1
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Li W, Cao D, Li J, Jiang T. Face-Specific Activity in the Ventral Stream Visual Cortex Linked to Conscious Face Perception. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01185-3. [PMID: 38457111 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
When presented with visual stimuli of face images, the ventral stream visual cortex of the human brain exhibits face-specific activity that is modulated by the physical properties of the input images. However, it is still unclear whether this activity relates to conscious face perception. We explored this issue by using the human intracranial electroencephalography technique. Our results showed that face-specific activity in the ventral stream visual cortex was significantly higher when the subjects subjectively saw faces than when they did not, even when face stimuli were presented in both conditions. In addition, the face-specific neural activity exhibited a more reliable neural response and increased posterior-anterior direction information transfer in the "seen" condition than the "unseen" condition. Furthermore, the face-specific neural activity was significantly correlated with performance. These findings support the view that face-specific activity in the ventral stream visual cortex is linked to conscious face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Research Center for Augmented Intelligence, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
- Xiaoxiang Institute for Brain Health and Yongzhou Central Hospital, Yongzhou, 425000, China.
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2
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Shi Y, Kang J, Sommer W, Cao X. The development of processing second-order spatial relations of faces in Chinese preschoolers. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 232:105678. [PMID: 37004264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Second-order relational information processing is the perception of the relative distance between facial features. Previous studies ignored the effect of different spatial manipulations on second-order sensitivity in face processing, and little is known about its developmental trajectory in East Asian populations, who have stronger holistic face processing than Western populations. We addressed these gaps in the literature through an experiment with four groups of Chinese preschool children (aged 3-6 years; n = 157) and a group of adults (n = 25). The participants were presented with face pairs displaying features with various spatial distance manipulations (Change 1: changes in the spacing between eyes; Change 2: nose-mouth spacing changes; Change 3: a combination of Changes 1 and 2) using a simultaneous two-alternative forced-choice task. Second-order sensitivity was already present in 3-year-old children across all manipulations and became more pronounced in 4-year-old children. Second-order sensitivity to the spatial distance between the eyes (i.e., Changes 1 and 3) among 4-year-olds was higher than that of 3-year-olds and was similar to that of adults, suggesting a key increase of this sensitivity from 3 to 4 years of age. Regarding the Change 2 condition, preschoolers aged 5 and 6 years had higher sensitivity than 3-year-olds; however, all preschoolers' sensitivity was inferior to that of adults. These findings show that the development of Chinese preschoolers' sensitivity for detecting spatial relations between the eyes might be faster than that for detecting nose-mouth spacing, supporting the importance of eyes in face processing.
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3
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Matsunaka R, Hiraki K. Neural correlates of attentional orienting with neutral and fearful gaze cues in 12-month-olds. Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:80-90. [PMID: 37129270 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2208877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Infants use information on gaze direction and facial expressions for social referencing when encountering various objects in their environment. However, it remains unclear how these social cues influence attentional orienting in infants. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the neural correlates of attentional orienting cued by an averted gaze with neutral and fearful expressions in 12-month-olds. We focused on the ERPs in response to a face (N290, P400, and Nc) as well as a saccade toward the target (the presaccadic spike potential: SP) and found that the amplitudes of the face-sensitive ERPs (N290 and P400) were larger for directed than averted gaze direction irrespective of facial expression. Furthermore, the amplitude of the SP involved in overt orienting was larger for fearful expressions than for neutral expressions, irrespective of gaze congruency. These results suggest that information on gaze direction and facial expression, specifically neutral and fearful expressions, may be processed independently, and that fearful expressions dominantly influence the neural correlates of attentional orienting in infants around 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsunaka
- Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hiraki
- Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Xie S, Hoehl S, Moeskops M, Kayhan E, Kliesch C, Turtleton B, Köster M, Cichy RM. Visual category representations in the infant brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5422-5432.e6. [PMID: 36455560 PMCID: PMC9796816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Visual categorization is a human core cognitive capacity1,2 that depends on the development of visual category representations in the infant brain.3,4,5,6,7 However, the exact nature of infant visual category representations and their relationship to the corresponding adult form remains unknown.8 Our results clarify the nature of visual category representations from electroencephalography (EEG) data in 6- to 8-month-old infants and their developmental trajectory toward adult maturity in the key characteristics of temporal dynamics,2,9 representational format,10,11,12 and spectral properties.13,14 Temporal dynamics change from slowly emerging, developing representations in infants to quickly emerging, complex representations in adults. Despite those differences, infants and adults already partly share visual category representations. The format of infants' representations is visual features of low to intermediate complexity, whereas adults' representations also encode high-complexity features. Theta band activity contributes to visual category representations in infants, and these representations are shifted to the alpha/beta band in adults. Together, we reveal the developmental neural basis of visual categorization in humans, show how information transmission channels change in development, and demonstrate the power of advanced multivariate analysis techniques in infant EEG research for theory building in developmental cognitive science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Xie
