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Xiong X, Gao C, Meng X, Liu A, Gong X, Sun Y. Research progress in stem cell therapy for Wilson disease. Regen Ther 2024; 27:73-82. [PMID: 38525238 PMCID: PMC10959646 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD), also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disorganized copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Currently, the main treatment options for WD involve medications such as d-penicillamine, trientine hydrochloride, zinc acetate, and liver transplantation. However, there are challenges that encompass issues of poor compliance, adverse effects, and limited availability of liver sources that persist. Stem cell therapy for WD is currently a promising area of research. Due to the advancement in stem cell directed differentiation technology in vitro and the availability of sufficient stem cell donors, it is expected to be a potential treatment option for the permanent correction of abnormal copper metabolism. This article discusses the research progress of stem cell therapy for WD from various sources, as well as the challenges and future prospects of the clinical application of stem cell therapy for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlang Xiong
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Aihui Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, 410008, China
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Wang C, Wang R, Zhao L, Wang S, Liu Y, Zhao J, Dong Y, Liu L, Wei P, Wu ZY, Yi T. Constructing "smart" chelators by using an activatable prochelator strategy for the treatment of Wilson's disease. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103076. [PMID: 38340635 PMCID: PMC10869257 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is a genetic disorder that primarily leads to the pathological accumulation of copper (Cu) in the liver, causing an abnormal increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The prevailing clinical therapy for WD involves lifelong use of Cu chelation drugs to facilitate Cu excretion in patients. However, most available drugs exert severely side-effects due to their non-specific excretion of Cu, unsuitable for long-term use. In this study, we construct a prochelator that enables precise and controlled delivery of Cu chelator drugs to the liver in WD model, circumventing toxic side effects on other organs and normal tissues. This innovative prochelator rapidly releases the chelator and the fluorescent molecule methylene blue (MB) upon activation by ROS highly expressed in the liver of WD. The released chelator coordinates with Cu, efficiently aiding in Cu removal from the body and effectively inhibiting the pathological progression of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Roumin Wang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lingzhou Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Tao Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Beyzaei Z, Mehrzadeh A, Hashemi N, Geramizadeh B. The mutation spectrum and ethnic distribution of Wilson disease, a review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 38:101034. [PMID: 38149214 PMCID: PMC10750106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease is a complicated medical condition caused by the accumulation of copper, mostly in the liver and brain. The genetic basis of Wilson's disease is attributed to the presence of pathogenic variants in the ATP7B copper-transporting gene, which prevents the excretion of copper through the biliary tract. To date, ATP7B remains the only identified gene that has been linked to the development of this disease. Our understanding of the disease has been associated with the identification of particular disease-causing variants that present specific impairments in copper transporters. It is crucial to identify the most frequent variant in terms of ethnicity to facilitate testing of its functionality. This study represents the initial comprehensive analysis of ATP7B variants, providing insights into the extensive range of disease-causing mutations. Here, we describe the 1275 distinct ATP7B variants documented so far, with particular emphasis on their regional and ethnic prevalence. The H1069Q missense variant is the most frequently reported in Europe, Northern America, and North Africa, whereas the R778L, C271*, and M645R variants are the most prevalent in the East Asian, Middle Eastern-South Asian, and South American populations, respectively. Acquiring such knowledge would facilitate the implementation of a selective mutation screening approach, targeting the most predominant variant identified within a specific ethnic group or geographic region for better diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Beyzaei
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arman Mehrzadeh
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niko Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yang Z, Su Y, Liu M, Sun L, Zhang F, Lin W. A rare concomitance of Wilson's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus in a teenage girl: a case report and literature review. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1296426. [PMID: 38259603 PMCID: PMC10800781 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1296426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder characterized by impaired biliary excretion of copper and excessive copper accumulation in multiple organs, primarily leading to hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric manifestations. The coexistence of WD and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has rarely been reported, posing challenges in accurately diagnosing these two conditions because of overlapping clinical symptoms. Case presentation We presented the case of a 17-year-old girl initially suspected of having SLE due to positive anti-nuclear antibodies and lupus anticoagulants, decreased platelet count, hypocomplementemia, and pleural effusion. However, the patient also exhibited an unusual manifestation of decompensated liver cirrhosis, which is not typical of SLE. Further investigation revealed low serum ceruloplasmin levels, high 24-h urine copper levels, the presence of Kayser-Fleischer rings, and a compound heterozygous mutation in the ATP7B gene, confirming the diagnosis of WD. Conclusion The co-occurrence of WD and SLE poses a significant diagnostic challenge, often leading to misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis. Therefore, in patients with well-controlled SLE presenting with unexplained liver fibrosis, neurological involvement, or psychiatric symptoms, it is crucial to consider the possibility of WD. However, further studies are required to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigui Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yashuang Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meilu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Zhu L, Song B, Han YS, Xu Y, Xun-Wang, Xue BC, Han YZ, Yang RM. Sexual dysfunction in Wilson disease: Prevalence and influencing factors. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 118:117-122. [PMID: 37922727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease is a rare neurogenetic disorder that receives significant attention due to its manifestations, such as jaundice, cirrhosis, tremor, dystonia, and others. However, the impact of Wilson disease on sexual function has been overlooked. In this study, we aimed to investigate current status of sexual dysfunction in Wilson disease. In this study, we investigated the sexual function status and possible influencing factors of 245 Wilson disease patients by questionnaire. Our study identified sexual dysfunction as a prevalent issue in Wilson disease patients, with an overall prevalence of 49.0 %, of which 33.9 % in males and 63.7 % in females, both higher than the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in the normal Chinese population. Compared with non-sexual dysfunction patients, sexual dysfunction was more common in the older age group, females, less educated, rural residence, no occupation, lower income, taking sedatives/antipsychotics, and high SIS scores (P < 0.05). Our binary logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (OR: 1.103, 95 %CI: 1.058-1.151, P < 0.001), being female (OR: 5.900,95 %CI: 2.966-11.736, P < 0.001), and the use of antipsychotics or sedatives (OR: 3.277,95 %CI: 1.065-10.077, P < 0.05) were all positively linked with an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. Despite the well-known symptoms of Wilson disease, sexual dysfunction is also a frequent issue in Wilson disease patients, necessitating further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Department of Graduate, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230011, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Han
- Department of Graduate, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230011, China; Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; The Third Clinical College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine.
| | - Yin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Xun-Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Ben-Chun Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yong-Zhu Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Ren-Min Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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Tang S, Liang C, Hou W, Hu Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Zhang W, Duan Z, Bai L, Zheng S. ATP7B R778L mutant hepatocytes resist copper toxicity by activating autophagy and inhibiting necroptosis. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:344. [PMID: 37717021 PMCID: PMC10505209 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disease characterized by copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the adenosine triphosphatase copper transporting β gene (ATP7B). Currently, WD cell and animal model targeting the most common R778L mutation in Asia is lacking. In addition, the mechanisms by which hepatocytes resist copper toxicity remain to be further elucidated. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel WD cell model with R778L mutation and dissected the molecular basics of copper resistance. A novel HepG2 cell line stably expressing the ATP7B R778L gene (R778L cell) was constructed. The expression of necroptosis- and autophagy-related molecules was detected by PCR and Western blot (WB) in wild-type (WT) HepG2 and R778L cells with or without CuSO4 treatment. In addition, we detected and compared the levels of autophagy and necroptosis in CuSO4-treated R778L cells with the activation and inhibition of autophagy. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy and necroptosis signaling molecules were compared in R778L cells with the overexpression and knockdown of Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) and Autophagy Related 16 Like 1 (ATG16L1). We successfully constructed an R778L mutation HepG2 cell line. CuSO4 triggered the enhanced expression of autophagy and necroptosis signaling molecules in WT HepG2 cells and R778L cells. Remarkably, higher levels of autophagy and necroptosis were observed in R778L cells compared with those in WT cells. Autophagy activation led to weakened necroptosis mediated by RIPK3 and MLKL, conversely, autophagy inhibition brought about enhanced necroptosis. At the molecular level, ULK1- and ATG16L1 overexpression resulted in reduced necroptosis levels and vice versa. ULK1- and ATG16L1-mediated autophagy activation protects hepatocytes against RIPK3- and MLKL-mediated necroptosis in our new WD cell model treated with CuSO4. Targeted therapy by autophagy activation or necroptosis inhibition may be a novel and effective strategy to treat WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hou
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Hu
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- The Fourth Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- The Fourth Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Sujun Zheng
