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Bolf EL, Beadnell TC, Rose MM, D’Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Hansen KC, Schweppe RE. Dasatinib and Trametinib Promote Anti-Tumor Metabolic Activity. Cells 2023; 12:1374. [PMID: 37408209 PMCID: PMC10216321 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasm, and despite its overall high survival rate, patients with metastatic disease or tumors that resist radioactive iodine experience a significantly worse prognosis. Helping these patients requires a better understanding of how therapeutics alter cellular function. Here, we describe the change in metabolite profiles after treating thyroid cancer cells with the kinase inhibitors dasatinib and trametinib. We reveal alterations to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acid levels. We also highlight how these drugs promote short-term accumulation of the tumor-suppressive metabolite 2-oxoglutarate, and demonstrate that it reduces the viability of thyroid cancer cells in vitro. These results show that kinase inhibition profoundly alters the metabolome of cancer cells and highlight the need to better understand how therapeutics reprogram metabolic processes, and ultimately, cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Bolf
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (T.C.B.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Thomas C. Beadnell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (T.C.B.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Madison M. Rose
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (T.C.B.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.D.); (T.N.); (K.C.H.)
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.D.); (T.N.); (K.C.H.)
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.D.); (T.N.); (K.C.H.)
| | - Rebecca E. Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (T.C.B.); (M.M.R.)
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Kessler BE, Mishall KM, Kellett MD, Clark EG, Pugazhenthi U, Pozdeyev N, Kim J, Tan AC, Schweppe RE. Resistance to Src inhibition alters the BRAF-mutant tumor secretome to promote an invasive phenotype and therapeutic escape through a FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun signaling axis. Oncogene 2019; 38:2565-2579. [PMID: 30531837 PMCID: PMC6450711 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Few therapy options exist for patients with advanced papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. We and others have previously identified c-Src as a key mediator of thyroid cancer pro-tumorigenic processes and a promising therapeutic target for thyroid cancer. To increase the efficacy of targeting Src in the clinic, we sought to define mechanisms of resistance to the Src inhibitor, dasatinib, to identify key pathways to target in combination. Using a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines expressing clinically relevant mutations in BRAF or RAS, which were previously developed to be resistant to dasatinib, we identified a switch to a more invasive phenotype in the BRAF-mutant cells as a potential therapy escape mechanism. This phenotype switch is driven by FAK kinase activity, and signaling through the p130Cas>c-Jun signaling axis. We have further shown this more invasive phenotype is accompanied by alterations in the secretome through the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, and the pro-invasive metalloprotease, MMP-9. Furthermore, IL-1β signals via a feedforward autocrine loop to promote invasion through a FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun>MMP-9 signaling axis. We further demonstrate that upfront combined inhibition of FAK and Src synergistically inhibits growth and invasion, and induces apoptosis in a panel of BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cell lines. Together our data demonstrate that acquired resistance to single-agent Src inhibition promotes a more invasive phenotype through an IL-1β>FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun >MMP signaling axis, and that combined inhibition of FAK and Src has the potential to block this inhibitor-induced phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittelle E Kessler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Katie M Mishall
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Meghan D Kellett
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Erin G Clark
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Šelemetjev S, Bartolome A, Išić Denčić T, Đorić I, Paunović I, Tatić S, Cvejić D. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream effector, focal adhesion kinase, correlates with papillary thyroid carcinoma progression. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:87-94. [PMID: 29665129 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), have been shown to be overexpressed frequently in human malignancies and implicated in tumour aggressiveness. We aimed to investigate the relationship between EGFR and FAK expression and their possible correlation with the clinical phenotype of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Expression profiles of EGFR and FAK were analysed in PTC tissue samples (n = 104) by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Additionally, EGFR and FAK were immunohistochemically analysed in 20 primary tumours paired with their metastatic tissue in lymph nodes. High expression of EGFR and FAK was found in 55.77% and 57.69% cases, respectively, with a strong positive association between them (P < 0.0001, Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.844). Expression of each molecule and their coexpression correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM), degree of tumour infiltration, extrathyroid invasion and pT status of the patients. Western blot analysis confirmed that coexpression of high levels of EGFR and FAK correlated with adverse clinicopathological features. When compared to the corresponding primary tumour, increased or maintained high levels of EGFR and FAK were found in LNM, indicating their concordant expression during lymphatic spread. In conclusion, high levels of EGFR and its downstream effector, FAK, in association with lymphatic spread and tumour infiltration indicate their involvement in PTC progression and suggest that both molecules may predict its aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, FAK could be a potential target for anticancer therapy in patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Šelemetjev
