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Han S, Park J, Moon S, Eom S, Jin CM, Kim S, Ryu YS, Choi Y, Lee JB, Choi I. Label-free and liquid state SERS detection of multi-scaled bioanalytes via light-induced pinpoint colloidal assembly. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116663. [PMID: 39167886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been extensively applied to detect complex analytes due to its ability to enhance the fingerprint signals of molecules around nanostructured metallic surfaces. Thus, it is essential to design SERS-active nanostructures with abundant electromagnetic hotspots in a probed volume according to the dimensions of the analytes, as the analytes must be located in their hotspots for maximum signal enhancement. Herein, we demonstrate a simple method for detecting robust SERS signals from multi-scaled bioanalytes, regardless of their dimensions in the liquid state, through a photothermally driven co-assembly with colloidal plasmonic nanoparticles as signal enhancers. Under resonant light illumination, plasmonic nanoparticles and analytes in the solution quickly assemble at the focused surface area by convective movements induced by the photothermal heating of the plasmonic nanoparticles without any surface modification. Such collective assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles and analytes were optimized by varying the optical density and surface charge of the nanoparticles, the viscosity of the solvent, and the light illumination time to maximize the SERS signals. Using these light-induced co-assemblies, the intrinsic SERS signals of small biomolecules can be detected down to nanomolar concentrations based on their fingerprint spectra. Furthermore, large-sized biomarkers, such as viruses and exosomes, were successfully detected without labels, and the complexity of the collected spectra was statistically analyzed using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding combined with support vector machine (t-SNE + SVM). The proposed method is expected to provide a robust and convenient method to sensitively detect biologically and environmentally relevant analytes at multiple scales in liquid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeon Han
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Eom
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Min Jin
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sang Ryu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea; Exopert Corporation, Seoul, 02580, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Vu VT, Vu CA, Huang CJ, Cheng CM, Pan SC, Chen WY. Intermittent lysis on a single paper-based device to extract exosomal nucleic acid biomarkers from biological samples for downstream analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:501. [PMID: 39093424 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
As the role of exosomes in physiological and pathological processes has been properly perceived, harvesting them and their internal components is critical for subsequent applications. This study is a debut of intermittent lysis, which has been integrated into a simple and easy-to-operate procedure on a single paper-based device to extract exosomal nucleic acid biomarkers for downstream analysis. Exosomes from biological samples were captured by anti-CD63-modified papers before being intermittently lysed by high-temperature, short-time treatment with double-distilled water to release their internal components. Exosomal nucleic acids were finally adsorbed by sol-gel silica for downstream analysis. Empirical trials not only revealed that sporadically dropping 95 °C ddH2O onto the anti-CD63-modified papers every 5 min for 6 times optimized the exosomal nucleic acids extracted by the anti-CD63 paper but also verified that the whole deployed procedure is applicable for point-of-care testing (POCT) in low-resource areas and for both in vitro (culture media) and in vivo (plasma and chronic lesion) samples. Importantly, downstream analysis of exosomal miR-21 extracted by the paper-based procedure integrated with this novel technique discovered that the content of exosomal miR-21 in chronic lesions related to their stages and the levels of exosomal carcinoembryonic antigen originated from colorectal cancer cells correlated to their exosomal miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Truc Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Cao-An Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chen Pan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan.
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3
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Wu Y, Wu Z, Xu W, Zeng R, Weng J, Sun L. A label-free colorimetric biosensor utilizing natural material for highly sensitive exosome detection. Talanta 2024; 275:126182. [PMID: 38701706 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transferring information from source cells to recipient cells. These vesicles carry important biomarkers, including nucleic acids and proteins, which provide valuable insights into the parent cells' status. As a result, exosomes have emerged as noninvasive indicators for the early diagnosis of cancer. Colorimetric biosensors have garnered significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness, simplicity, rapid response, and reproducibility. In this study, we employ sporopollenin microcapsules (SP), a natural biopolymer material derived from pollen, as a substrate for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By modifying the SP-Au complex with CD63 aptamers, we develop a label-free colorimetric biosensor for exosome detection. In the absence of exosomes, the SP-Au complex catalyzes the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), resulting in a color change from colorless to blue. However, the addition of exosomes inhibits the catalytic activity of the SP-Au complex due to coverage of exosomes on AuNPs. This colorimetric biosensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity for exosome detection, with a detection limit of 10 particles/μL and a wide linear range of 10 - 108 particles/μL. Additionally, the SP-Au biosensor demonstrates remarkable resistance to serum protein adsorption and excellent catalytic stability even in harsh environments, making it highly suitable for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wu
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhaojie Wu
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ru Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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4
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Samal S, Barik D, Shyamal S, Jena S, Panda AC, Dash M. Synergistic Interaction between Polysaccharide-Based Extracellular Matrix and Mineralized Osteoblast-Derived EVs Promotes Bone Regeneration via miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Axis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4139-4155. [PMID: 38924768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bone progenitor cells are advantageous as cell-free and non-immunogenic cargo delivery vehicles. In this study, EVs are isolated from MC3T3-E1 cells before (GM-EVs) and after mineralization for 7 and 14 days (DM-EVs). It was observed that DM-EVs accelerate the process of differentiation in recipient cells more prominently. The small RNA sequencing of EVs revealed that miR-204-5p, miR-221-3p, and miR-148a-3p are among the highly upregulated miRNAs that have an inhibitory effect on the function of mRNAs, Sox11, Timp3, and Ccna2 in host cells, which is probably responsible for enhancing the activity of osteoblastic genes. To enhance the bioavailability of EVs, they are encapsulated in a chitosan-collagen composite hydrogel that serves as a bioresorbable extracellular matrix (ECM). The EVs-integrated scaffold (DM-EVs + Scaffold) enhances bone regeneration in critical-sized calvarial bone defects in rats within 8 weeks of implantation by providing the ECM cues. The shelf life of DM-EVs + Scaffold indicates that the bioactivity of EVs and their cargo in the polymer matrix remains intact for up to 30 days. Integrating mineralized cell-derived EVs into an ECM represents a bioresorbable matrix with a cell-free method for promoting new bone formation through the miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Samal
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha, India
| | - Debyashreeta Barik
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha, India
| | - Sharmishtha Shyamal
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
- ICMR-National Institute for Reproduction Biology and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Sarita Jena
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
| | - Amaresh C Panda
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
| | - Mamoni Dash
- BRIC-Institute of Life Sciences (BRIC-ILS), Bhubaneswar 751023 Odisha, India
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5
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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Abdul-Rahman T, Roy P, Herrera-Calderón RE, Khidri FF, Omotesho QA, Rumide TS, Fatima M, Roy S, Wireko AA, Atallah O, Roy S, Amekpor F, Ghosh S, Agyigra IA, Horbas V, Teslyk T, Bumeister V, Papadakis M, Alexiou A. Extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery in breast cancer theranostics. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38780753 PMCID: PMC11116322 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a significant global challenge due to drug resistance and severe side effects. The increasing prevalence is alarming, requiring new therapeutic approaches to address these challenges. At this point, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically small endosome-released nanometer-sized EVs (SEVs) or exosomes, have been explored by literature as potential theranostics. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of exosomes in BC, focusing on their advantages in drug delivery and their ability to mitigate metastasis. Following the review, we identified exosomes' potential in combination therapies, serving as miRNA carriers and contributing to improved anti-tumor effects. This is evident in clinical trials investigating exosomes in BC, which have shown their ability to boost chemotherapy efficacy by delivering drugs like paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX). However, the translation of EVs into BC therapy is hindered by various challenges. These challenges include the heterogeneity of EVs, the selection of the appropriate parent cell, the loading procedures, and determining the optimal administration routes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of EVs, these obstacles must be addressed to realize their benefits in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | - Ranferi Eduardo Herrera-Calderón
- Center for Research in Health Sciences (CICSA), Faculty of Medicine, Anahuac University North Campus, 52786, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sakshi Roy
- School of Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Subham Roy
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Felix Amekpor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Research and Development, Funogen, 11741, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Research and Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.