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Cheng C, Wang Q, Huang Y, Xue Q, Wang Y, Wu P, Liao F, Miao C. Gandouling inhibits hepatic fibrosis in Wilson's disease through Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116445. [PMID: 37015279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE Wilson's disease (WD) hepatic fibrosis is the result of chronic liver injury induced by Cu2+ deposition in the liver. Gandouling (GDL) is a hospital preparation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Previous studies have found that GDL can play an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and promote Cu2+ excretion, which has a clear anti-WD effect. AIM OF THE STUDY We found that Wnt-1 was significantly up-regulated in the liver tissue of toxic-milk (TX) mouse in the WD gene mutant model, and the monomer components of GDL could combine well with Wnt-1. Therefore, in this work, we used RT-qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and related methods to study the effects of GDL on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway in TX mice to clarify the effect of GDL on WD hepatic fibrosis. RESULTS GDL could alleviate hepatic fibrosis, improve liver function, and inhibit the activation of HSC in TX mice. Network pharmacology predicted that the Wnt-1/β-catenin was the target of GDL, and molecular dynamics further revealed that GDL has a good binding ability with Wnt-1 and inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through Wnt-1. Furthermore, we found that GDL blocked the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway in the liver of TX mice in vivo. In vitro, serum containing GDL blocked the Cu2+ ion-induced Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway in LX-2 cells. Therefore, GDL blocked the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway, inhibited HSC activation, and improved WD hepatic fibrosis by binding to Wnt-1. CONCLUSION GDL improves hepatic fibrosis in WD model mice by blocking the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway, and Wnt-1 may be a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of WD. This reveals a new mechanism of GDL against WD, and promotes the clinical promotion of GDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, School of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Faxue Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
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Litwin T, Dusek P, Antos A, Członkowska A, Bembenek J. Tackling the neurological manifestations in Wilson's disease - currently available treatment options. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1249-1259. [PMID: 37842984 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2268841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wilson's disease (WD) is a potentially treatable, inherited disorder resulting from impaired copper metabolism. Pathological copper accumulation causes a range of symptoms, most commonly hepatic and a wide spectrum of neurological symptoms including tremor, dystonia, chorea, parkinsonism, dysphagia, dysarthria, gait and posture disturbances. To reduce copper overload, anti-copper drugs are used that improve liver function and neurological symptoms in up to 85% of patients. However, in some WD patients, treatment introduction leads to neurological deterioration, and in others, neurological symptoms persist with no improvement or improvement only after several years of treatment, severely affecting the patient's quality of life. AREAS COVERED This review appraises the evidence on various pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, neurosurgical procedures and liver transplantation for the management of neurological WD symptoms. The authors also discuss the neurological symptoms of WD, causes of deterioration and present symptomatic treatment options. EXPERT OPINION Based on case and series reports, current recommendations and expert opinion, WD treatment is focused mainly on drugs leading to negative copper body metabolism (chelators or zinc salts) and copper-restricted diet. Treatment of WD neurological symptoms should follow general recommendations of symptomatic treatment. Patients should be always considered individually, especially in the case of severe, disabling neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Antos
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Członkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Bembenek
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang B, Peng J, Chen H, Hu W. Machine learning for detecting Wilson's disease by amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18087. [PMID: 37483763 PMCID: PMC10362133 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is a genetic disorder with the A7P7B gene mutations. It is difficult to diagnose in clinic. The purpose of this study was to confirm whether amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) is one of the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of WD. The study enrolled 30 healthy controls (HCs) and 37 WD patients (WDs) to obtain their resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. ALFF was obtained through preprocessing of the rs-fMRI data. To distinguish between patients with WDs and HCs, four clusters with abnormal ALFF-z values were identified through between-group comparisons. Based on these clusters, three machine learning models were developed, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR). Abnormal ALFF z-values were also combined with volume information, clinical variables, and imaging features to develop machine learning models. There were 4 clusters where the ALFF z-values of the WDs were significantly higher than that of the HCs. Cluster1 was in the cerebellar region, Cluster2 was in the left caudate nucleus, Cluster3 was in the bilateral thalamus, and Cluster4 was in the right caudate nucleus. In the training set and test set, the models trained with Cluster2, Cluster3, and Cluster4 achieved area of curve (AUC) greater than 0.80. In the Delong test, only the AUC values of models trained with Cluster4 exhibited statistical significance. The AUC values of the Logit model (P = 0.04) and RF model (P = 0.04) were significantly higher than those of the SVM model. In the test set, the LR model and RF model trained with Cluster3 had high specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. By conducting the Delong test, we discovered that there was no statistically significant inter-group difference in AUC values between the model that integrates multi-modal information and the model before fusion. The LR models trained with multimodal information and Cluster 4, as well as the LR and RF models trained with multimodal information and Cluster 3, have demonstrated high accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. Overall, these findings suggest that using ALFF based on the thalamus or caudate nucleus as markers can effectively differentiate between WDs and HCs. The fusion of multimodal information did not significantly improve the classification performance of the models before fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine,230012, China
| | - Jingjing Peng
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine,230012, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine,230012, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine,230012, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine,230031, China