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Bartolome
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Tijana Išić Denčić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Ilona Đorić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Ivan Paunović
- Center for Endocrine Surgery, Institute for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetislav Tatić
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Cvejić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
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Elevated Hu-Antigen Receptor (HuR) Expression is Associated with Tumor Aggressiveness and Poor Prognosis but not with COX-2 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:631-640. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kratimenos P, Koutroulis I, Syriopoulou V, Michailidi C, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Klijanienko J, Theocharis S. FAK-Src-paxillin system expression and disease outcome in human neuroblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:221-230. [PMID: 29040002 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1360969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) often presents with metastatic disease and poor survival. The need for new prognostic markers remains invaluable. The FAK-Src-Paxillin protein system is associated with aggressive phenotype in adult malignancies but is largely unexplored in pediatric NB. OBJECTIVE To assess FAK-Src-Paxillin protein expression in human NB cell lines and clinical cytology material and to delineate its association with survival. DESIGN/METHODS Western blot and immunohistochemistry were applied for FAK-Src-Paxillin expression in NB cell lines and 23 human cytology specimens, respectively. Protein expression in human clinical samples was correlated with clinicopathological parameters, MYCN amplification and survival. RESULTS FAK, Src and Paxillin proteins are expressed in human NB cells lines, and can be detected in clinical cytology specimens from NB patients, (59%, 32% and 33% respectively). Simultaneous FAK-Src-Paxillin expression was noted in 30% of NB patients. Children with concomitant positivity FAK, Src, and Paxillin tumors, as well as MYCN amplification, had increased mortality compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS FAK-Src-Paxillin system is a marker of unfavorable prognosis for human NB patients but also a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kratimenos
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA.,b First Department of Pathology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- c Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Vasiliki Syriopoulou
- f National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Athens, Department of Pediatrics , Athens , Greece
| | - Christina Michailidi
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA
| | | | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA.,d Department of Pathology , Institut Curie , Paris , France
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Giaginis C, Alexandrou P, Delladetsima I, Karavokyros I, Danas E, Giagini A, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Clinical Significance of Hu-Antigen Receptor (HuR) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Human Malignant and Benign Thyroid Lesions. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:189-96. [PMID: 26498465 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hu-antigen R (HuR) is considered to play a crucial role in tumor formation and growth by binding to mRNAs encoding proteins such as Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducing their expression via mRNA stabilization and/or altered translation. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of HuR and COX-2 proteins’ expression in human benign and malignant thyroid lesions. HuR and COX-2 proteins’ expression was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues obtained from 98 patients with benign (n = 48) and malignant (n = 50) lesions and was statistically analyzed with clinicopathological parameters, follicular cells’ proliferative capacity and recurrence risk rate. Enhanced HuR and COX-2 expression was significantly more frequently observed in malignant compared to benign thyroid lesions (p = 0.0073 and p = 0.0016, respectively), as well as in papillary carcinomas compared to hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0039 and p = 0.0009, respectively). Positive associations of both HuR and COX-2 expression with follicular cells’ proliferation rate were also noted (p = 0.0087 and p = 0.0127, respectively). In malignant thyroid lesions, elevated COX-2 expression was significantly associated with female patients’ gender (p = 0.0381) and the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0296). The present data support evidence that both HuR and COX-2 may be involved in the malignant state of thyroid neoplasia and may be utilized in the diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumors.