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7
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Ponomareva N, Brezgin S, Karandashov I, Kostyusheva A, Demina P, Slatinskaya O, Bayurova E, Silachev D, Pokrovsky VS, Gegechkori V, Khaydukov E, Maksimov G, Frolova A, Gordeychuk I, Zamyatnin Jr. AA, Chulanov V, Parodi A, Kostyushev D. Swelling, Rupture and Endosomal Escape of Biological Nanoparticles Per Se and Those Fused with Liposomes in Acidic Environment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:667. [PMID: 38794330 PMCID: PMC11126099 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological nanoparticles (NPs), such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosome-mimetic nanovesicles (EMNVs) and nanoghosts (NGs), are perspective non-viral delivery vehicles for all types of therapeutic cargo. Biological NPs are renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility and safety, alongside their ease of functionalization, but a significant challenge arises when attempting to load therapeutic payloads, such as nucleic acids (NAs). One effective strategy involves fusing biological NPs with liposomes loaded with NAs, resulting in hybrid carriers that offer the benefits of both biological NPs and the capacity for high cargo loads. Despite their unique parameters, one of the major issues of virtually any nanoformulation is the ability to escape degradation in the compartment of endosomes and lysosomes which determines the overall efficiency of nanotherapeutics. In this study, we fabricated all major types of biological and hybrid NPs and studied their response to the acidic environment observed in the endolysosomal compartment. In this study, we show that EMNVs display increased protonation and swelling relative to EVs and NGs in an acidic environment. Furthermore, the hybrid NPs exhibit an even greater response compared to EMNVs. Short-term incubation of EMNVs in acidic pH corresponding to late endosomes and lysosomes again induces protonation and swelling, whereas hybrid NPs are ruptured, resulting in the decline in their quantities. Our findings demonstrate that in an acidic environment, there is enhanced rupture and release of vesicular cargo observed in hybrid EMNVs that are fused with liposomes compared to EMNVs alone. This was confirmed through PAGE electrophoresis analysis of mCherry protein loaded into nanoparticles. In vitro analysis of NPs colocalization with lysosomes in HepG2 cells demonstrated that EMNVs mostly avoid the endolysosomal compartment, whereas hybrid NPs escape it over time. To conclude, (1) hybrid biological NPs fused with liposomes appear more efficient in the endolysosomal escape via the mechanism of proton sponge-associated scavenging of protons by NPs, influx of counterions and water, and rupture of endo/lysosomes, but (2) EMNVs are much more efficient than hybrid NPs in actually avoiding the endolysosomal compartment in human cells. These results reveal biochemical differences across four major types of biological and hybrid NPs and indicate that EMNVs are more efficient in escaping or avoiding the endolysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ponomareva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Ivan Karandashov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Polina Demina
- Institute of Physics, Technology, and Informational Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya St. 1, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.); (E.K.)
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova Sq. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Slatinskaya
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Denis Silachev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, People’s Friendship University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Khaydukov
- Institute of Physics, Technology, and Informational Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya St. 1, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.); (E.K.)
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova Sq. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Anastasia Frolova
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin Jr.
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (D.K.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.F.); (A.A.Z.J.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Kang WY, Shin EK, Kim EH, Kang MH, Bang CY, Bang OY, Cha JM. Lyoprotectant Constituents Suited for Lyophilization and Reconstitution of Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0005. [PMID: 38327614 PMCID: PMC10845601 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as an alternative approach to stem cell therapy. Successful lyophilization of EVs could enable convenient storage and distribution of EV medicinal products at room temperature for long periods, thus considerably increasing the accessibility of EV therapeutics to patients. In this study, we aimed to identify an appropriate lyoprotectant composition for the lyophilization and reconstitution of stem-cell-derived EVs. MSC-derived EVs were lyophilized using different lyoprotectants, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, trehalose, and sucrose, at varying concentrations. Our results revealed that a mixture of trehalose and sucrose at high concentrations could support the formation of amorphous ice by enriching the amorphous phase of the solution, which successfully inhibited the acceleration of buffer component crystallization during lyophilization. Lyophilized and reconstituted EVs were thoroughly evaluated for concentration and size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The therapeutic effects of the reconstituted EVs were examined using a tube formation assay with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After rehydration of the lyophilized EVs, most of their generic characteristics were well-maintained, and their therapeutic capacity recovered to levels similar to those of freshly collected EVs. The concentrations and morphologies of the lyophilized EVs were similar to the initial features of the fresh EV group until day 30 at room temperature, although their therapeutic capacity appeared to decrease after 7 days. Our study suggests an appropriate composition of lyoprotectants, particularly for EV lyophilization, which could encourage the applications of stem-cell-derived EV therapeutics in the health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Young Kang
- Department of Biomedical & Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- 3D Stem Cell Bioengineering Laboratory, Research Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun Hee Kim
- S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering (BMCE),
The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology,
The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Bang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,
Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center,
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Department of Biomedical & Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- 3D Stem Cell Bioengineering Laboratory, Research Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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9
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Ghorbani R, Hosseinzadeh S, Azari A, Taghipour N, Soleimani M, Rahimpour A, Abbaszadeh HA. The Current Status and Future Direction of Extracellular Nano-vesicles in the Alleviation of Skin Disorders. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:351-366. [PMID: 37073662 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230418121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from endocytic membranes. The transfer of biomolecules and biological compounds such as enzymes, proteins, RNA, lipids, and cellular waste disposal through exosomes plays an essential function in cell-cell communication and regulation of pathological and physiological processes in skin disease. The skin is one of the vital organs that makes up about 8% of the total body mass. This organ consists of three layers, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis that cover the outer surface of the body. Heterogeneity and endogeneity of exosomes is an advantage that distinguishes them from nanoparticles and liposomes and leads to their widespread usage in the remedy of dermal diseases. The biocompatible nature of these extracellular vesicles has attracted the attention of many health researchers. In this review article, we will first discuss the biogenesis of exosomes, their contents, separation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of exosomes. Then we will highlight recent developments related to the therapeutic applications of exosomes in the treatment of common skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, alopecia, epidermolysis bullosa, keloid, melanoma, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Liu H, Luo GF, Shang Z. Plant-derived nanovesicles as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:133-154. [PMID: 38239235 PMCID: PMC10792991 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) derived from natural green products have emerged as an attractive nanoplatform in biomedical application. They are usually characterized by unique structural and biological functions, such as the bioactive lipids/proteins/nucleic acids as therapeutics and targeting groups, immune-modulation, and long-term circulation. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, materials, and synthetic chemistry, PDNVs can be engineered with multiple functions for efficient drug delivery and specific killing of diseased cells, which represent an innovative biomaterial with high biocompatibility for fighting against cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art studies concerning the development of PDNVs for cancer therapy. The original sources, methods for obtaining PDNVs, composition and structure are introduced systematically. With an emphasis on the featured application, the inherent anticancer properties of PDNVs as well as the strategies in constructing multifunctional PDNVs-based nanomaterials will be discussed in detail. Finally, some scientific issues and technical challenges of PDNVs as promising options in improving anticancer therapy will be discussed, which are expected to promote the further development of PDNVs in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhe Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guo-Feng Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengjun Shang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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11
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Lu M, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhou Z, Lin H, Hong H, Shi J, Wu Z. Gb3-Coated Bovine Milk Exosomes as a Practical Neutralizer for Shiga Toxin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5798-5808. [PMID: 37988327 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is associated with foodborne infections of some Shigella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), leading to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Target-specific therapeutics against HUS are currently unavailable in clinical practice. Herein, we reported the construction and in vitro characterization of Gb3-coated bovine milk exosomes (Gb3-mExo) as a multivalent Shiga toxin neutralizer, utilizing the natural advantages of milk exosomes (mExo) in drug delivery and multivalent interactions between Stx and its receptor Gb3. Gb3-mExo constructs were achieved by conjugating mExo with the Gb3 derivatives containing stearic acid-derived lipid tail, which was prepared through an efficient chemoenzymatic approach. The constructs were able to potently neutralize the binding of the B subunit of Stx2 (Stx2B) to receptor Gb3 immobilized on the plate or expressed on model cells. General safety of the constructs was evidenced by the cytotoxicity analysis and hemolysis assay. In addition to the excellent stability under conventional storage and handling conditions, the construct can also retain most of its neutralization potency under gastrointestinal pH extremes, showing the potential for oral administration. Considering the natural availability and excellent biocompatibility of mExo, Gb3-mExo conjugates should prove to be a practical prophylactic and therapeutic for the Shiga toxin-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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12