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Chen M, Li C, Peng S, Liu M, Li Y, Sun M, Sun X. Wilson disease complicated by Crohn disease: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33839. [PMID: 37327274 PMCID: PMC10270515 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONAL Wilson disease (WD), also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal-recessive hereditary disease with abnormal copper metabolism. Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, which belongs to inflammatory bowel disease, all segments of the gastrointestinal tract can be affected, especially the terminal ileum and colon, accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations and related immune disorders. WD complicated by ulcerative colitis has been reported before, but WD complicated by CD has not been reported so far. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS We presented the first report of a young patient with WD complicated by CD, who was admitted to the hospital because of repeated low fever, elevated C-reactive protein for 3 years, and anal fistula for 6 months. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES In this complicated disease, Ustekinumab is safe and effective. LESSONS We conclude that copper metabolism and oxidative stress play important roles in WD and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqiao Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingjun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuren Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Tang L, Zhao C, Zhang J, Dong T, Chen H, Wei T, Wang J, Yang W. Discussion on the Mechanism of Gandoufumu Decoction Attenuates Liver Damage of Wilson's Disease by Inhibiting Autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:3236911. [PMID: 37362448 PMCID: PMC10287518 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3236911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gandoufumu decoction (GDFMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used to treat Wilson's disease (WD) liver damage patients. However, its specific molecular mechanism currently remains unclear. Autophagy as a key contributor to WD liver damage has been intensely researched in the recent years. Therefore, the aim of this present study is to explore the effect of GDFMD on autophagy in WD liver damage, and the final purpose is to provide scientific evidence for GDFMD treatment in WD liver damage. Methods The molecular mechanisms and autophagy-related pathways of GDFMD in the treatment of WD liver damage were predicted using network pharmacology. Copper assay kit was used to determine copper content in serum. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to quantify serum levels of liver enzymes and oxidative stress-related indicators. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson, and Sirius red staining were used for the characterization of liver pathological changes. Transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate autophagy activity. The impact of the GDFMD on typical autophagy-related pathway (PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway) molecules was also assessed via Western blot analysis. Results GDFMD effectively attenuated serum liver enzymes, oxidative stress, autophagy, and degree of hepatic histopathological impairment and reduced serum copper content. Through network pharmacological approaches, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was identified as the typical autophagy-related pathway of GDFMD in the treatment of WD liver damage. Treatment with GDFMD activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, an effect that was able to be counteracted by LY294002, a PI3K antagonist or Rapa (rapamycin), an autophagy inducer. Conclusions GDFMD imparted therapeutic effects on WD through autophagy suppression by acting through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chenling Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ting Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Huaizhen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Taohua Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiuxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
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Xue Z, Chen H, Yu L, Jiang P. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the R778L Mutation in ATP7B With Wilson Disease in China. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 145:135-147. [PMID: 37354629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder of copper metabolism, caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. There are more than 1000 pathogenic variants identified in ATP7B. R778L is the most common ATP7B mutation in China. METHODS To estimate whether R778L is associated with the onset age of WD and other clinical variables. Genotyping results of ATP7B gene were collected in our 22 patients with WD. We then conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in databases, using the keywords Wilson disease and R778L mutation. RESULTS After the screening, a total of 23 studies were included, including 3007 patients with WD. Patients with R778L mutation presented at an earlier age (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.18 [95% confidence interval, -0.28 to 0.08], P = 0.0004) and had lower ceruloplasmin concentration (SMD = -0.21 [95% confidence interval, -0.40 to -0.02], P = 0.03) than the patients without the R778L mutation. However, sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.29], P = 0.32) and first presentation were not associated with R778L mutation in WD (hepatic: OR = 1.37 [95% confidence interval, 0.87 to 2.16, P = 0.17; neurological: OR = 0.79 [95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 1.30, P = 0.35; mix: OR = 1.04 [95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 2.53, P = 0.87; asymptomatic/others: OR = 1.98 [95% confidence interval, 0.49 to 7.96, P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the R778L mutation is associated with an earlier presentation and lower ceruloplasmin concentration in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Xue