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Kessler BE, Sharma V, Zhou Q, Jing X, Pike LA, Kerege AA, Sams SB, Schweppe RE. FAK Expression, Not Kinase Activity, Is a Key Mediator of Thyroid Tumorigenesis and Protumorigenic Processes. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:869-82. [PMID: 27259715 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are limited therapy options for advanced thyroid cancer, including papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer (PTC and ATC). Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates cell signaling by functioning as a scaffold and kinase. Previously, we demonstrated that FAK is overexpressed and activated in thyroid cancer cells and human PTC clinical specimens. However, it remains unclear whether patients with advanced thyroid cancer will benefit from FAK inhibition. Therefore, the dual functions of FAK in mediating protumorigenic processes and thyroid tumorigenesis were investigated. Evidence here shows that FAK expression predominantly regulates thyroid cancer cell growth, viability, and anchorage-independent growth. FAK inhibition, with PF-562,271 treatment, modestly reduced tumor volumes, while FAK depletion, through shRNA knockdown, significantly reduced tumor volumes in vivo A role for FAK expression in tumor establishment was demonstrated in a model of PTC, where FAK knockdown tumors did not develop. FAK depletion also led to a significant decrease in overall metastatic burden. Interestingly, pretreatment with a FAK inhibitor resulted in a paradoxical increase in metastasis in a model of ATC, but decreased metastasis in a model of PTC. These data provide the first evidence that FAK expression is critical for the regulation of thyroid tumorigenic functions. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that FAK expression, but not kinase activity alone, predominantly mediates thyroid tumor growth and metastasis, indicating that targeting the scaffolding function(s) of FAK may be an important therapeutic strategy for advanced thyroid cancer, as well as other FAK-dependent tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 869-82. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittelle E Kessler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vibha Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xia Jing
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura A Pike
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anna A Kerege
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sharon B Sams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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Clinical Significance of Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2 Expression in Human Malignant and Benign Thyroid Lesions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:839403. [PMID: 26539529 PMCID: PMC4619873 DOI: 10.1155/2015/839403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is comprised of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and proteins responsible for their metabolism participate in many different functions indispensable to homeostatic regulation in several tissues, exerting also antitumorigenic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of CB1 and CB2 expression in human benign and malignant thyroid lesions. CB1 and CB2 proteins' expression was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues obtained from 87 patients with benign (n = 43) and malignant (n = 44) lesions and was statistically analyzed with clinicopathological parameters, follicular cells' proliferative capacity, and risk of recurrence rate estimated according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) staging system. Enhanced CB1 and CB2 expression was significantly more frequently observed in malignant compared to benign thyroid lesions (p = 0.0010 and p = 0.0005, resp.). Enhanced CB1 and CB2 expression was also significantly more frequently observed in papillary carcinomas compared to hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0097 and p = 0.0110, resp.). In malignant thyroid lesions, elevated CB2 expression was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0301). Enhanced CB2 expression was also more frequently observed in malignant thyroid cases with presence of capsular (p = 0.1165), lymphatic (p = 0.1989), and vascular invasion (p = 0.0555), as well as in those with increased risk of recurrence rate (p = 0.1165), at a nonsignificant level though, whereas CB1 expression was not associated with any of the clinicopathological parameters examined. Our data suggest that CB receptors may be involved in malignant thyroid transformation and especially CB2 receptor could serve as useful biomarker and potential therapeutic target in thyroid neoplasia.
