them to recognize numerous concealed epitopes that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Herein, we constructed an immune library based on the immunization of alpaca with the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, from which two nanobodies, Nb1 and Nb2, were selected using phage display technology for further characterization. Both nanobodies, with the binding residues residing within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) region of the spike, exhibited high affinity toward the S1 subunit. Moreover, they displayed cross-neutralizing activity against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and 10 ο variants, including BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.5, BA.2.75, BF.7, BQ.1, EG.5.1, XBB.1.5, and JN.1. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulations predicted that both nanobodies interacted with the viral RBD through their complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) and CDR2. These two nanobodies are novel tools for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic countermeasures targeting SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Kuai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Leibin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianqiang Ni
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Chuanbin Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qi Li
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Xinyan Zhai
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Yang Y, Li F, Du L. Therapeutic nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic human coronaviruses. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:304. [PMID: 38822339 PMCID: PMC11140877 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies, single-domain antibodies derived from variable domain of camelid or shark heavy-chain antibodies, have unique properties with small size, strong binding affinity, easy construction in versatile formats, high neutralizing activity, protective efficacy, and manufactural capacity on a large-scale. Nanobodies have been arisen as an effective research tool for development of nanobiotechnologies with a variety of applications. Three highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, have caused serious outbreaks or a global pandemic, and continue to post a threat to public health worldwide. The viral spike (S) protein and its cognate receptor-binding domain (RBD), which initiate viral entry and play a critical role in virus pathogenesis, are important therapeutic targets. This review describes pathogenic human CoVs, including viral structures and proteins, and S protein-mediated viral entry process. It also summarizes recent advances in development of nanobodies targeting these CoVs, focusing on those targeting the S protein and RBD. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to improve the efficacy of nanobodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and other CoVs with pandemic potential. It will provide important information for rational design and evaluation of therapeutic agents against emerging and reemerging pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Humans
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Animals
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Pandemics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Minatel VM, Prudencio CR, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS. Nanobodies: a promising approach to treatment of viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1303353. [PMID: 38322011 PMCID: PMC10844482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, heavy chain antibodies have garnered significant interest in the scientific community. These antibodies, found in camelids such as llamas and alpacas, exhibit distinct characteristics from conventional antibodies due to the absence of a light chain in their structure. Furthermore, they possess a single antigen-binding domain known as VHH or Nanobody (Nb). With a small size of approximately 15 kDa, these Nbs demonstrate improved characteristics compared to conventional antibodies, including greater physicochemical stability and enhanced biodistribution, enabling them to bind inaccessible epitopes more effectively. As a result, Nbs have found numerous applications in various medical and veterinary fields, particularly in diagnostics and therapeutics. Advances in biotechnology have made the production of recombinant antibodies feasible and compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Through the construction of immune phage libraries that display VHHs and subsequent selection through biopanning, it has become possible to isolate specific Nbs targeting pharmaceutical targets of interest, such as viruses. This review describes the processes involved in nanobody production, from hyperimmunization to purification, with the aim of their application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Meneghetti Minatel
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wu D, Cong J, Wei J, Hu J, Sun W, Ran W, Liao C, Zheng H, Ye L. A Naïve Phage Display Library-Derived Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and Three Variants of Concern. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5781-5795. [PMID: 37869063 PMCID: PMC10588750 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s427990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) requires the continuous development of safe, effective, and affordable prevention and therapeutics. Nanobodies have demonstrated antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, providing a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Methods SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein spike 1 subunit (S1) was selected as the target antigen for nanobody screening of a naïve phage display library. We obtained a nanobody, named Nb-H6, and then determined its affinity, inhibition, and stability by ELISA, Competitive ELISA, and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI). Infection assays of authentic and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 were performed to evaluate the neutralization of Nb-H6. The structure and mechanism of action were investigated by AlphaFold, docking, and residue mutation assays. Results We isolated and characterized a nanobody, Nb-H6, which exhibits a broad affinity for S1 and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, or Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (C.37), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5), and blocks receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Moreover, Nb-H6 can retain its binding capability after pH or thermal treatment and effectively neutralize both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2, as well as VOC Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5) pseudoviruses. We also confirmed that Nb-H6 binds two distinct amino acid residues of the RBD, preventing SARS-CoV-2 from interacting with the host receptor. Conclusion Our study highlights a novel nanobody, Nb-H6, that may be useful therapeutically in SARS-CoV-2 and VOC outbreaks and pandemics. These findings also provide a molecular foundation for further studies into how nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and variants and imply potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxiao Cong
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Wei
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Liao
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Housheng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ye
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Han Q, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang X, Feng N, Wang T, Zhao Y, Chi H, Yan F, Xia X. Nanobodies with cross-neutralizing activity provide prominent therapeutic efficacy in mild and severe COVID-19 rodent models. Virol Sin 2023; 38:787-800. [PMID: 37423308 PMCID: PMC10590698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The weakened protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and antibodies caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants presents a global health emergency, which underscores the urgent need for universal therapeutic antibody intervention for clinical patients. Here, we screened three alpacas-derived nanobodies (Nbs) with neutralizing activity from twenty RBD-specific Nbs. The three Nbs were fused with the Fc domain of human IgG, namely aVHH-11-Fc, aVHH-13-Fc and aVHH-14-Fc, which could specifically bind RBD protein and competitively inhibit the binding of ACE2 receptor to RBD. They effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses D614G, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 and authentic SARS-CoV-2 prototype, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2 strains. In mice-adapted COVID-19 severe model, intranasal administration of aVHH-11-Fc, aVHH-13-Fc and aVHH-14-Fc effectively protected mice from lethal challenges and reduced viral loads in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. In the COVID-19 mild model, aVHH-13-Fc, which represents the optimal neutralizing activity among the above three Nbs, effectively protected hamsters from the challenge of SARS-CoV-2 prototype, Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 by significantly reducing viral replication and pathological alterations in the lungs. In structural modeling of aVHH-13 and RBD, aVHH-13 binds to the receptor-binding motif region of RBD and interacts with some highly conserved epitopes. Taken together, our study illustrated that alpaca-derived Nbs offered a therapeutic countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2, including those Delta and Omicron variants which have evolved into global pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxue Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China.