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee, Berlin 14195, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse, Wien 1010, Austria,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Merle Moeskops
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ezgi Kayhan
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Kliesch
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bert Turtleton
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Moritz Köster
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee, Berlin 14195, Germany,Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Radoslaw M. Cichy
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee, Berlin 14195, Germany,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden, 10099 Berlin, Germany,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz, 10117 Berlin, Germany,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden, 10099 Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author
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5
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Ishikawa M, Itakura S. Social reward anticipation in infants as revealed by event-related potentials. Soc Neurosci 2022; 17:480-489. [PMID: 36259467 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2138535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infants engage in gaze interaction from the early stage of life. Emerging studies suggest that infants may expect social reward of shared attention before looking to the same object with another person. However, it was unknown about the neural responses during the anticipation of social rewards before shared attention in infants. We tested infants' reward anticipations in the gaze cueing situation measured by event-related potentials in the social association learning task. Six- to ten-month-old infants (N = 20) repeatedly observed that a female predictively looked toward the animation position (valid condition) or another female looking away from the animation (invalid condition). It was posited that infants could learn associations between female faces and the event of shared attention. The results showed that the stimulus preceding negativity which reflects reward anticipation before the animation presentation was elicited in the second half of the learning phases in the valid condition. Additionally, after the presentation of the face, N290 was greater in the second half of the learning phase than in the first half in the valid condition. These results suggest that infants can anticipate social reward from gaze cues, and learning the gaze cueing validity may affect not only reward anticipation but face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Ishikawa
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Guy MW, Richards JE, Roberts JE. Cortical Source Analysis of the Face Sensitive N290 ERP Component in Infants at High Risk for Autism. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1129. [PMID: 36138866 PMCID: PMC9497227 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate head models for cortical source analysis were investigated and applied to source analyses examining the neural bases of the face-sensitive N290 event-related potential (ERP) component in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This included infant siblings of children with ASD (ASIBs) and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS). First, alternative head models for use with ASIBs and FXS were investigated. Head models created from the infant's own MRI were examined in relation to five head models based on average MRI templates. The results of the head model comparison identified group-specific (i.e., ASIB or FXS) head models created from a large collection of structural MRIs as the best substitution for the head model created from the participant's own structural MRI. Second, the cortical source analysis was completed on N290 data collected from a previous study to investigate brain areas associated with face sensitive ERP responses. Participants' own MRIs were used for head models when available, and the group-specific head model was used when the participants' own MRIs were not available. The results provide evidence for unique patterns of neural activation during face processing across infants at high and low risk for ASD and across etiologically distinct high-risk groups. All infants demonstrated greater activation to faces than toys in brain areas most associated with specialized face processing. Infants with FXS displayed higher levels of activation to faces across all areas analyzed, while ASIBs show more muted levels of activation. Overall, the results of the current study demonstrate the importance of group-specific head models for accurate cortical source analysis in infants at high risk for ASD. This also allows for further research on early distinctions in brain function based on risk status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie W. Guy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - John E. Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jane E. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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7
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Neural specialization to human faces at the age of 7 months. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12471. [PMID: 35864182 PMCID: PMC9304373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to human faces has been suggested to be an early emerging capacity that promotes social interaction. However, the developmental processes that lead to cortical specialization to faces has remained unclear. The current study investigated both cortical sensitivity and categorical specificity through event-related potentials (ERPs) previously implicated in face processing in 7-month-old infants (N290) and adults (N170). Using a category-specific repetition/adaptation paradigm, cortical specificity to human faces, or control stimuli (cat faces), was operationalized as changes in ERP amplitude between conditions where a face probe was alternated with categorically similar or dissimilar adaptors. In adults, increased N170 for human vs. cat faces and category-specific release from adaptation for face probes alternated with cat adaptors was found. In infants, a larger N290 was found for cat vs. human probes. Category-specific repetition effects were also found in infant N290 and the P1-N290 peak-to-peak response where latter indicated category-specific release from adaptation for human face probes resembling that found in adults. The results suggest cortical specificity to human faces during the first year of life. Encoding of unfamiliar cat stimuli might explain N290 amplification found in infants.