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Baquero P, Jiménez-Mora E, Santos A, Lasa M, Chiloeches A. TGFβ induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer cells by both the BRAF/MEK/ERK and Src/FAK pathways. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1639-1654. [PMID: 26392228 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process in tumour progression, by which epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, increasing its motility and the ability to invade distant sites. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which V600E BRAF, TGFβ and the Src/FAK complex cooperatively regulate EMT induction and cell motility of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Analysis of EMT marker levels reveals a positive correlation between TGFβ and Snail expression, with a concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin, accompanied by an increase of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, we show that V600E BRAF depletion by siRNA or inhibition of its activity by treatment with its inhibitor PLX4720 reverses the TGFβ-mediated effects on Snail, E-cadherin, migration and invasion. Moreover, V600E BRAF induces TGFβ secretion through a MEK/ERK-dependent mechanism. In addition, TGFβ activates the Src/FAK complex, which in turn regulates the expression of Snail and E-cadherin as well as cell migration. The inhibition of Src with the inhibitor SU6656 or abrogation of FAK expression with a specific siRNA reverses the TGFβ-induced effects. Interestingly, we demonstrate that activation of the Src/FAK complex by TGFβ is independent of V600E BRAF signalling, since inhibition of this oncogene does not affect its phosphorylation. Our data strongly suggest that TGFβ induces EMT and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer cells by parallel mechanisms involving both the V600E BRAF/MEK/ERK and Src/FAK pathways independently. Thus, we describe novel functions for Src/FAK in mediating the EMT program and aggressiveness regulated by TGFβ, establishing the inhibition of these proteins as a possible effective approach in preventing tumour progression of V600E BRAF-expressing thyroid tumours. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Baquero
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez-Mora
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Santos
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Lasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Chiloeches
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Borre PV, Gunda V, McFadden DG, Sadow PM, Varmeh S, Bernasconi M, Parangi S. Combined BRAF(V600E)- and SRC-inhibition induces apoptosis, evokes an immune response and reduces tumor growth in an immunocompetent orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3996-4010. [PMID: 24994118 PMCID: PMC4147301 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic (ATC) and refractory papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) lack effective treatments. Inhibition of either oncogenic BRAF or SRC has marked anti-tumor effects in mouse models of thyroid cancer, however, neither drug induces notable apoptosis. Here we report that the SRC-inhibitor dasatinib further sensitizes BRAFV600E-positive thyroid cancer cells to the BRAFV600E-inhibitor PLX4720. Combined treatment with PLX4720 and dasatinib synergistically inhibited proliferation and reduced migration in PTC and ATC cells. Whereas PLX4720 did not induce robust apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells, combined treatment with dasatinib induced apoptosis in 4 of 6 lines. In an immunocompetent orthotopic mouse model of ATC, combined PLX4720 and dasatinib treatment significantly reduced tumor volume relative to PLX4720 treatment alone. Immune cell infiltration was increased by PLX4720 treatment and this effect was maintained in mice treated with both PLX4720 and dasatinib. Further, combined treatment significantly increased caspase 3 cleavage in vivo relative to control or either treatment alone. In conclusion, combined PLX4720 and dasatinib treatment induces apoptosis, increases immune cell infiltration and reduces tumor volume in a preclinical model of ATC, suggesting that the combination of these FDA-approved drugs may have potential for the treatment of patients with ATC or refractory PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vanden Borre
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Viswanath Gunda
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David G. McFadden
- Thyroid Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M. Sadow
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shohreh Varmeh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Bernasconi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Giaginis C, Alexandrou P, Delladetsima I, Giannopoulou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Clinical significance of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 expression in human malignant and benign thyroid lesions. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:61-71. [PMID: 23873102 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been associated with human malignant tumor development and progression, and HDAC inhibitors are currently being explored as anticancer agents in clinical trials. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of HDAC-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 proteins' expression in human malignant and benign thyroid lesions. HDAC-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 proteins' expression was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues obtained from 74 patients with benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Enhanced HDAC-2 and HDAC-6 expression was significantly more frequently observed in malignant, compared to benign, thyroid lesions (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0069, respectively). Enhanced HDAC-2, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 expression was significantly more frequently observed in cases with papillary carcinoma compared to hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0065, p = 0.0394, and p = 0.0061, respectively). In malignant thyroid lesions, HDAC-1, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (p = 0.0169, p = 0.0056, and p = 0.0234, respectively); HDAC-2 expression with lymphatic and vascular invasion (p = 0.0299 and p = 0.0391, respectively); and HDAC-4 expression with capsular invasion (p = 0.0464). The cellular pattern of HDAC-1 and HDAC-2 distribution (nuclear vs. nuclear and cytoplasmic) presented a distinct discrimination between malignant and benign thyroid lesions (p = 0.0030 and p = 0.0028, respectively) as well as between papillary carcinoma and hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.0028, respectively). HDAC-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-4, and HDAC-6 may be associated with the malignant thyroid transformation and could be considered as useful biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias str., Goudi, Athens, GR11527, Greece