- Department of Neurology at The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Regional Medical Center for Children, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Yu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Regional Medical Center for Children, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology at The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Regional Medical Center for Children, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Sun X, Zhang X, Yan H, Wu H, Cao S, Zhao W, Dong T, Zhou A. Protective effect of curcumin on hepatolenticular degeneration through copper excretion and inhibition of ferroptosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 113:154539. [PMID: 36898256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder concerning copper metabolism. Copper overload is also accompanied by iron overload in HLD patients, which can lead to ferroptosis. Curcumin, the active component in turmeric, has the potential to inhibit ferroptosis. PURPOSE The current study proposed a systematic investigation of the protective effects of curcumin against HLD and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The protective effect of curcumin on toxic milk (TX) mice was studied. Liver tissue was observed via hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and the ultrastructure of the liver tissue was observed through transmission electron microscopy. Copper levels in the tissues, serum, and metabolites were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In addition, serum and liver indicators were evaluated. In cellular experiments, the effect of curcumin on the viability of rat normal liver cells (BRL-3A) was determined via the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell and mitochondrial morphology were observed in curcumin-mediated HLD model cells. The intracellular copper ion fluorescence intensity was observed via fluorescence microscopy, and intracellular copper iron content was detected using AAS. Further, oxidative stress indicators were evaluated. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular mitochondrial membrane potential were examined via flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were determined via western blotting (WB). RESULTS The histopathology of the liver confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin. Curcumin improved copper metabolism in TX mice. Both serum liver enzyme markers and antioxidant enzyme levels indicated the protective effect of curcumin against HLD-related liver injury. The MTT assay results showed that curcumin was protective against excess copper-induced injury. Curcumin improved the morphology of HLD model cells and their mitochondrial morphology. The Cu2+ fluorescent probe and the AAS results indicated that curcumin reduced Cu2+ content in HLD hepatocytes. In addition, curcumin improved oxidative stress levels and prevented the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential in HLD model cells. The ferroptosis inducer Erastin reversed these effects of curcumin. WB revealed that curcumin promoted Nrf2, HO-1, and GPX4 protein expression in HLD model cells, and the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reversed the effects of curcumin. CONCLUSION Curcumin demonstrates a protective role by expelling copper and inhibiting ferroptosis, activating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway in HLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- The Experimental Research Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Experimental Research Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Hui Yan
- The Experimental Research Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Hongfei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230038, China.
| | - Shijian Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15219, United States
| | - Ting Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - An Zhou
- The Experimental Research Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230038, China.
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Diao SP, Zhuang YS, Huang YQ, Zhou ZH, Liu AQ, Hong MF. Analysis of risk factors for neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic Wilson's disease at diagnosis. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:89. [PMID: 36855079 PMCID: PMC9972690 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and explore the risk factors for neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic Wilson's disease (WD) at diagnosis. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Guangdong Pharmaceutical University on 68 patients with purely hepatic WD aged 20.6 ± 7.2 years. The physical examinations, laboratory tests, color Doppler ultrasound of the liver and spleen, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed. RESULTS The elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and 24-h urinary copper level were higher in the purely hepatic WD who developed neurological symptoms (NH-WD) group than those in the purely hepatic WD (H-WD) group. Adherence to low-copper diet, and daily oral doses of penicillamine (PCA) and zinc gluconate (ZG) were lower in the NH-WD group than those in the H-WD group. Logistic regression analysis showed that insufficient doses of PCA and ZG were associated with the development of neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic WD at diagnosis. CONCLUSION The development of neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic WD was closely associated with insufficient doses of PCA and ZG, and the inferior efficacy of copper-chelating agents. During the course of anti-copper treatment, the patient's medical status and the efficacy of copper excretion should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Peng Diao
- grid.412601.00000 0004 1760 3828Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 610630 Guangdong China ,grid.477976.c0000 0004 1758 4014Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062 Guangdong China
| | - Yang-Sha Zhuang
- grid.477976.c0000 0004 1758 4014Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062 Guangdong China
| | - Ye-Qing Huang
- grid.477976.c0000 0004 1758 4014Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062 Guangdong China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhou
- grid.477976.c0000 0004 1758 4014Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062 Guangdong China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- grid.477976.c0000 0004 1758 4014Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062 Guangdong China
| | - Ming-Fan Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 610630, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Neurology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510062, Guangdong, China.