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8
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Fu X, Richards JE. Evaluating Head Models for Cortical Source Localization of the Face-Sensitive N290 Component in Infants. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:398-415. [PMID: 35543889 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate cortical source localization of event-related potentials (ERPs) requires using realistic head models constructed from the participant's structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A challenge in developmental studies is the limited accessibility of participant-specific MRIs. The present study compared source localization of infants' N290 ERP activities estimated using participant-specific head models with a series of substitute head models. The N290 responses to faces relative to toys were measured in 36 infants aged at 4.5, 7.5, 9, and 12 months. The substitutes were individual-based head models constructed from age-matched MRIs with closely matched ("close") or different ("far") head measures with the participants, age-appropriate average template, and age-inappropriate average templates. The greater source responses to faces than toys at the middle fusiform gyrus (mFG) estimated using participant-specific head models were preserved in individual-based head models, but not average templates. The "close" head models yielded the best fit with the participant-specific head models in source activities at the mFG and across face-processing-related regions of interest (ROIs). The age-appropriate average template showed mixed results, not supporting the stimulus effect but showed topographical distributions across the ROIs like the participant-specific head models. The "close" head models are the most optimal substitute for participant-specific MRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fu
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
| | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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9
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Human face and gaze perception is highly context specific and involves bottom-up and top-down neural processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:304-323. [PMID: 34861296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes human perception and processing of face and gaze signals. Face and gaze signals are important means of non-verbal social communication. The review highlights that: (1) some evidence is available suggesting that the perception and processing of facial information starts in the prenatal period; (2) the perception and processing of face identity, expression and gaze direction is highly context specific, the effect of race and culture being a case in point. Culture affects by means of experiential shaping and social categorization the way in which information on face and gaze is collected and perceived; (3) face and gaze processing occurs in the so-called 'social brain'. Accumulating evidence suggests that the processing of facial identity, facial emotional expression and gaze involves two parallel and interacting pathways: a fast and crude subcortical route and a slower cortical pathway. The flow of information is bi-directional and includes bottom-up and top-down processing. The cortical networks particularly include the fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus (STS), intraparietal sulcus, temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex.