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Kim WG, Cheng SY. Thyroid hormone receptors and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3928-36. [PMID: 22507269 PMCID: PMC3406244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate the actions of the thyroid hormone (T3) in development, growth, and differentiation. The THRA and THRB genes encode several TR isoforms that express in a tissue- and development-dependent manner. In the past decades, a significant advance has been made in the understanding of TR actions in maintaining normal cellular functions. However, the roles of TRs in human cancer are less well understood. The reduced expression of TRs because of hypermethylation, or deletion of TR genes found in human cancers suggests that TRs could function as tumor suppressors. A close association of somatic mutations of TRs with human cancers further supports the notion that the loss of normal functions of TR could lead to uncontrolled growth and loss of cell differentiation. SCOPE OF REVIEW In line with the findings from association studies in human cancers, mice deficient in total functional TRs (Thra1(-/-)Thrb(-/-) mice) or with a targeted homozygous mutation of the Thrb gene (denoted PV; Thrb(PV/PV) mice) spontaneously develop metastatic thyroid carcinoma. This review will examine the evidence learned from these genetically engineered mice that provided strong evidence to support the critical role of TRs in human cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Loss of normal functions of TR by deletion or by mutations could contribute to cancer development, progression and metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Novel mechanistic insights are revealed in how aberrant TR activities lead to carcinogenesis. Mouse models of thyroid cancer provide opportunities to identify molecular targets as potential treatment modalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Gu Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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FAK and Src expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patients survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1369-77. [PMID: 22488171 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src are protein tyrosine kinases, localized in the focal adhesions, which, upon activation interacts each other, regulate several cellular signaling pathways implicated in malignant transformation and disease progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of FAK and Src protein expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS FAK and Src protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 48 mobile tongue SCC tissue samples and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics, overall and disease-free patients' survival. RESULTS FAK positivity was noted in 32 (66.67 %) and Src positivity in 45 (93.75 %) out of 48 mobile tongue SCC cases. FAK and Src protein expression was significantly increased in well-differentiated tumors compared to poorly differentiated ones (p = 0.0455 and p = 0.0301, respectively). Mobile tongue SCC patients presenting elevated Src expression showed longer overall and disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.0145 and p = 0.0388, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the depth of invasion proved to be an independent prognostic factor of both overall and disease-free patients' survival (Cox regression, p = 0.0313 and p = 0.0481, respectively), whereas Src expression did not remain significant. CONCLUSIONS The present study supported evidence for a potential role of FAK and Src signaling in mobile tongue SCC, rendering their small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as possible treatment strategy in tongue cancer chemoprevention.
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Kim WG, Guigon CJ, Fozzatti L, Park JW, Lu C, Willingham MC, Cheng SY. SKI-606, an Src inhibitor, reduces tumor growth, invasion, and distant metastasis in a mouse model of thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1281-90. [PMID: 22271876 PMCID: PMC3294177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Src is overexpressed or hyperactivated in a variety of human cancers, including thyroid carcinoma. Src is a central mediator in multiple signaling pathways that are important in oncogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, we evaluated the effects of an Src inhibitor, SKI-606 (bosutinib), in a spontaneous metastatic thyroid cancer model with constitutively activated Src (Thrb(PV/PV)Pten(+/-) mice). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thrb(PV/PV)Pten(+/-) mice were treated with SKI-606 or vehicle controls, beginning at 6 weeks of age until the mice succumbed to thyroid cancer. We assessed the effects of SKI-606 on thyroid cancer progression and analyzed the impact of SKI-606 on aberrant Src-mediated signaling. RESULTS SKI-606 effectively inhibited aberrant activation of Src and its downstream targets to markedly inhibit the growth of thyroid tumor, thereby prolonging the survival of treated mice. While Src inhibition did not induce cell apoptosis, it decreased cell proliferation by affecting the expression of key regulators of cell-cycle progression. Importantly, SKI-606 dramatically prevented dedifferentiation, vascular invasion, and lung metastasis of thyroid cancer cells. These responses were meditated by downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and inhibition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Src is critical in the progression of thyroid cancer, making oral SKI-606 a promising treatment strategy for refractory thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Gu Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celine J Guigon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Fozzatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changxue Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Willingham
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Cheng SJ, Kok SH, Lee JJ, Yen-Ping Kuo M, Cheng SL, Huang YL, Chen HM, Chang HH, Chiang CP. Significant association of SRC protein expression with the progression, recurrence, and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. Head Neck 2011; 34:1340-5. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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