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Xu WQ, Wang RM, Dong Y, Wu ZY. Pathogenicity of Intronic and Synonymous Variants of ATP7B in Wilson Disease. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:57-67. [PMID: 36343861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder of copper metabolism, resulting from mutations within ATP7B. Early diagnosis is essential for affected individuals. However, there are still patients with clinically suspected WD who do not have detectable pathogenic variants, which makes diagnosis difficult and delays treatment. This study included such patients from the authors' center and screened for the full-length sequence of ATP7B by next-generation sequencing. Newly identified synonymous and intronic variants were then analyzed with in silico tools. A minigene system was constructed to determine the pathogenicity of these variants in terms of splicing and blood RNA extraction, and RT-PCR experiments were performed on several patients to verify the splicing alterations. The phenotypes of the patients were also analyzed. Fourteen suspected pathogenic variants, including nine synonymous and five intronic variants, were detected in 12 patients with clinically suspected WD. Among them, four synonymous variants (c.1050G>A, c.1122C>G, c.3243G>A, and c.4014T>A) and four intronic variants (c.1543 +40G>A, c.1707+6_1707+16del, c.1870-49A>G, and c.2731-67A>G) resulted in splicing changes in ATP7B. After the above analysis, the diagnosis of WD could be confirmed in eight clinically suspected patients with WD who showed a late age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qing Xu
- Departments of Neurology and Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rou-Min Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Departments of Neurology and Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Departments of Neurology and Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Członkowska A, Niewada M, Litwin T, Kraiński Ł, Skowrońska M, Piechal A, Antos A, Misztal M, Khanna I, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Seven decades of clinical experience with Wilson's disease: Report from the national reference centre in Poland. Eur J Neurol 2022. [PMID: 36427277 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing excessive copper deposition and a spectrum of manifestations, particularly neurological and hepatic symptoms. We analysed the clinical characteristics of patients with WD admitted to the country's only reference centre, which provided long-term care to most adult patients in Poland over seven decades (pre-1959 to 2019). METHODS Electronic prospective data collection began in the 2000s and, for prior years, medical records were analysed retrospectively. Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes were analysed by decade of diagnosis. Life-years lost were estimated in patients with WD compared with the general population. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for a time-to-death analysis using 2000-2009 as a reference. RESULTS In total, 929 patients were analysed. The number of patients increased from 21 before 1959 to 315 for 2000 to 2009 period. Mostly males were diagnosed before the 1990s, but the numbers of female patients diagnosed increased thereafter. Initially, most patients presented with neurological manifestations; however, the incidence of hepatic manifestations and asymptomatic presentations increased over time as patients were diagnosed early and consequently were more independent at diagnosis. Fewer Kayser-Fleischer rings were detected recently. Prior to 1970, patients were treated with D-penicillamine (DP); however, since the introduction of zinc, both therapies have been used as often. Since the 1990s, switches between DP and zinc were recorded in 6%-7% of patients. Consistent improvement in survival has been observed over the years. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest cohort of patients with WD reported in Poland, with the longest follow-up. Earlier diagnosis and prognosis have improved over seven decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Członkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Niewada
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kraiński
- Decision Analysis and Support Unit, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Skowrońska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Antos
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Misztal
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ishani Khanna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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赵 晨, 董 婷, 孙 伦, 胡 慧, 王 琼, 田 丽, 江 张. [Establishment and validation of a predictive nomogram for liver fibrosis in patients with Wilson disease and abnormal lipid metabolism]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1720-1725. [PMID: 36504066 PMCID: PMC9742779 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and validate predictive nomogram for liver fibrosis in patients with Wilson disease (WD) showing abnormal lipid metabolism. METHODS We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 500 patients with WD showing abnormalities in lipid metabolism, who were treated in the Department of Encephalopathy of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine from December, 2018 to December, 2021 and divided into modeling group and validation group. The independent risk factors of liver fibrosis in these patients were screened using LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis for establishment of the predictive nomogram. The area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve and decision curve of the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used for internal and external verification of the nomogram in the modeling and validation group and evaluating the differentiation, calibration and clinical practicability of the model. RESULTS Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) were independent risk factors for the development of liver fibrosis in patients with WD and abnormal lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). The predictive nomogram showed good discrimination, calibration and clinical utility in both the modeling and validation groups. CONCLUSION The established predictive nomogram in this study has a high accuracy for early identification and risk prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with WD having abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晨玲 赵
- 安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - 婷 董
- 安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei
| | - 伦燕 孙
- 安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei
| | - 慧冰 胡
- 安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei
| | - 琼 王
- 安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - 丽伟 田
- 安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - 张胜 江