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Amirzadeh Gougheri K, Ahmadi A, Ahmadabadi MG, Babajani A, Yazdanpanah G, Bahrami S, Hassani M, Niknejad H. Exosomal Cargo: Pro-angiogeneic, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects in ischemic and non-ischemic heart diseases - A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115801. [PMID: 37918257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are the primary cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide which inflict a heavy social and economic burden. Among heart diseases, most deaths are due to myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack, which occurs when a decrement in blood flow to the heart causes injury to cardiac tissue. Despite several available diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic approaches, heart disease remains a significant concern. Exosomes are a kind of small extracellular vesicles released by different types of cells that play a part in intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules important in regenerative medicine. Many studies have reported the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic role of exosomes in various heart diseases. Herein, we reviewed the roles of exosomes as new emerging agents in various types of heart diseases, including ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and valvular disease, focusing on pathogenesis, therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic roles in different areas. We have also mentioned different routes of exosome delivery to target tissues, the effects of preconditioning and modification on exosome's capability, exosome production in compliance with good manufacturing practice (GMP), and their ongoing clinical applications in various medical contexts to shed light on possible clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsar Amirzadeh Gougheri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor Street, MC 648, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Hassani
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Cedillo-Servin G, Louro AF, Gamelas B, Meliciano A, Zijl A, Alves PM, Malda J, Serra M, Castilho M. Microfiber-reinforced hydrogels prolong the release of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles to promote endothelial migration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 155:213692. [PMID: 37952463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based approaches for promoting angiogenesis have shown promising results. Yet, further development is needed in vehicles that prolong EV exposure to target organs. Here, we hypothesized that microfiber-reinforced gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels could serve as sustained delivery platforms for human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived EV. EV with 50-200 nm size and typical morphology were isolated from hiPSC-conditioned culture media and tested negative for common co-isolated contaminants. hiPSC-EV were then incorporated into GelMA hydrogels with or without a melt electrowritten reinforcing mesh. EV release was found to increase with GelMA concentration, as 12 % (w/v) GelMA hydrogels provided higher release rate and total release over 14 days in vitro, compared to lower hydrogel concentrations. Release profile modelling identified diffusion as a predominant release mechanism based on a Peppas-Sahlin model. To study the effect of reinforcement-dependent hydrogel mechanics on EV release, stress relaxation was assessed. Reinforcement with highly porous microfiber meshes delayed EV release by prolonging hydrogel stress relaxation and reducing the swelling ratio, thus decreasing the initial burst and overall extent of release. After release from photocrosslinked reinforced hydrogels, EV remained internalizable by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) over 14 days, and increased migration was observed in the first 4 h. EV and RNA cargo stability was investigated at physiological temperature in vitro, showing a sharp decrease in total RNA levels, but a stable level of endothelial migration-associated small noncoding RNAs over 14 days. Our data show that hydrogel formulation and microfiber reinforcement are superimposable approaches to modulate EV release from hydrogels, thus depicting fiber-reinforced GelMA hydrogels as tunable hiPSC-EV vehicles for controlled release systems that promote endothelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cedillo-Servin
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Filipa Louro
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Gamelas
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Meliciano
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Anne Zijl
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paula M Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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14
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Anastasi F, Botto A, Immordino B, Giovannetti E, McDonnell LA. Proteomics analysis of circulating small extracellular vesicles: Focus on the contribution of EVs to tumor metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:3-19. [PMID: 37652834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The term small extracellular vesicle (sEV) is a comprehensive term that includes any type of cell-derived, membrane-delimited particle that has a diameter < 200 nm, and which includes exosomes and smaller microvesicles. sEVs transfer bioactive molecules between cells and are crucial for cellular homeostasis and particularly during tumor development, where sEVs provide important contributions to the formation of the premetastic niche and to their altered metabolism. sEVs are thus legitimate targets for intervention and have also gained increasing interest as an easily accessible source of biomarkers because they can be rapidly isolated from serum/plasma and their molecular cargo provides information on their cell-of origin. To target sEVs that are specific for a given cell/disease it is essential to identify EV surface proteins that are characteristic of that cell/disease. Mass-spectrometry based proteomics is widely used for the identification and quantification of sEV proteins. The methods used for isolating the sEVs, preparing the sEV sample for proteomics analysis, and mass spectrometry analysis, can have a strong influence on the results and requires careful consideration. This review provides an overview of the approaches used for sEV proteomics and discusses the inherent compromises regarding EV purity versus depth of coverage. Additionally, it discusses the practical applications of the methods to unravel the involvement of sEVs in regulating the metabolism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The metabolic reprogramming in PDAC includes enhanced glycolysis, elevated glutamine metabolism, alterations in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia, all of which are crucial in promoting tumor cell growth. A thorough understanding of these metabolic adaptations is imperative for the development of targeted therapies to exploit PDAC's vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Anastasi
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asia Botto
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benoit Immordino
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liam A McDonnell
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy.
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15
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Zhao X, Li Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhou H, Li F. Role of extracellular vesicles in pathogenesis and therapy of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115229. [PMID: 37506581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a complex disorder characterized by both intrinsic damage to renal tubular epithelial cells and extrinsic inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various cell types that can transfer bioactive molecules to target cells and modulate their function. EVs have emerged as promising candidates for cell-free therapy of RIRI, owing to their ability to cross biological barriers and deliver protective signals to injured renal cells. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in RIRI and the signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various cell types in renal tissue. We also discuss the renoprotective role of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents for RIRI, highlighting the advantages and challenges encountered in the therapeutic application of EVs in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouwang Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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16
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Sareen N, Srivastava A, Alagarsamy KN, Lionetti V, Dhingra S. Stem cells derived exosomes and biomaterials to modulate autophagy and mend broken hearts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166806. [PMID: 37437748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis and plays a crucial role in managing pathological conditions including ischemic myocardial injury leading to heart failure (HF). Despite treatments, no intervention can replace lost cardiomyocytes. Stem cell therapy offers potential for post-myocardial infarction repair but struggles with poor cell retention due to immune rejection. In the search for effective therapies, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, have emerged as promising tools. These tiny bioactive molecule carriers play vital roles in intercellular communication and tissue engineering. They offer numerous therapeutic benefits including modulating immune responses, promoting tissue repair, and boosting angiogenesis. Additionally, biomaterials provide a conducive 3D microenvironment for cell, exosome, and biomolecule delivery, and enhance heart muscle strength, making it a comprehensive cardiac repair strategy. In this regard, the current review delves into the intricate application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and biomaterials for managing autophagy in the heart muscle during cardiac injury. Central to our investigation is the exploration of how these elements interact within the context of cardiac repair and regeneration. Additionally, this review also casts light on the formidable challenges that plague this field, such as the issues of safety, efficacy, controlled delivery, and acceptance of these therapeutic strategies for effective clinical translation. Addressing these challenges is crucial for unlocking the full therapeutic potential of EV and biomaterial-based therapies and ensuring their successful translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Sareen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R2H2A6, MB, Canada; Unit of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Abhay Srivastava
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R2H2A6, MB, Canada
| | - Keshav Narayan Alagarsamy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R2H2A6, MB, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Unit of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R2H2A6, MB, Canada.