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10
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Tibbetts EA, Pardo-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Matias J, Avarguès-Weber A. Individual recognition is associated with holistic face processing in Polistes paper wasps in a species-specific way. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203010. [PMID: 33468004 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most recognition is based on identifying features, but specialization for face recognition in primates relies on a different mechanism, termed 'holistic processing' where facial features are bound together into a gestalt which is more than the sum of its parts. Here, we test whether individual face recognition in paper wasps also involved holistic processing using a modification of the classic part-whole test in two related paper wasp species: Polistes fuscatus, which use facial patterns to individually identify conspecifics, and Polistes dominula, which lacks individual recognition. We show that P. fuscatus use holistic processing to discriminate between P. fuscatus face images but not P. dominula face images. By contrast, P. dominula do not rely on holistic processing to discriminate between conspecific or heterospecific face images. Therefore, P. fuscatus wasps have evolved holistic face processing, but this ability is highly specific and shaped by species-specific and stimulus-specific selective pressures. Convergence towards holistic face processing in distant taxa (primates, wasps) as well as divergence among closely related taxa with different recognition behaviour (P. dominula, P. fuscatus) suggests that holistic processing may be a universal adaptive strategy to facilitate expertise in face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aurore Avarguès-Weber
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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11
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Conte S, Richards JE, Guy MW, Xie W, Roberts JE. Face-sensitive brain responses in the first year of life. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116602. [PMID: 32044434 PMCID: PMC7085434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical areas in the ventral visual pathway become selectively tuned towards the processing of faces compared to non-face stimuli beginning around 3 months of age and continuing over the first year. Studies using event-related potentials in the EEG (ERPs) have found an ERP component, the N290, that displays specificity for human faces. Other components, such as the P1, P400, and Nc have been studied to a lesser degree in their responsiveness to human faces. However, little is known about the systematic changes in the neural responses to faces during the first year of life, and the localization of these responses in infants' brain. We examined ERP responses to pictures of faces and objects in infants from 4.5 months through 12 months in a cross-sectional study. We investigated the activity of all the components reported to be involved in infant face processing, with particular interest to their amplitude variation and cortical localization. We identified neural regions responsible for the component through the application of cortical source localization methods. We found larger P1 and N290 responses to faces than objects, and these components were localized in the lingual and middle/posterior fusiform gyri, respectively. The amplitude of the P400 was not differentially sensitive to faces over objects. The Nc component was different for faces and objects, was influenced by the infant's attentional state, and localized in medial-anterior brain areas. The implications of these results are discussed in the identification of developmental ERP precursors to face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, United States.
| | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Maggie W Guy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Wanze Xie
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Jane E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, United States
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12
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Laycock R, Wood K, Wright A, Crewther SG, Goodale MA. Saccade Latency Provides Evidence for Reduced Face Inversion Effects With Higher Autism Traits. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:470. [PMID: 32038202 PMCID: PMC6992588 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals on the autism spectrum are reported to show impairments in the processing of social information, including aspects of eye-movements towards faces. Abnormalities in basic-level visual processing are also reported. In the current study, we sought to determine if the latency of saccades made towards social targets (faces) in a natural scene as opposed to inanimate targets (cars) would be related to sub-clinical autism traits (ATs) in individuals drawn from a neurotypical population. The effect of stimulus inversion was also examined given that difficulties with processing inverted faces are thought to be a function of face expertise. No group differences in saccadic latency were established for face or car targets, regardless of image orientation. However, as expected, we found that individuals with higher autism-like traits did not demonstrate a saccadic face inversion effect, but those with lower autism-like traits did. Neither group showed a car inversion effect. Thus, these results suggest that neurotypical individuals with high autism-like traits also show anomalies in detecting and orienting to faces. In particular, the reduced saccadic face inversion effect established in these participants with high ATs suggests that speed of visual processing and orienting towards faces may be associated with the social difficulties found across the broader autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Laycock
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie Wood
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Wright
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melvyn A Goodale
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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13
