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Sundaram T, Rajendran S, Gnanasekaran L, Rachmadona N, Jiang JJ, Khoo KS, Show PL. Bioengineering strategies of microalgae biomass for biofuel production: recent advancement and insight. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252228. [PMID: 37661811 PMCID: PMC10478748 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae-based biofuel developed over the past decade has become a viable substitute for petroleum-based energy sources. Due to their high lipid accumulation rates and low carbon dioxide emissions, microalgal species are considered highly valuable feedstock for biofuel generation. This review article presented the importance of biofuel and the flaws that need to be overcome to ensure algae-based biofuels are effective for future-ready bioenergy sources. Besides, several issues related to the optimization and engineering strategies to be implemented for microalgae-based biofuel derivatives and their production were evaluated. In addition, the fundamental studies on the microalgae technology, experimental cultivation, and engineering processes involved in the development are all measures that are commendably used in the pre-treatment processes. The review article also provides a comprehensive overview of the latest findings about various algae species cultivation and biomass production. It concludes with the most recent data on environmental consequences, their relevance to global efforts to create microalgae-based biomass as effective biofuels, and the most significant threats and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivel Sundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Lalitha Gnanasekaran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Mohali, India
| | - Nova Rachmadona
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Jheng-Jie Jiang
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Risk Management (CERM), Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Chaos-Hernández D, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Villalobos-Delgado FJ. Extraction methods of algae oils for the production of third generation biofuels - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139856. [PMID: 37598949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of third-generation biofuels because they have a lipid content of 20-70%, can be abundantly produced and do not compete in the food market besides other benefits. Biofuel production from microalgae is a promising option to contribute for the resolution of the eminent crisis of fossil energy and environmental pollution specially in the transporting sector. The choice of lipid extraction method is of relevance and associated to the algae morphology (i.e., rigid cells). Therefore, it is essential to develop suitable extraction technologies for economically viable and environment-friendly lipid recovery processes with the aim of achieving a commercial production of biofuels from this biomass. This review presents an exhaustive analysis and discussion of different methods and processes of lipid extraction from microalgae for the subsequent conversion to biodiesel. Physical methods based on the use of supercritical fluids, ultrasound and microwaves were reviewed. Chemical methods using solvents with different polarities, aside from mechanical techniques such as mechanical pressure and enzymatic methods, were also analyzed. The advantages, drawbacks, challenges and future prospects of lipid extraction methods from microalgae have been summarized to provide a wide panorama of this relevant topic for the production of economic and sustainable energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chaos-Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - H E Reynel-Ávila
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico; CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes 1582 Sur, Ciudad de México, 03940, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - A Bonilla-Petriciolet
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - F J Villalobos-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
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Kiyani DA, Maryam S, Amina SJ, Ahmad A, Chattha MWA, Janjua HA. Lipid extraction and analysis of microalgae strain pectinodesmus PHM3 for biodiesel production. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 37430266 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study is focused on the lipid extract of microalgae; Pectinodesmus strain PHM3 and its general analysis in terms of chemical contents. Combinations of both chemical and mechanistic approaches were applied to obtain the maximum yield of lipids which was recorded to be 23% per gram through continuous agitation using Folch solution. The extraction methods used in this study included: Bligh and Dyers method, Continuous agitation method, Extraction using Soxhlet and Acid base extraction method. Lipid quantification of ethanol and Folch solution lipid extract was performed through gravimetric methods and qualification was done through Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical analysis identified other compounds in ethanol extract and the results confirmed the presence of steroids, coumarins, tannins, phenols and carbohydrates. Transesterification of lipids showed 7% per gram dry weight yield of Pectinodesmus PHM3. GC-MS studies of extracted biodiesel suggested that 72% of biofuels was in the form of dipropyl ether, ethyl butyl ethers, methyl butyl ether and propyl butyl ether. Lipid processing of acid-base extract showed that oily nature of lipid shifted to a more precipitated form which is a common observation when mixture of lipids is converted to phosphatides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Akram Kiyani
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shafia Maryam
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Jabeen Amina
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas Alam Chattha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Recent Advances in Marine Microalgae Production: Highlighting Human Health Products from Microalgae in View of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blue biotechnology can greatly help solve some of the most serious social problems due to its wide biodiversity, which includes marine environments. Microalgae are important resources for human needs as an alternative to terrestrial plants because of their rich biodiversity, rapid growth, and product contributions in many fields. The production scheme for microalgae biomass mainly consists of two processes: (I) the Build-Up process and (II) the Pull-Down process. The Build-Up process consists of (1) the super strain concept and (2) cultivation aspects. The Pull-Down process includes (1) harvesting and (2) drying algal biomass. In some cases, such as the manufacture of algal products, the (3) extraction of bioactive compounds is included. Microalgae have a wide range of commercial applications, such as in aquaculture, biofertilizer, bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods, which have several industrial and academic applications around the world. The efficiency and success of biomedical products derived from microalgal biomass or its metabolites mainly depend on the technologies used in the cultivation, harvesting, drying, and extraction of microalgae bioactive molecules. The current review focuses on recent advanced technologies that enhance microalgae biomass within microalgae production schemes. Moreover, the current work highlights marine drugs and human health products derived from microalgae that can improve human immunity and reduce viral activities, especially COVID-19.