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17
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Shekari F, Abyadeh M, Meyfour A, Mirzaei M, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Graham SL, Salekdeh GH. Extracellular Vesicles as reconfigurable therapeutics for eye diseases: Promises and hurdles. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 225:102437. [PMID: 36931589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A large number of people worldwide suffer from visual impairment. However, most available therapies rely on impeding the development of a particular eye disorder. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for effective alternative treatments, specifically regenerative therapies. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, ectosomes, or microvesicles, are released by cells and play a potential role in regeneration. Following an introduction to EV biogenesis and isolation methods, this integrative review provides an overview of our current knowledge about EVs as a communication paradigm in the eye. Then, we focused on the therapeutic applications of EVs derived from conditioned medium, biological fluid, or tissue and highlighted some recent developments in strategies to boost the innate therapeutic potential of EVs by loading various kinds of drugs or being engineered at the level of producing cells or EVs. Challenges faced in the development of safe and effective translation of EV-based therapy into clinical settings for eye diseases are also discussed to pave the road toward reaching feasible regenerative therapies required for eye-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Ruzycka-Ayoush M, Nowicka AM, Kowalczyk A, Gluchowska A, Targonska A, Mosieniak G, Sobczak K, Donten M, Grudzinski IP. Exosomes derived from lung cancer cells: Isolation, characterization, and stability studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106369. [PMID: 36572357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomedicine have paved the way for developing targeted drug delivery systems. Nanoscale exosomes are present in almost every body fluid and represent a novel mechanism of intercellular communication. Because of their membrane origin, they easily fuse with cells, acting as a natural delivery system and maintaining the bioactivity and immunotolerance of cells. To develop a reconstitutable exosome-based drug candidate for clinical applications, quality assurance by preserving its physical and biological properties during storage is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best storage conditions for exosomes derived from lung cancer cells (A549). This study established that the phosphate-buffered saline buffer enriched with 25 mM trehalose is an optimal cryoprotectant for A549-derived exosomes stored at -80°C. Under these conditions, the concentration, size distribution, zeta potential, and total cargo protein levels of the preserved exosomes remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ruzycka-Ayoush
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Agata Gluchowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Targonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Sobczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Donten
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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19
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Injectable thermo-sensitive hydrogel containing ADSC-derived exosomes for the treatment of cavernous nerve injury. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 300:120226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Sfragano PS, Pillozzi S, Condorelli G, Palchetti I. Practical tips and new trends in electrochemical biosensing of cancer-related extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1087-1106. [PMID: 36683059 PMCID: PMC9867925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To tackle cancer and provide prompt diagnoses and prognoses, the constantly evolving biosensing field is continuously on the lookout for novel markers that can be non-invasively analysed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent a promising biomarker that also works as a source of biomarkers. The augmented cellular activity of cancerous cells leads to the production of higher numbers of EVs, which can give direct information on the disease due to the presence of general and cancer-specific surface-tethered molecules. Moreover, the intravesicular space is enriched with other molecules that can considerably help in the early detection of neoplasia. Even though EV-targeted research has indubitably received broad attention lately, there still is a wide lack of practical and effective quantitative procedures due to difficulties in pre-analytical and analytical phases. This review aims at providing an exhaustive outline of the recent progress in EV detection using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors, with a focus on handling approaches and trends in the selection of bioreceptors and molecular targets related to EVs that might guide researchers that are approaching such an unstandardised field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Severin Sfragano
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- grid.24704.350000 0004 1759 9494Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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21
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Almeria C, Kreß S, Weber V, Egger D, Kasper C. Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles is highly impacted by the tissue/cell source and culture conditions. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:51. [PMID: 35501833 PMCID: PMC9063275 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures exerting major effects in physiological as well as pathological processes by functioning as vehicles for the delivery of biomolecules to their target cells. An increasing number of effects previously attributed to cell-based therapies have been recognized to be actually mediated by EVs derived from the respective cells, suggesting the administration of purified EVs instead of living cells for cell-based therapies. In this review, we focus on the heterogeneity of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) and summarize upstream process parameters that crucially affect the resulting therapeutic properties and biological functions. Hereby, we discuss the effects of the cell source, medium composition, 3D culture, bioreactor culture and hypoxia. Furthermore, aspects of the isolation and storage strategies influences EVs are described. Conclusively, optimization of upstream process parameters should focus on controlling MSC-derived EV heterogeneity for specific therapeutic applications.
Graphical Abstract
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22
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Plant Nanovesicles for Essential Oil Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122581. [PMID: 36559075 PMCID: PMC9784947 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils' therapeutic potential is highly recognized, with many applications rising due to reported anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-cancer effects. Nevertheless, clinical translation still remains a challenge, mainly due to essential oils' volatility and low water solubility and stability. The present review gathers relevant information and postulates on the potential application of plant nanovesicles to effectively deliver essential oils to target organs. Indeed, plant nanovesicles are emerging as alternatives to mammalian vesicles and synthetic carriers due to their safety, stability, non-toxicity, and low immunogenicity. Moreover, they can be produced on a large scale from various plant parts, enabling an easier, more rapid, and less costly industrial application that could add value to waste products and boost the circular economy. Importantly, the use of plant nanovesicles as delivery platforms could increase essential oils' bioavailability and improve chemical stability while reducing volatility and toxicity issues. Additionally, using targeting strategies, essential oils' selectivity, drug delivery, and efficacy could be improved, ultimately leading to dose reduction and patient compliance. Bearing this in mind, information on current pharmaceutical technologies available to enable distinct routes of administration of loaded vesicles is also discussed.
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23
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Xiao Y, Ding Y, Zhuang J, Sun R, Sun H, Bai L. Osteoimmunomodulation role of exosomes derived from immune cells on osseointegration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:989537. [PMID: 36061437 PMCID: PMC9437288 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high success rate of biomedical implants adopted clinically, implant failures caused by aseptic loosening still raise the risk of secondary surgery and a substantial economic burden to patients. Improving the stable combination between the implant and the host bone tissue, achieving fast and high-quality osseointegration can effectively reduce the probability of aseptic loosening. Accumulating studies have shown that the osteoimmunomodulation mediated by immune cells mainly dominated by macrophages plays a pivotal role in osseointegration by releasing active factors to improve the inflammatory microenvironment. However, the mechanism by which osteoimmunomodulation mediates osseointegration remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes released by macrophages play a central role in mediating osteoimmunomodulation. The exosomes can be internalized by various cells participating in de novo bone formation, such as endothelial cells and osteoblasts, to intervene in the osseointegration robustly. Therefore, macrophage-derived exosomes with multifunctionality are expected to significantly improve the osseointegration microenvironment, which is promising in reducing the occurrence of aseptic loosening. Based on this, this review summarizes recent studies on the effects of exosomes derived from the immune cells on osseointegration, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for improving the clinical success rate of biomedical implants and achieving high-quality and high-efficiency osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Xiao
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yanshu Ding
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyue Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Wright A, Snyder OL, Christenson LK, He H, Weiss ML. Effect of Pre-Processing Storage Condition of Cell Culture-Conditioned Medium on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147716. [PMID: 35887064 PMCID: PMC9320900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