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Simpson EA, Maylott SE, Mitsven SG, Zeng G, Jakobsen KV. Face detection in 2- to 6-month-old infants is influenced by gaze direction and species. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12902. [PMID: 31505079 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans detect faces efficiently from a young age. Face detection is critical for infants to identify and learn from relevant social stimuli in their environments. Faces with eye contact are an especially salient stimulus, and attention to the eyes in infancy is linked to the emergence of later sociality. Despite the importance of both of these early social skills-attending to faces and attending to the eyes-surprisingly little is known about how they interact. We used eye tracking to explore whether eye contact influences infants' face detection. Longitudinally, we examined 2-, 4-, and 6-month-olds' (N = 65) visual scanning of complex image arrays with human and animal faces varying in eye contact and head orientation. Across all ages, infants displayed superior detection of faces with eye contact; however, this effect varied as a function of species and head orientation. Infants were more attentive to human than animal faces and were more sensitive to eye and head orientation for human faces compared to animal faces. Unexpectedly, human faces with both averted heads and eyes received the most attention. This pattern may reflect the early emergence of gaze following-the ability to look where another individual looks-which begins to develop around this age. Infants may be especially interested in averted gaze faces, providing early scaffolding for joint attention. This study represents the first investigation to document infants' attention patterns to faces systematically varying in their attentional states. Together, these findings suggest that infants develop early, specialized functional conspecific face detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Maylott
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - Guangyu Zeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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14
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Di Dio C, Massaro D, Savazzi FA, Gallese V, Garau T, Gilli G, Marchetti A. Beauty in life: An eye-tracking study on young adults' aesthetic evaluation and vitality judgment of pictorial representations of sleeping and dead subjects. Psych J 2019; 9:458-471. [PMID: 31025535 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Preferring life to death is deeply rooted in our biology. With the present study, we explored two questions: (1) Can this inclination be transposed to aesthetics, so that a living being is valued as more beautiful than a non-living being? and (2) Are there any differences in the visual exploration of portrayals of a living compared to a dead human? In particular, are there any specific facial features representing the vitality status of a living or dead subject? By answering both questions, young adults' eye gazing was analyzed while they observed, aesthetically judged, and judged the vitality status of faces extracted from paintings representing a sleeping or dead subject. The aesthetic preference for the stimuli as a function of vitality (living, dead) was assessed both during the eye-tracking study and during a follow-up priming behavioral experiment. The analysis of the responses given during the aesthetic judgment task in the eye-tracking study revealed preference for the sleeping compared to the dead subjects, supporting proclivity to attribute greater aesthetic value to living beings. This evidence was substantially confirmed by the follow-up priming behavioral study, which further showed a significant effect of explicit vitality labeling on the aesthetic evaluation of the portrayals of sleeping subjects. As far as the visual exploration of the stimuli is concerned, the main eye-tracking results revealed great attention to the eye region of both sleeping and dead subjects, which was particularly enhanced for the sleeping compared to the dead subjects. For the latter stimuli, focused attention was also found to the mouth region. These results are discussed in light of different theoretical proposals, including the "embodied" theory of aesthetic perception based on the existence of mirror systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Dio
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiziana Garau
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gilli
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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15
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The nature of individual face recognition in preschool children: Insights from a gaze-contingent paradigm. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Peykarjou S, Hoehl S, Pauen S, Rossion B. Rapid Categorization of Human and Ape Faces in 9-Month-Old Infants Revealed by Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12526. [PMID: 28970508 PMCID: PMC5624891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates categorization of human and ape faces in 9-month-olds using a Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) paradigm while measuring EEG. Categorization responses are elicited only if infants discriminate between different categories and generalize across exemplars within each category. In study 1, human or ape faces were presented as standard and deviant stimuli in upright and inverted trials. Upright ape faces presented among humans elicited strong categorization responses, whereas responses for upright human faces and for inverted ape faces were smaller. Deviant inverted human faces did not elicit categorization. Data were best explained by a model with main effects of species and orientation. However, variance of low-level image characteristics was higher for the ape than the human category. Variance was matched to replicate this finding in an independent sample (study 2). Both human and ape faces elicited categorization in upright and inverted conditions, but upright ape faces elicited the strongest responses. Again, data were best explained by a model of two main effects. These experiments demonstrate that 9-month-olds rapidly categorize faces, and unfamiliar faces presented among human faces elicit increased categorization responses. This likely reflects habituation for the familiar standard category, and stronger release for the unfamiliar category deviants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Peykarjou