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Patel AK, Vadrale AP, Tseng YS, Chen CW, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Bioprospecting of marine microalgae from Kaohsiung Seacoast for lutein and lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:126928. [PMID: 35257880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A bioprospecting study was conducted from Seawater samples collected at Kaohsiung Seacoast, Taiwan. The current research was aimed to isolate potential lutein-producing strain, evaluate and optimize the best cultivation mode, lutein accumulation stage, lutein-extraction method, and condition to recover maximum lutein (main product) and lipid (byproduct). Biorefinery is the latest approach worldwide to extract multi-products for cost-effectiveness. Selected isolate among several isolates, identified as Chlorella sorokiniana Kh12 and exploited under biorefinery concept for lutein and lipid extraction. Kh12 cultivated under mixotrophy: 2X-(HT)-9k yielded maximum biomass (3.46 g L-1) and lutein (13.69 mg g-1) which is among the higher yields reported so far. Among various tested solvents, methanol was the best extractor. Bead milling was most effective to disrupt algal cell walls, seven minutes of milling was best for maximum lutein (7.56 mg g-1) extraction. Kh12 could be a promising candidate for commercial lutein and lipid co-production based on the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Pralhad Vadrale
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rahman MM, Hosano N, Hosano H. Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies. Molecules 2022; 27:2786. [PMID: 35566139 PMCID: PMC9104913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have evolved into a promising sustainable source of a wide range of compounds, including protein, carbohydrates, biomass, vitamins, animal feed, and cosmetic products. The process of extraction of intracellular composites in the microalgae industry is largely determined by the microalgal species, cultivation methods, cell wall disruption techniques, and extraction strategies. Various techniques have been applied to disrupt the cell wall and recover the intracellular molecules from microalgae, including non-mechanical, mechanical, and combined methods. A comprehensive understanding of the cell disruption processes in each method is essential to improve the efficiency of current technologies and further development of new methods in this field. In this review, an overview of microalgal cell disruption techniques and an analysis of their performance and challenges are provided. A number of studies on cell disruption and microalgae extraction are examined in order to highlight the key challenges facing the field of microalgae and their future prospects. In addition, the amount of product recovery for each species of microalgae and the important parameters for each technique are discussed. Finally, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted treatments, which are becoming an attractive option due to their simplicity and effectiveness in extracting microalgae compounds, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mijanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Nushin Hosano
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Hamid Hosano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
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Effects of Acid-fermented Food Wastewater in Microwave-based Direct Lipid Extraction from Wet Microalgae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Current Pretreatment/Cell Disruption and Extraction Methods Used to Improve Intracellular Lipid Recovery from Oleaginous Yeasts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020251. [PMID: 33513696 PMCID: PMC7910848 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of lipids from oleaginous yeasts involves several stages starting from cultivation and lipid accumulation, biomass harvesting and finally lipids extraction. However, the complex and relatively resistant cell wall of yeasts limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids and usually solvent extraction is not sufficient to effectively extract the lipid bodies. A pretreatment or cell disruption method is hence a prerequisite prior to solvent extraction. In general, there are no recovery methods that are equally efficient for different species of oleaginous yeasts. Each method adopts different mechanisms to disrupt cells and extract the lipids, thus a systematic evaluation is essential before choosing a particular method. In this review, mechanical (bead mill, ultrasonication, homogenization and microwave) and nonmechanical (enzyme, acid, base digestions and osmotic shock) methods that are currently used for the disruption or permeabilization of oleaginous yeasts are discussed based on their principle, application and feasibility, including their effects on the lipid yield. The attempts of using conventional and “green” solvents to selectively extract lipids are compared. Other emerging methods such as automated pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and simultaneous in situ lipid recovery using capturing agents are also reviewed to facilitate the choice of more effective lipid recovery methods.
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Abstract
Several microalgae species have been exploited due to their great biotechnological potential for the production of a range of biomolecules that can be applied in a large variety of industrial sectors. However, the major challenge of biotechnological processes is to make them economically viable, through the production of commercially valuable compounds. Most of these compounds are accumulated inside the cells, requiring efficient technologies for their extraction, recovery and purification. Recent improvements approaching physicochemical treatments (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, among others) and processes without solvents are seeking to establish sustainable and scalable technologies to obtain target products from microalgae with high efficiency and purity. This article reviews the currently available approaches reported in literature, highlighting some examples covering recent granted patents for the microalgae’s components extraction, recovery and purification, at small and large scales, in accordance with the worldwide trend of transition to bio-based products.
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Gomes TA, Zanette CM, Spier MR. An overview of cell disruption methods for intracellular biomolecules recovery. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:635-654. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1728696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Aparecida Gomes
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Zanette
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Food Engineering Department, Midwestern State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Michele Rigon Spier
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Noh HJ, Lee SY, Jang YS. Microbial production of butyl butyrate, a flavor and fragrance compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2079-2086. [PMID: 30659333 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Butyl butyrate (BB) has been widely used as a flavor and fragrance compound in the beverage, food, perfume, and cosmetic industries. Currently, BB is produced through two-step processes; butanol and butyrate are first produced and are used as precursors for the esterification reactions to yield BB in the next step. Recently, an alternative process to the current process has been developed by using microorganisms for the one-pot BB production. In the one-pot BB process, alcohol acyl transferases (AATs) and lipases play roles in the esterification of butanol together with their co-substrates butyryl-CoA and butyrate, respectively. In this paper, we review the characteristics of two enzymes including AAT and lipase in the esterification reaction. Also, we review the one-pot processes for BB production by employing the wild-type and engineered Clostridium species and the engineered Escherichia coli strains, with the combination of AATs and lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Noh
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science Technology, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu-Sin Jang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science Technology, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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