EVs can be isolated from a conditioned medium derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), yet the effect of the pre-processing storage condition of the cell culture-conditioned medium prior to EV isolation is not well-understood. Since MSCs are already in clinical trials, the GMP-grade of the medium which is derived from their manufacturing might have the utility for preclinical testing, and perhaps, for clinical translation, so the impact of pre-processing storage condition on EV isolation is a barrier for utilization of this MSC manufacturing by-product. To address this problem, the effects of the pre-processing storage conditions on EV isolation, characterization, and function were assessed using a conditioned medium (CM) derived from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (HUC-MSCs). Hypothesis: The comparison of three different pre-processing storage conditions of CM immediately processed for EV isolation would reveal differences in EVs, and thus, suggest an optimal pre-processing storage condition. The results showed that EVs derived from a CM stored at room temperature, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C for at least one week were not grossly different from EVs isolated from the CM immediately after collection. EVs derived from an in pre-processing −80 °C storage condition had a significantly reduced polydispersity index, and significantly enhanced dot blot staining, but their zeta potential, hydrodynamic size, morphology and size in transmission electron microscopy were not significantly different from EVs derived from the CM immediately processed for isolation. There was no impact of pre-processing storage condition on the proliferation of sarcoma cell lines exposed to EVs. These data suggest that the CM produced during GMP-manufacturing of MSCs for clinical applications might be stored at −80 °C prior to EV isolation, and this may enable production scale-up, and thus, and enable preclinical and clinical testing, and EV lot qualification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.W.); (O.L.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Orman L. Snyder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.W.); (O.L.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Lane K. Christenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Hong He
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.W.); (O.L.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Mark L. Weiss
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-4520
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25
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Tao Lan, Zhao X, Cao F, Zhang W. A Simple and Easy Evaluation Method for Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Quality. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Sivanantham A, Jin Y. Impact of Storage Conditions on EV Integrity/Surface Markers and Cargos. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050697. [PMID: 35629364 PMCID: PMC9146501 DOI: 10.3390/life12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small biological particles released into biofluids by every cell. Based on their size, they are classified into small EVs (<100 nm or <200 nm) and medium or large EVs (>200 nm). In recent years, EVs have garnered interest for their potential medical applications, including disease diagnosis, cell-based biotherapies, targeted drug delivery systems, and others. Currently, the long-term and short-term storage temperatures for biofluids and EVs are −80 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The storage capacity of EVs can depend on their number, size, function, temperature, duration, and freeze−thaw cycles. While these parameters are increasingly studied, the effects of preservation and storage conditions of EVs on their integrity remain to be understood. Knowledge gaps in these areas may ultimately impede the widespread applicability of EVs. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of storage conditions on EVs and their stability and critically explores prospective ways for improving long-term storage conditions to ensure EV stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Jin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-1356
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27
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Hao P, Niu L, Luo Y, Wu N, Zhao Y. Surface Engineering of Lipid Vesicles Based on DNA Nanotechnology. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200074. [PMID: 35604011 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Hao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Liqiong Niu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Na Wu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology No.28, West Xianning Road 710049 Xi'an CHINA
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology CHINA
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28
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Sun J, Yin Z, Wang X, Su J. Exosome-Laden Hydrogels: A Novel Cell-free Strategy for In-situ Bone Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866208. [PMID: 35433664 PMCID: PMC9011111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ bone tissue regeneration, which harnesses cell external microenvironment and their regenerative potential to induce cell functions and bone reconstruction through some special properties of biomaterials, has been deeply developed. In which, hydrogel was widely applied due to its 3D network structure with high water absorption and mimicking native extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, exosomes can participate in a variety of physiological processes such as cell differentiation, angiogenesis and tissue repair. Therefore, a novel cell-free tissue engineering (TE) using exosome-laden hydrogels has been explored and developed for bone regeneration in recent years. However, related reviews in this field are limited. Therefore, we elaborated on the shortcomings of traditional bone tissue engineering, the challenges of exosome delivery and emphasized the advantages of exosome-laden hydrogels for in-situ bone tissue regeneration. The encapsulation strategies of hydrogel and exosomes are listed, and the research progress and prospects of bioactive hydrogel composite system for continuous delivery of exosomes for in-situ bone repair are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuhui Wang, ; Jiacan Su,
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuhui Wang, ; Jiacan Su,
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29
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Esmaeili A, Alini M, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Hosseini S. Engineering strategies for customizing extracellular vesicle uptake in a therapeutic context. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:129. [PMID: 35346367 PMCID: PMC8960087 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are advanced therapeutic strategies that can be used to efficiently treat diseases. Promising features of EVs include their innate therapeutic properties and ability to be engineered as targeted drug delivery systems. However, regulation of EV uptake is one challenge of EV therapy that must be overcome to achieve an efficient therapeutic outcome. Numerous efforts to improve the factors that affect EV uptake include the selection of a cell source, cell cultivation procedure, extraction and purification methods, storage, and administration routes. Limitations of rapid clearance, targeted delivery, and off-targeting of EVs are current challenges that must be circumvented. EV engineering can potentially overcome these limitations and provide an ideal therapeutic use for EVs. In this paper, we intend to discuss traditional strategies and their limitations, and then review recent advances in EV engineering that can be used to customize and control EV uptake for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abazar Esmaeili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Yerneni SS, Lathwal S, Cuthbert J, Kapil K, Szczepaniak G, Jeong J, Das SR, Campbell PG, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled Release of Exosomes Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization-Based Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1713-1722. [PMID: 35302760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-200 nm sized extracellular vesicles that are increasingly recognized as potential drug delivery vehicles. However, exogenous exosomes are rapidly cleared from the blood upon intravenous delivery, which limits their therapeutic potential. Here, we report bioactive exosome-tethered poly(ethylene oxide)-based hydrogels for the localized delivery of therapeutic exosomes. Using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers, the lipid membrane of exosomes was functionalized with initiators to graft polymers in the presence of additional initiators and crosslinker using photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This strategy of tethering exosomes within the hydrogel network allowed their controlled release over a period of 1 month, which was much longer than physically entrapped exosomes. Exosome release profile was tuned by varying the crosslinking density of the polymer network and the use of photocleavable tethers allowed stimuli-responsive release of exosomes. The therapeutic potential of the hydrogels was assessed by evaluating the osteogenic potential of bone morphogenetic protein 2-loaded exosomes on C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 cells. Thus, ATRP-based exosome-tethered hydrogels represent a tunable platform with improved efficacy and an extended-release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saigopalakrishna S Yerneni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,The Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,The Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,The Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Phil G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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31
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Kim K, Park J, Sohn Y, Oh CE, Park JH, Yuk JM, Yeon JH. Stability of Plant Leaf-Derived Extracellular Vesicles According to Preservative and Storage Temperature. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:457. [PMID: 35214189 PMCID: PMC8879201 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of efficiency delivering mRNAs, miRNAs, bioactive lipids, and proteins to mammalian cells. Plant-derived EVs critically contribute to the ability of plants to defend against pathogen attacks at the plant cell surface. They also represent a novel candidate natural substance that shows potential to be developed for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. However, although plant-derived EVs are acknowledged as having potential for various industrial applications, little is known about how their stability is affected by storage conditions. In this study, we evaluated the stability of Dendropanax morbifera leaf-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) alone or combined with the preservatives, 1,3-butylene glycol (to yield LEVs-1,3-BG) or TMO (LEVs-TMO). We stored these formulations at -20, 4, 25, and 45 °C for up to 4 weeks, and compared the stability of fresh and stored LEVs. We also assessed the effect of freeze-thawing cycles on the quantity and morphology of the LEVs. We found that different storage temperatures and number of freeze-thawing cycles altered the stability, size distribution, protein content, surface charge, and cellular uptake of LEVs compared to those of freshly isolated LEVs. LEVs-TMO showed higher stability when stored at 4 °C, compared to LEVs and LEVs-1,3-BG. Our study provides comprehensive information on how storage conditions affect LEVs and suggests that the potential industrial applications of plant-derived EVs may be broadened by the use of preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (C.-E.O.)
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.P.); (J.-M.Y.)
| | - Yehjoo Sohn
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (C.-E.O.)
| | - Chan-Eui Oh
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (C.-E.O.)
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Jong-Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.P.); (J.-M.Y.)
| | - Ju-Hun Yeon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (C.-E.O.)