- 安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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Fang S, Yang W, Zhang K, Peng C. Gandouling Mitigates CuSO 4-Induced Heart Injury in Rats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2703. [PMID: 36230444 PMCID: PMC9559265 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the protective effects of Gandouling (GDL) on copper sulfate (CuSO4)-induced heart injuries in Sprague−Dawley rats, which were randomly divided into the control, CuSO4, GDL + CuSO4 and penicillamine + CuSO4 groups. The rats received intragastric GDL (400 mg/kg body weight) once per day for 42 consecutive days after 56 days of CuSO4 exposure, and penicillamine was used as a positive control. The levels of plasma inflammatory cytokines (IMA, hFABP, cTn-I and BNP) were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The histopathological symptoms were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. To determine the underlying mechanism, Western blotting was conducted for the detection of the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression. The results revealed that GDL supplementation alleviated the histopathological symptoms of the rat heart tissue, promoted Cu excretion to attenuate impairment, and significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine levels in the plasma (p < 0.01). In addition, GDL increased the HO-1 expression in the rat hepatic tissue. The protective effect of GDL on the heart was superior to that of penicillamine. Overall, these findings indicate that GDL alleviates hepatic heart injury after a Cu overaccumulation challenge, and GDL supplements can be beneficial for patients with Wilson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Fang
- University Hospital, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kangyi Zhang
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
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Evaluation of the Mechanism of Jiedu Huazhuo Quyu Formula in Treating Wilson's Disease-Associated Liver Fibrosis by Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9363131. [PMID: 35707473 PMCID: PMC9192323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9363131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Jiedu Huazhuo Quyu formula (JHQ) shows significant beneficial effects against liver fibrosis caused by Wilson's disease (WD). Hence, this study aimed to clarify the mechanisms of the JHQ treatment in WD-associated liver fibrosis. First, we collected 103 active compounds and 527 related targets of JHQ and 1187 targets related to WD-associated liver fibrosis from multiple databases. Next, 113 overlapping genes (OGEs) were obtained. Then, we built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and performed the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses with GENE DENOVO online sites. Furthermore, module analysis was performed, and the core target genes in the JHQ treatment of WD-associated liver fibrosis were obtained. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses, molecular docking studies, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and Western blot (WB) were then performed. The results indicated that 8 key active compounds including quercetin, luteolin, and obacunone in JHQ might affect the 6 core proteins including CXCL8, MAPK1, and AKT1 and 107 related signaling pathways including EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, and human cytomegalovirus infection signaling pathways to exhibit curative effects on WD-associated liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, JHQ might inhibit liver inflammatory processes and vascular hyperplasia, regulate the cell cycle, and suppress both the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). This study provides novel insights for researchers to systematically explore the mechanism of JHQ in treating WD-associated liver fibrosis.
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Huang C, Fang M, Xiao X, Gao Z, Wang Y, Gao C. Genetic studies discover novel coding and non-coding mutations in patients with Wilson's disease in China. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24459. [PMID: 35470480 PMCID: PMC9169201 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wilson disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with various mutations in the ATP7B gene and leads to significant disability or death if untreated. Early diagnosis and proper therapy usually predict a good prognosis, especially in pre-symptomatic WD. Genetic testing provides an accurate and effective diagnostic method for the early diagnosis of WD. METHODS We recruited 18 clinically diagnosed WD patients from 16 unrelated families and two independent individuals. The next-generation sequencing of the ATP7B gene was performed. The 293T cell lines were divided into wild-type (WT) ATP7B and mutated ATP7B groups. Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assays. RESULTS Pedigree analysis showed that compound heterozygous variants (17/18, 94.44%) were present in the majority of WD patients. A total of 33 ATP7B gene variants were identified, including three variants with uncertain significance (VUS) [two splice mutations (c.51+2T>G, c.1543+40G>A) and one frameshift mutation (c.3532_3535del)]. The CCK-8 and apoptosis assays demonstrated that the VUS of ATP7B could significantly affect the transportation of copper. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed genetic defects of 16 Chinese families and two independent individuals with WD, which enriched the mutation spectrum of the ATP7B gene worldwide and provided valuable information for studying the mutation types of ATP7B in the Chinese populations. Genetic testing in WD patients is necessary to shorten the time to initiate therapy, reduce damage to the liver and improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine CenterYueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Meng Fang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineShanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine CenterYueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine CenterYueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineShanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine CenterYueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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21
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Wang RM, Xu WQ, Zheng ZW, Yang GM, Zhang MY, Ke HZ, Xia N, Dong Y, Wu ZY. Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in Wilson's Disease: A Promising Indicator but Unparallel to Real-Time Treatment Response. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1531-1535. [PMID: 35507442 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WD) currently lacks a promising indicator that could reflect neurological impairment and monitor treatment outcome. We aimed to investigate whether serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) functions as a candidate for disease assessment and treatment monitoring of WD. METHODS We assessed preclinical and manifested WD patients' sNfL levels compared to controls and analyzed the differences between patients with various clinical symptoms. We then explored the correlation between clinical scales and sNfL levels. And repeated measurements were performed in 34 patients before and after treatment. RESULTS WD patients with neurological involvement had significantly higher sNfL levels than both hepatic patients and controls. Positive correlations were found between Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale scores and sNfL and between semiquantitative magnetic resonance imaging scales and sNfL levels in WD patients. However, in the treatment follow-up analysis, the trend of sNfL before and after treatment disaccorded with clinical response. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that sNfL levels can be an ideal indicator for the severity of neurological involvement but fail to evaluate change in disease condition after treatment. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou-Min Wang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Qing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Min Yang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Ke