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Face Categorization Lab, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabina Pauen
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Face Categorization Lab, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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17
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Nonverbal components of Theory of Mind in typical and atypical development. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 48:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Lochy A, de Heering A, Rossion B. The non-linear development of the right hemispheric specialization for human face perception. Neuropsychologia 2017; 126:10-19. [PMID: 28655606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origins of human adults' right hemispheric specialization for face perception remain unclear. On the one hand, infant studies have shown a right hemispheric advantage for face perception. On the other hand, it has been proposed that the adult right hemispheric lateralization for face perception slowly emerges during childhood due to reading acquisition, which increases left lateralized posterior responses to competing written material (e.g., visual letters and words). Since methodological approaches used in infant and children typically differ when their face capabilities are explored, resolving this issue has been difficult. Here we tested 5-year-old preschoolers varying in their level of visual letter knowledge with the same fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) paradigm leading to strongly right lateralized electrophysiological occipito-temporal face-selective responses in 4- to 6-month-old infants (de Heering and Rossion, 2015). Children's face-selective response was quantitatively larger and differed in scalp topography from infants', but did not differ across hemispheres. There was a small positive correlation between preschoolers' letter knowledge and a non-normalized index of right hemispheric specialization for faces. These observations show that previous discrepant results in the literature reflect a genuine nonlinear development of the neural processes underlying face perception and are not merely due to methodological differences across age groups. We discuss several factors that could contribute to the adult right hemispheric lateralization for faces, such as myelination of the corpus callosum and reading acquisition. Our findings point to the value of FPVS coupled with electroencephalography to assess specialized face perception processes throughout development with the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliette Lochy
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Adélaïde de Heering
- UNESCOG, Center for Cognition & Neurosciences, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Belgium; Neurology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHRU) de Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
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19
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Memory consolidation of socially relevant stimuli during sleep in healthy children and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: What you can see in their eyes. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:196-204. [PMID: 28049026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and being comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), results in deficits in face processing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of sleep in recognizing faces in children with ADHD+ODD. Sixteen healthy children and 16 children diagnosed with ADHD+ODD participated in a sleep and a wake condition. During encoding (sleep condition at 8p.m.; wake condition at 8a.m.) pictures of faces were rated according to their emotional content; the retrieval session (12h after encoding session) contained a recognition task including pupillometry. Pupillometry and behavioral data revealed that healthy children benefited from sleep compared to wake with respect to face picture recognition; in contrast recognition performance in patients with ADHD+ODD was not improved after sleep compared to wake. It is discussed whether in patients with ADHD+ODD social stimuli are preferentially consolidated during daytime.
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20
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Peykarjou S, Wissner J, Pauen S. Categorical ERP repetition effects for human and furniture items in 7-month-old infants. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Wissner
- Department of Psychology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sabina Pauen
- Department of Psychology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
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21
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Fields C, Glazebrook JF. Disrupted development and imbalanced function in the global neuronal workspace: a positive-feedback mechanism for the emergence of ASD in early infancy. Cogn Neurodyn 2016; 11:1-21. [PMID: 28174609 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-016-9419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly being conceptualized as a spectrum disorder of connectome development. We review evidence suggesting that ASD is characterized by a positive feedback loop that amplifies small functional variations in early-developing sensory-processing pathways into structural and functional imbalances in the global neuronal workspace. Using vision as an example, we discuss how early functional variants in visual processing may be feedback-amplified to produce variant object categories and disrupted top-down expectations, atypically large expectation-to-perception mismatches, problems re-identifying individual people and objects, socially inappropriate, generally aversive emotional responses and disrupted sensory-motor coordination. Viewing ASD in terms of feedback amplification of small functional variants allows a number of recent models of ASD to be integrated with neuroanatomical, neurofunctional and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James F Glazebrook