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32
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Gelibter S, Marostica G, Mandelli A, Siciliani S, Podini P, Finardi A, Furlan R. The impact of storage on extracellular vesicles: A systematic study. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12162. [PMID: 35102719 PMCID: PMC8804350 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that storage has an impact on extracellular vesicles (EVs) properties. While -80°C storage is a widespread approach, some authors proposed improved storage strategies with conflicting results. Here, we designed a systematic study to assess the impact of -80°C storage and freeze-thaw cycles on EVs. We tested the differences among eight storage strategies and investigated the possible fusion phenomena occurring during storage. EVs were collected from human plasma and murine microglia culture by size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation, respectively. The analysis included: concentration, size and zeta potential (tunable resistive pulse sensing), contaminant protein assessment; flow cytometry for the analysis of two single fluorescent-tagged EVs populations (GFP and mCherry), mixed before preservation. We found that -80°C storage reduces EVs concentration and sample purity in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it increases the particle size and size variability and modifies EVs zeta potential, with a shift of EVs in size-charge plots. None of the tested conditions prevented the observed effects. Freeze-thaw cycles lead to an EVs reduction after the first cycle and to a cycle-dependent increase in particle size. With flow cytometry, after storage, we observed a significant population of double-positive EVs (GFP+ -mCherry+ ). This observation may suggest the occurrence of fusion phenomena during storage. Our findings show a significant impact of storage on EVs samples in terms of particle loss, purity reduction and fusion phenomena leading to artefactual particles. Depending on downstream analyses and experimental settings, EVs should probably be processed from fresh, non-archival, samples in majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gelibter
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Giulia Marostica
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Alessandra Mandelli
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Stella Siciliani
- Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Paola Podini
- Neuropathology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology UnitInstitute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
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33
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Famta P, Shah S, Khatri DK, Guru SK, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Enigmatic role of exosomes in breast cancer progression and therapy. Life Sci 2022; 289:120210. [PMID: 34875250 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is reported to be the leading cause of mortality in females worldwide. At the beginning of the year 2021, about 7.8 million women were diagnosed with BC in past 5 years. High prevalence and poor neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy has motivated the scientists around the globe to investigate alternative management strategies. In recent years, there has been an exponential rise in the scientific studies reporting the role of tumor derived exosomes (TDEs) in the BC pathophysiology and management. TDEs play an important role in the intercellular communication and transportation of biomolecules. This manuscript reviews the role of exosomes in the BC pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Role of TDEs in the mechanistic pathways of BC metastasis, immunosuppression, migration, dormancy and chemo-resistance is extensively reviewed. We have also highlighted the epigenetic modulations orchestrated by exosomal miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lnc RNAs) in the BC environment. Liquid biopsies analyzing blood circulating exosomes for early and accurate detection of the BC have been discussed. Characterization of exosomes, strategies to use them in BC chemotherapy, BC immunotherapy and potential challenges that will present themselves in translating exosomes based technologies to market are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Famta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Matic S, Dia VP. Bovine milk exosomes affected proliferation of macrophages under hypoxia. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2108-2113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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van de Wakker SI, van Oudheusden J, Mol EA, Roefs MT, Zheng W, Görgens A, El Andaloussi S, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Influence of short term storage conditions, concentration methodsand excipients on extracellular vesicle recovery and function. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 170:59-69. [PMID: 34864197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer enclosed vesicles which play an important role in intercellular communication. To date, many studies have focused on therapeutic application of EVs. However, to progress EV applications faster towards the clinic, more information about the physical stability and scalable production of EVs is needed. The goal of this study was to evaluate EV recovery and function after varying several conditions in the isolation process or during storage. Physical stability and recovery rates of EVs were evaluated by measuring EV size, particle and protein yields using nanoparticle tracking analysis, microBCA protein quantification assay and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot analyses of specific EV markers were performed to determine EV yields and purity. EV functionality was tested in an endothelial cell wound healing assay. Higher EV recovery rates were found when using HEPES buffered saline (HBS) as buffer compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) during EV isolation. When concentrating EVs, 15 ml spinfilters with a 10 kDa membrane cutoff gave the highest EV recovery. Next, EV storage in polypropylene tubes was shown to be superior compared to glass tubes. The use of protective excipients during EV storage, i.e. bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween 20, improved EV preservation without influencing their functionality. Finally, it was shown that both 4 °C and -80 °C are suitable for short term storage of EVs. Together, our results indicate that optimizing buffer compositions, concentrating steps, protective excipients and storage properties may collectively increase EV recovery rates significantly while preserving their functional properties, which accelerates translation of EV-based therapeutics towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I van de Wakker
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - J van Oudheusden
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - E A Mol
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - M T Roefs
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - P Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Wu K, He C, Wu Y, Zhou X, Liu P, Tang W, Yu M, Tian W. Preservation of Small Extracellular Vesicle in Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Through Reduced Particles Aggregation for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7831-7846. [PMID: 34876812 PMCID: PMC8643206 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s334194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) play an irreplaceable role in cell-cell communication. However, sEV in solution aggregate with each other during preservation, leading to impairment of the structures, contents, and functions of sEV. Therefore, there is a need to develop an optimal preservation method that combines high recovery rate, low cost, convenience, and easy-transportation in one. In this study, a new preservation strategy different from the cryopreservation or lyophilization was developed by reducing sEV particles aggregation. METHODS The sEV were encapsulated in thermoresponsive gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels at 4°C to reduce particles aggregation during the reversible cross-linking process. The sEV movement was visualized in different mediums and particles' number, size, structure and protein of 28 days preserved sEV were compared to fresh sEV. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (rASC) were isolated and cultured with fresh and preserved sEV to test the cellular response. A mice subcutaneous model was adopted to detect controlled release and angiogenesis ability of preserved sEV. RESULTS Through particles tracks visualization, GelMA hydrogels significantly decreased the sEV movement. After 28 days preservation in GelMA at 4°C, the particles number, size, structure and protein of sEV were similar to fresh sEV. In vitro, preserved sEV had the same ability to promote cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis as fresh sEV. In vivo, preserved sEV-GelMA could artificially regulate the absorptivity of GelMA hydrogels and controlled released sEV for therapeutic application, and preserved sEV encapsulated in GelMA significantly promoted angiogenesis in mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that sEV encapsulated in GelMA could be a novel strategy for long-term preservation of sEV for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Pauwels MJ, Vandendriessche C, Vandenbroucke RE. Special delEVery: Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Delivery Platform to the Brain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1734. [PMID: 34829963 PMCID: PMC8615927 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies is severely hampered by the presence of tightly regulated CNS barriers that restrict drug delivery to the brain. An increasing amount of data suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs), i.e., membrane derived vesicles that inherently protect and transfer biological cargoes between cells, naturally cross the CNS barriers. Moreover, EVs can be engineered with targeting ligands to obtain enriched tissue targeting and delivery capacities. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the literature describing a natural and engineered CNS targeting and therapeutic efficiency of different cell type derived EVs. Hereby, we specifically focus on peripheral administration routes in a broad range of CNS diseases. Furthermore, we underline the potential of research aimed at elucidating the vesicular transport mechanisms across the different CNS barriers. Finally, we elaborate on the practical considerations towards the application of EVs as a brain drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. Pauwels
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.J.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.J.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.J.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Simple urine storage protocol for extracellular vesicle proteomics compatible with at-home self-sampling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20760. [PMID: 34675268 PMCID: PMC8531010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increased interest as a biomarker source. Clinical implementation on a daily basis requires protocols that inevitably includes short-term storage of the clinical samples, especially when collected at home. However, little is known about the effect of delayed processing on the urinary EVs concentration and proteome. We evaluated two storage protocols. First, urine stored at 4 °C. Secondly a protocol compatible with at-home collection, in which urine was stored with the preservative EDTA at room temperature (RT). EVs were isolated using the ME-kit (VN96-peptide). For both conditions we explored the effect of storage duration (0, 2, 4 and 8 days) on EV concentration and proteome using EVQuant and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, respectively. The urinary EV concentration and proteome was highly stable using both protocols, in terms of protein number and quantitative changes. Furthermore, EDTA does not affect the urinary EV concentration or global proteome. In conclusion, urine can be stored either at 4 °C or with EDTA at RT for up to 8 days without any significant decay in EV concentration or a notable effect on the EV-proteome. These findings open up biomarker studies in urine collected via self-sampling at home.