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Tang Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Li J, Hu Y, Yang W, Chen Y, Qin C, Jiang T, Kang X. Preparation of the luciferase-labeled antibody for improving the detection sensitivity of viral antigen. Virol J 2022; 19:126. [PMID: 35902865 PMCID: PMC9332066 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral antigen detection test is the most common method used to detect viruses in the field rapidly. However, due to the low sensitivity, it can only be used as an auxiliary diagnosis method for virus infection. Improving sensitivity is crucial for developing more accurate viral antigen tests. Nano luciferase (Nluc) is a sensitive reporter that has not been used in virus detection. RESULTS In this study, we produced an intracellularly Nluc labeled detection antibody (Nluc-ch2C5) and evaluated its ability to improve the detection sensitivity of respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens. Compared with the traditional horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody (HRP-ch2C5), Nluc-ch2C5 was 41 times more sensitive for inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus by sandwich chemiluminescence ELISA. Then we applied Nluc-ch2C5 to establish an automatic magnet chemiluminescence immune assay (AMCA) for the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein, the limit of detection was 68 pfu/reaction. The clinical sensitivity and specificity reached 75% (24/32) and 100% (48/48) using 32 PCR-positive and 48 PCR-negative swab samples for clinical evaluation, which is more sensitive than the commercial ELSA kit and colloid gold strip kit. CONCLUSIONS Here, monoclonal antibody ch2C5 served as a model antibody and the SARS-CoV-2 served as a model pathogen. The Nluc labeled detecting antibody (Nluc-ch2C5) significantly improved the detection sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. This labeling principle applies to other viral infections, so this labeling and test format could be expected to play an important role in detecting other virus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Huang K, Ying T, Wu Y. Single-Domain Antibodies as Therapeutics for Respiratory RNA Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:1162. [PMID: 35746634 PMCID: PMC9230756 DOI: 10.3390/v14061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality disrupted human healthcare systems and devastated economies globally. Respiratory viruses, especially emerging or re-emerging RNA viruses, including influenza and human coronavirus, are the main pathogens of acute respiratory diseases that cause epidemics or even global pandemics. Importantly, due to the rapid mutation of viruses, there are few effective drugs and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of these RNA virus infections. Of note, a class of antibodies derived from camelid and shark, named nanobody or single-domain antibody (sdAb), was characterized by smaller size, lower production costs, more accessible binding epitopes, and inhalable properties, which have advantages in the treatment of respiratory diseases compared to conventional antibodies. Currently, a number of sdAbs have been developed against various respiratory RNA viruses and demonstrated potent therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. Here, we review the current status of the development of antiviral sdAb and discuss their potential as therapeutics for respiratory RNA viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Huang
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
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Outlook of therapeutic and diagnostic competency of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114546. [PMID: 34995616 PMCID: PMC8730734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no completely efficient treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19, but the use of classical antibodies has many disadvantages. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, identify criptic epitopes, stability in harsh conditions, good tissue permeability and cost-effective production causing nanobodies have become a good candidate in the treatment and diagnosis of viral infections. METHODS Totally 157 records (up to November 10, 2021), were recognized to be reviewed in this study. 62 studies were removed after first step screening due to their deviation from inclusion criteria. The remaining 95 studies were reviewed in details. After removing articles that were not in the study area, 45 remaining studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualified to be included in the systematic review. RESULTS In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment and detection of COVID-19 infection was reviewed. The results of this study showed that extensive and sufficient studies have been performed in the field of production of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus and the obtained nanobodies have a great potential for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. CONCLUSION According to the obtained results, it was found that nanobodies can be used effectively in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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