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 USA
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22
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Nordt M, Hoehl S, Weigelt S. The use of repetition suppression paradigms in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cortex 2016; 80:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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The development of category specificity in infancy – What can we learn from electrophysiology? Neuropsychologia 2016; 83:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Salley B, Colombo J. Conceptualizing Social Attention in Developmental Research. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 25:687-703. [PMID: 27795619 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The term social attention has become widely used during the last decade, appearing within behavioral neuroscience and developmental neurocognitive literatures to characterize a variety of activities and cognitive processes that emerge in the presence of conspecifics. We provide here an overview of the current status of social attention as a construct, as reflected in its appearance in research studies, and we offer a framework for characterizing the extant literature based on the functions of social attention processes: as behavior for social communication, as motivation to engage in social communication, and as a form of basic visual attention in the context of other social agents. We then provide two overarching questions to guide future research efforts directed toward establishing the utility of social attention as an independent and/or unified construct. We then consider implications and recommendations for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Salley
- University of Kansas; University of Kansas Medical School
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25
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Nakano T, Nakatani K. Cortical networks for face perception in two-month-old infants. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1468. [PMID: 25185999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns have an innate system for preferentially looking at an upright human face. This face preference behaviour disappears at approximately one month of age and reappears a few months later. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this U-shaped behavioural change remain unclear. Here, we isolate the functional development of the cortical visual pathway for face processing using S-cone-isolating stimulation, which blinds the subcortical visual pathway. Using luminance stimuli, which are conveyed by both the subcortical and cortical visual pathways, the preference for upright faces was not observed in two-month-old infants, but it was observed in four- and six-month-old infants, confirming the recovery phase of the U-shaped development. By contrast, using S-cone stimuli, two-month-old infants already showed a preference for upright faces, as did four- and six-month-old infants, demonstrating that the cortical visual pathway for face processing is already functioning at the bottom of the U-shape at two months of age. The present results suggest that the transient functional deterioration stems from a conflict between the subcortical and cortical functional pathways, and that the recovery thereafter involves establishing a level of coordination between the two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Nakano
- Dynamic Brain Network Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontiers Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuko Nakatani
- Dynamic Brain Network Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontiers Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Peykarjou S, Pauen S, Hoehl S. 9-Month-Old Infants Recognize Individual Unfamiliar Faces in a Rapid Repetition ERP Paradigm. INFANCY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Simion F, Giorgio ED. Face perception and processing in early infancy: inborn predispositions and developmental changes. Front Psychol 2015; 6:969. [PMID: 26217285 PMCID: PMC4496551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
From birth it is critical for our survival to identify social agents and conspecifics. Among others stimuli, faces provide the required information. The present paper will review the mechanisms subserving face detection and face recognition, respectively, over development. In addition, the emergence of the functional and neural specialization for face processing as an experience-dependent process will be documented. Overall, the present work highlights the importance of both inborn predispositions and the exposure to certain experiences, shortly after birth, to drive the system to become functionally specialized to process faces in the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Simion
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Giorgio
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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28
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Hoehl S. How do neural responses to eyes contribute to face-sensitive ERP components in young infants? A rapid repetition study. Brain Cogn 2015; 95:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Longhi E, Senna I, Bolognini N, Bulf H, Tagliabue P, Cassia VM, Turati C. Discrimination of biomechanically possible and impossible hand movements at birth. Child Dev 2014; 86:632-41. [PMID: 25441119 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of human body perception has long been investigated, but little is known about its early origins. This study focused on how a body part highly relevant to the human species, namely the hand, is perceived a few days after birth. Using a preferential-looking paradigm, 24- to 48-hr-old newborns watched biomechanically possible and impossible dynamic hand gestures (Experiment 1, N = 15) and static hand postures (Experiment 2, N = 15). In Experiment 1, newborns looked longer at the impossible, compared to the possible, hand movement, whereas in Experiment 2 no visual preference emerged. These findings suggest that early in life the representation of the human body may be shaped by sensory-motor experience.