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Barreiro K, Dwivedi OP, Valkonen S, Groop P, Tuomi T, Holthofer H, Rannikko A, Yliperttula M, Siljander P, Laitinen S, Serkkola E, af Hällström T, Forsblom C, Groop L, Puhka M. Urinary extracellular vesicles: Assessment of pre-analytical variables and development of a quality control with focus on transcriptomic biomarker research. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12158. [PMID: 34651466 PMCID: PMC8517090 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) are a topical source of non-invasive biomarkers for health and diseases of the urogenital system. However, several challenges have become evident in the standardization of uEV pipelines from collection of urine to biomarker analysis. Here, we studied the effect of pre-analytical variables and developed means of quality control for uEV isolates to be used in transcriptomic biomarker research. We included urine samples from healthy controls and individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and normo-, micro- or macroalbuminuria and isolated uEV by ultracentrifugation. We studied the effect of storage temperature (-20°C vs. -80°C), time (up to 4 years) and storage format (urine or isolated uEV) on quality of uEV by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, Western blotting and qPCR. Urinary EV RNA was compared in terms of quantity, quality, and by mRNA or miRNA sequencing. To study the stability of miRNA levels in samples isolated by different methods, we created and tested a list of miRNAs commonly enriched in uEV isolates. uEV and their transcriptome were preserved in urine or as isolated uEV even after long-term storage at -80°C. However, storage at -20°C degraded particularly the GC-rich part of the transcriptome and EV protein markers. Transcriptome was preserved in RNA samples extracted with and without DNAse, but read distributions still showed some differences in e.g. intergenic and intronic reads. MiRNAs commonly enriched in uEV isolates were stable and concordant between different EV isolation methods. Analysis of never frozen uEV helped to identify surface characteristics of particles by EM. In addition to uEV, qPCR assays demonstrated that uEV isolates commonly contained polyoma viruses. Based on our results, we present recommendations how to store and handle uEV isolates for transcriptomics studies that may help to expedite standardization of the EV biomarker field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Om Prakash Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sami Valkonen
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgramFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Research and DevelopmentFinnish Red Cross Blood ServiceHelsinkiFinland
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Per‐Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Department of NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular MetabolismFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of DiabetesCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular MetabolismFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University Diabetes CenterMalmöSweden
- Skåne University HospitalLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Abdominal Center, EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program in Systems OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pia Siljander
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgramFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- CURED, Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- EV‐coreFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Research and DevelopmentFinnish Red Cross Blood ServiceHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Carol Forsblom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Department of NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular MetabolismFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University Diabetes CenterMalmöSweden
- Skåne University HospitalLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HiPrep and EV CoreInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Rezabakhsh A, Sokullu E, Rahbarghazi R. Applications, challenges and prospects of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:521. [PMID: 34583767 PMCID: PMC8478268 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the identification and application of different stem cell types have offered alternative therapeutic approaches for clinicians. The lack of successful engraftment, migration into the injured site, loss of functionality and viability, ethical issues, shortage of donated allogeneic stem cells and the possibility of transmission of infectious are the main challenges associated with direct cell transplantation. The discovery and research on exosomes have led to the rise of hopes for the alleviation of different pathologies in regenerative medicine. Exo are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (40-150 nm) and released by each type. These nanoparticles participate in cell-to-cell communication in a paracrine manner. It is thought that the application of Exo can circumvent several drawbacks related to whole-cell therapies. Because of their appropriate size and stability, Exo are touted as therapeutic bullets transferring signaling factors into the acceptor cells in a paracrine manner. Despite these advantages, technologies associated with Exo isolation and purification are challenging because of heterogeneity in exosomal size and cargo. The lack of standard GMP-grade protocols is the main hurdle that limits the extensive application of Exo in the clinical setting. Here, the authors aimed to inspire a logical and realistic vision about problems associated with Exo application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St., Tabriz, 5166653431, Iran.
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Wu JY, Li YJ, Hu XB, Huang S, Xiang DX. Preservation of small extracellular vesicles for functional analysis and therapeutic applications: a comparative evaluation of storage conditions. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:162-170. [PMID: 33427518 PMCID: PMC7808382 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1869866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles involved in multiple biological functions. Small EVs (sEVs) are emerging as therapeutics and drug delivery systems for their contents, natural carrier properties, and nanoscale size. Despite various clinical application potentials, little is known about the effects of storage conditions on sEVs for functional analysis and therapeutic use. In this study, we evaluated the stability of sEVs stored at 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C up to 28 days and compared them to fresh sEVs. Also, the effect of freeze-thawing circles on the quantity of sEVs was assessed. We found that different storage temperatures, along with shelf life, impact the stability of sEVs when compared to freshly isolated sEVs. Storage changes the size distribution, decreases quantity and contents, and impacts cellular uptake and biodistribution of sEVs. For functional studies, isolated sEVs are suggested to be analyzed freshly or stored at 4 °C or −20 °C for short-term preservation depending on study design; but −80 °C condition would be more preferable for long-term preservation of sEVs for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong-Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sass D, Saligan L, Fitzgerald W, Berger AM, Torres I, Barb JJ, Kupzyk K, Margolis L. Extracellular vesicle associated and soluble immune marker profiles of psychoneurological symptom clusters in men with prostate cancer: an exploratory study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:440. [PMID: 34429399 PMCID: PMC8385103 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychoneurological symptom clusters are co-occurring and interrelated physiological symptoms that may include cancer-related fatigue, pain, depressive symptoms, cognitive disturbances, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms are hypothesized to share a common systemic proinflammatory etiology. Thus, an investigation of systemic immune biomarkers is an important approach to test this hypothesis. Here, we investigated the associations between extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated and soluble cytokines with immune markers and symptom clusters in men with non-metastatic prostate cancer. This observational study included 40 men with non-metastatic prostate cancer at the start (T1) of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and 3 months post treatment (T2), as well as 20 men with non-metastatic prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS) seen at one time point. Collected questionnaires assessed patient-reported fatigue, sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, and cognitive fatigue. In total, 45 soluble and EV-associated biomarkers in plasma were determined by multiplex assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify psychoneurological symptom clusters for each study group and their time points. Bivariate correlation analysis was run for each identified PCA cluster with the concentrations of EV-associated and soluble cytokines and immune markers. Both EV-associated and soluble forms of RANTES significantly correlated with the symptom cluster for EBRT at T1, whereas, at T2, soluble IFNα2, IL-9, and IL-17 correlated with the corresponding symptom cluster. For the AS group, soluble survivin correlated with psychoneurological symptoms. Linking specific inflammatory cytokines with psychoneurological symptom clusters in men receiving prostate cancer treatment can enhance understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon and aid in developing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilorom Sass
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68105, NE, USA
| | - Leorey Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Berger
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68105, NE, USA
| | - Isaias Torres
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer J Barb
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Kupzyk
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68105, NE, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yuan F, Li YM, Wang Z. Preserving extracellular vesicles for biomedical applications: consideration of storage stability before and after isolation. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1501-1509. [PMID: 34259095 PMCID: PMC8281093 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1951896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles released by various cell types. EVs are known for cell-to-cell communications and have potent biological activities. Despite great progress in recent years for studies exploring the potentials of EVs for early disease detection, therapeutic application and drug delivery, determination of the favorable storage conditions of EVs has been challenging. The understanding of the impact of storage conditions on EVs before and after isolation is still limited. Storage may change the size, number, contents, functions, and behaviors of EVs. Here, we summarized current studies about the stability of EVs in different conditions, focusing on temperatures, durations, and freezing and thawing cycles. -80 °C seems to remain the most favorable condition for storage of biofluids and isolated EVs, while isolated EVs may be stored at 4 °C shortly. Lyophilization is promising for storage of EV products. Challenges remain in the understanding of storage-mediated change in EVs and in the development of advanced preservation techniques of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 2018, Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuhui Wang
- Hunan Testing Institute for Medical Devices, Changsha, China
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Yang GH, Lee YB, Kang D, Choi E, Nam Y, Lee KH, You HJ, Kang HJ, An SH, Jeon H. Overcome the barriers of the skin: exosome therapy. Biomater Res 2021; 25:22. [PMID: 34217362 PMCID: PMC8254055 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized cargos with a lipid bilayer structure carrying diverse biomolecules including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These small vesicles are secreted by most types of cells to communicate with each other. Since exosomes circulate through bodily fluids, they can transfer information not only to local cells but also to remote cells. Therefore, exosomes are considered potential biomarkers for various treatments. Recently, studies have shown the efficacy of exosomes in skin defects such as aging, atopic dermatitis, and wounds. Also, exosomes are being studied to be used as ingredients in commercialized skin treatment products. In this review, we discussed the need for exosomes in skin therapy together with the current challenges. Moreover, the functional roles of exosomes in terms of skin treatment and regeneration are overviewed. Finally, we highlighted the major limitations and the future perspective in exosome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Yang
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Yoon Bum Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Donggu Kang
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eunjeong Choi
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Yoonju Nam
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Hi-Jin You
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15355, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15355, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun An
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061, South Korea.
| | - Hojun Jeon
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea.
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Butreddy A, Kommineni N, Dudhipala N. Exosomes as Naturally Occurring Vehicles for Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: Insights from Drug Delivery to Clinical Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1481. [PMID: 34204903 PMCID: PMC8229362 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes as nanosized vesicles are emerging as drug delivery systems for therapeutics owing to their natural origin, their ability to mediate intercellular communication, and their potential to encapsulate various biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids within the lipid bilayer membrane or in the lumen. Exosomes contain endogenous components (proteins, lipids, RNA) that could be used to deliver cargoes to target cells, offering an opportunity to diagnose and treat various diseases. Owing to their ability to travel safely in extracellular fluid and to transport cargoes to target cells with high efficacy, exosomes offer enhanced delivery of cargoes in vivo. However, several challenges related to the stabilization of the exosomes, the production of sufficient amounts of exosomes with safety and efficacy, the efficient loading of drugs into exosomes, the clearance of exosomes from circulation, and the transition from the bench scale to clinical production may limit their development and clinical use. For the clinical use of exosomes, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of exosome vesicles. This review exploits techniques related to the isolation and characterization of exosomes and their drug delivery potential to enhance the therapeutic outcome and stabilization methods. Further, routes of administration, clinical trials, and regulatory aspects of exosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Formulation R&D, Biological E. Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India;
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA;
| | - Narendar Dudhipala
- Depratment of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal 506005, Telangana State, India
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Di Santo R, Romanò S, Mazzini A, Jovanović S, Nocca G, Campi G, Papi M, De Spirito M, Di Giacinto F, Ciasca G. Recent Advances in the Label-Free Characterization of Exosomes for Cancer Liquid Biopsy: From Scattering and Spectroscopy to Nanoindentation and Nanodevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1476. [PMID: 34199576 PMCID: PMC8230295 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cell types. They are abundant in bio-fluids and harbor specific molecular constituents from their parental cells. Due to these characteristics, EXOs have a great potential in cancer diagnostics for liquid biopsy and personalized medicine. Despite this unique potential, EXOs are not yet widely applied in clinical settings, with two main factors hindering their translational process in diagnostics. Firstly, conventional extraction methods are time-consuming, require large sample volumes and expensive equipment, and often do not provide high-purity samples. Secondly, characterization methods have some limitations, because they are often qualitative, need extensive labeling or complex sampling procedures that can induce artifacts. In this context, novel label-free approaches are rapidly emerging, and are holding potential to revolutionize EXO diagnostics. These methods include the use of nanodevices for EXO purification, and vibrational spectroscopies, scattering, and nanoindentation for characterization. In this progress report, we summarize recent key advances in label-free techniques for EXO purification and characterization. We point out that these methods contribute to reducing costs and processing times, provide complementary information compared to the conventional characterization techniques, and enhance flexibility, thus favoring the discovery of novel and unexplored EXO-based biomarkers. In this process, the impact of nanotechnology is systematically highlighted, showing how the effectiveness of these techniques can be enhanced using nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, which enable the exploitation of advanced physical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Santo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Campi
- Rome International Centre Materials Science Superstripes RICMASS, via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria Km 29. 300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00016 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
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A Simple Paper-Based α-Amylase Separating System for Potential Application in Biological Sciences. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee M, Im W, Kim M. Exosomes as a potential messenger unit during heterochronic parabiosis for amelioration of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105374. [PMID: 33940179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) starts its pathology long before clinical manifestation, however, there is no therapy to cure it completely and only a few studies have been reported for delaying the progression of HD. Recently, it has been shown that heterochronic parabiosis can modulate the neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the importance of the transportation process of positive factors during heterochronic parabiosis, there were limited understandings because the transportation process is nanoscale, which makes it difficult to identify the messenger unit. We demonstrated that heterochronic parabiosis could modulate HD in R6/2 mice model, and identified the messenger unit for transferring positive factors in the young blood serum. METHODS R6/2 mice were surgically connected with young wild-type mice (n = 13), old wild-type mice (n = 8), or R6/2 mice (n = 6) to examine the effect of heterochronic parabiosis. Parabionts composed of 5- to 6-week-old transgenic and wild-type mice were observed for 6 weeks in a single cage. The in vitro cellular model of HD cells were treated by the blood serum of the young or old mice, and by the exosomes isolated from thereof. The in vitro cellular model of HD were developed by differentiating neural stem cells cultured from SVZ of the brain. RESULTS After the heterochronic parabiosis, the weight loss and survival of HD mice was improved. Also, mutant Huntingtin aggregation (EM48 p < 0.005), improvement of mitochondria dysfunction (PGC-1a p < 0.05, p-CREB/CREB p < 0.005), cell death (p53 p < 0.05, Bax p < 0.05, Cleaved-caspase3 p < 0.05), and cognition (DCX p < 0.5) showed a near complete restoration. In addition, treating in vitro cellular model of HD by the exosomes from young blood serum improved mutant Huntingtin aggregation (EM48 p < 0.05), mitochondria biogenesis (p-CREB/CREB p < 0.005), cell death (p53 p < 0.05, Bax p < 0.005, Cleaved-caspase3 p < 0.05, Bcl-2 p < 0.05), and cell proliferation (WST-1 p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We found that the overall pathology of HD could be improved by the shared blood circulation through heterochronic parabiosis, furthermore, we demonstrated that the exosomes could be messengers for transferring positive factors, showing the potential of exosomes from young blood for the amelioration of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Protein Metabolism and Neuroscience Dementia Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience and dementia Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang J, Nguyen LTH, Hickey R, Walters N, Wang X, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ, Palmer AF, Reátegui E. Immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) platform for enrichment and purification of extracellular vesicles from biofluids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8034. [PMID: 33850163 PMCID: PMC8044115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells have the potential to provide a much-needed source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, current methods for EV isolation have limited specificity towards tumor-derived EVs that limit their clinical use. Here, we present an approach called immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) that consists of sequential stages of purification and enrichment of EVs in approximately 2 h. In iSUF, EVs present in different volumes of biofluids (0.5-100 mL) can be significantly enriched (up to 1000 times), with up to 99% removal of contaminating proteins (e.g., albumin). The EV recovery rate by iSUF for cell culture media (CCM), serum, and urine corresponded to 98.0% ± 3.6%, 96.0% ± 2.0% and 94.0% ± 1.9%, respectively (p > 0.05). The final step of iSUF enables the separation of tumor-specific EVs by incorporating immunomagnetic beads to target EV subpopulations. Serum from a cohort of clinical samples from metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy donors were processed by the iSUF platform and the isolated EVs from patients showed significantly higher expression levels of BC biomarkers (i.e., HER2, CD24, and miR21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard Hickey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kwang Joo Kwak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Ghavami M, Vraka C, Hubert V, Schachner H, Bamminger K, Hacker M, Kain R, Moghadam MF. Radiolabeled HER2-directed exosomes exhibit improved cell targeting and specificity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:553-567. [PMID: 33728944 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Here, we established a reliable strategy for generation and characterization of targeted radiolabeled exosomes for the detection of HER2-positive cells quantitatively. Materials & methods: Targeted exosomes (T-exos) were radiolabeled by two different radiotracers, [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO or [111In]In-oxine. The labeling efficiency and stability were assessed using exosome exclusive spin columns. HER2-positive and -negative cells were treated with [111In]In-oxine-exosomes after 3 and 24 h. Results: [111In]In-oxine labeling did not change the binding ability and general features of the exosomes. With [111In]In-oxine, 70% labeling efficiency and 78% radiochemical stability over 24 h were achieved. [111In]In-oxine-T-exos showed greater uptake by HER2-positive cells compared with untargeted exosomes. Conclusion: [111In]In-oxine-T-exos could potentially be used as an effective imaging tool for HER2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlegha Ghavami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- Department of Biomedical Imaging & Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginie Hubert
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Schachner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karsten Bamminger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging & Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging & Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehdi Forouzandeh Moghadam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
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