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30
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Psalta L, Young AW, Thompson P, Andrews TJ. Orientation-sensitivity to facial features explains the Thatcher illusion. J Vis 2014; 14:14.12.9. [PMID: 25301017 DOI: 10.1167/14.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thatcher illusion provides a compelling example of the perceptual cost of face inversion. The Thatcher illusion is often thought to result from a disruption to the processing of spatial relations between face features. Here, we show the limitations of this account and instead demonstrate that the effect of inversion in the Thatcher illusion is better explained by a disruption to the processing of purely local facial features. Using a matching task, we found that participants were able to discriminate normal and Thatcherized versions of the same face when they were presented in an upright orientation, but not when the images were inverted. Next, we showed that the effect of inversion was also apparent when only the eye region or only the mouth region was visible. These results demonstrate that a key component of the Thatcher illusion is to be found in orientation-specific encoding of the expressive features (eyes and mouth) of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Psalta
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, UK
| | - Andrew W Young
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, UK
| | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, UK
| | - Timothy J Andrews
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, UK
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31
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Marinović V, Hoehl S, Pauen S. Neural correlates of human–animal distinction: An ERP-study on early categorical differentiation with 4- and 7-month-old infants and adults. Neuropsychologia 2014; 60:60-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Peykarjou S, Pauen S, Hoehl S. How do 9-month-old infants categorize human and ape faces? A rapid repetition ERP study. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:866-78. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabina Pauen
- Department of Psychology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Department of Psychology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
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33
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Meaux E, Hernandez N, Carteau-Martin I, Martineau J, Barthélémy C, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Batty M. Event-related potential and eye tracking evidence of the developmental dynamics of face processing. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1349-62. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Meaux
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Nadia Hernandez
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Isabelle Carteau-Martin
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Joëlle Martineau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Catherine Barthélémy
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
| | - Magali Batty
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Inserm; Imagerie et Cerveau UMR U 930; CHRU de Tours; Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie; Tours France
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34
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Marusak HA, Carré JM, Thomason ME. The stimuli drive the response: an fMRI study of youth processing adult or child emotional face stimuli. Neuroimage 2013; 83:679-89. [PMID: 23851324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective navigation of the social world relies on the correct interpretation of facial emotions. This may be particularly important in formative years. Critically, literature examining the emergence of face processing in youth (children and adolescents) has focused on the neural and behavioral correlates of processing adult faces, which are relationally different from youth participants, and whose facial expressions may convey different meaning than faces of their peers. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan, we compared concurrent neural and behavioral responses as youth (N=25) viewed validated, emotionally varied (i.e., anger, fear, happy, and neutral) adult and child face stimuli. We observed that participants made fewer errors when matching adult, compared to child, face stimuli, and that while similar brain regions were involved in processing both adult and child faces, activation in the face processing neural network was greater for adult than child faces. This was true across emotions, and also when comparing neutral adult versus neutral child faces. Additionally, a valence by stimuli-type effect was observed within the amygdala. That is, within adult face stimuli, negative and neutral face stimuli elicited the largest effects, whereas within child face stimuli, happy face stimuli elicited the largest amygdala effects. Thus, heightened engagement of the amygdala was observed for happy child and angry adult faces, which may reflect age-specific salience of select emotions in early life. This study provides evidence that the relational age of the perceived face influences neural processing in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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35
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Peykarjou S, Westerlund A, Cassia VM, Kuefner D, Nelson CA. The neural correlates of processing newborn and adult faces in 3-year-old children. Dev Sci 2013; 16:905-14. [PMID: 24118716 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the processing of upright and inverted faces in 3-year-old children (n = 35). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a passive looking paradigm including adult and newborn face stimuli. We observed three face-sensitive components, the P1, the N170 and the P400. Inverted faces elicited shorter P1 latency and larger P400 amplitude. P1 and N170 amplitudes were larger for adult faces. To examine the role of experience in the development of face processing, the processing of adult and newborn faces was compared for children with a younger sibling (n = 23) and children without a younger sibling (n = 12). Age of sibling at test correlated negatively with P1 amplitude for adult and newborn faces. This may indicate more efficient processing of different face ages in children with a younger sibling and potentially reflects a more flexible face representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Peykarjou
- Department of Developmental and Biological Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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36
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Peykarjou S, Hoehl S. Three-Month-Olds’ Brain Responses to Upright and Inverted Faces and Cars. Dev Neuropsychol 2013; 38:272-80. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2013.786719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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