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Genetics in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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22
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Acupuncture for dystonia in brain-type Wilson's disease with internal retention of damp heat pattern: A randomized clinical trail. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Ye Z, Jia X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang K, Chen M. Case Report: The First Reported Concurrence of Wilson Disease and Bilateral Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:877752. [PMID: 35573004 PMCID: PMC9098211 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.877752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wilson disease (WD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are common genetic disorders in clinical practice, however, the concurrence of WD and RP has never been reported before. WD occurs due to mutations that cause copper metabolic abnormalities; in turn, change in copper metabolism has been suggested to be related with RP. Here, we report the first case of concurrent WD and bilateral RP, and investigate possible pathogenesis to illuminate whether the two genetic disorders are causality or coincidence. Case Presentation The patient was a 43-year-old Chinese female diagnosed with WD 12 years ago. She had suffered from night blindness since childhood and faced diminution of bilateral vision within 10 years, for which she was referred to our Eye Center during hospitalization for routine copper excretion treatment. The ceruloplasmin, skull magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and abdominal ultrasound results accorded with hepatolenticular degeneration. Ocular examinations revealed corneal Kayser-Fleischer (K-F) ring, sunflower-like cataract, retinal osteocyte-like pigmentation, bilateral atrophy of outer retina, cystoid macular edema (CME), and tubular vision in both eyes. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was performed in the right and left eye, but there was limited improvement in her visual acuity. Whole exome sequencing (WES) detected a deleterious homozygous mutation in the ATP7B gene related to WD, and a homozygous mutation in the CNGA1 gene very likely to cause RP. Conclusions We reported the first case of concurrent WD and RP. WES detected two pathogenic gene mutations, ATP7B and CNGA1. Though we cannot completely rule out a causal effect of WD-related abnormal copper metabolism with RP, we speculate that the two gene mutations lead to the coincidence of the two genetic disorders, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Ye
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen
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Yu M, Ren L, Zheng M, Hong M, Wei Z. Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China. Front Neurol 2022; 13:884840. [PMID: 35865642 PMCID: PMC9294220 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.884840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the initial symptom and the cause of the misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease (WD) so as to enhance awareness of this condition and reduce diagnostic errors. METHODS The clinical data of 179 patients with the confirmed diagnosis of WD who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University from October 2014 to September 2021 were analyzed. Those patients who had attended two or more hospitals, had been misdiagnosed as other diseases, or failed to get a clear diagnosis for 3 months and over before hospitalization were included in the group of clinical misdiagnosis or the group without a definite diagnosis. RESULTS One hundred twenty-nine cases (72.1%) were misdiagnosed, 39 cases (21.8%) failed to be diagnosed as a specific disease, and only 11 cases (6.2%) had been diagnosed as WD within 3 months at the early stage of the disease. WD was easily masqueraded as a variety of diseases, including all types of hepatitis, cirrhosis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, encephalitis, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, psychosis, osteoarthrosis, nephrosis, anemia, and other illnesses. CONCLUSION Wilson's Disease is prone to long-term misdiagnosis or unclear diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are the most important determinations of the prognosis. Therefore, when facing patients with doubtful WD, it is valued to perform Kayser-Fleischer ring, copper metabolism, imaging examination, genetic tests, and radioactive copper test if necessary.
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25
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Plasma neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in Wilson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 95:5-10. [PMID: 34942565 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofilament light chain (NfL) was recently proposed as a promising blood biomarker for nervous system diseases, including Wilson's disease (WD). In this study, we investigated plasma NfL concentrations in patients with different types of WD and their correlations with clinical manifestations and brain atrophy. METHODS Seventy-five WD cases (54 neurological type, 21 hepatic type) and 27 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. We compared plasma NfL concentrations between the different types and correlated them with Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale (UWDRS) scores. Patients were allocated to stable and unstable groups according to changes in UWDRS scores and clinical assessment. We compared the differences in plasma NfL concentrations between groups. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FreeSurfer software were used to analyze MRI images. We investigated the correlation between plasma NfL concentrations and volume of gray matter, white matter, and several areas of interest in the brain MRI of 24 patients. RESULTS Plasma NfL concentrations were significantly higher in neurological type WD than in hepatic type WD (8.16 vs. 3.19 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Plasma NfL concentrations were positively correlated with UWDRS scores (r = 0.291, p = 0.035) in patients with neurological type WD. Plasma NfL was significantly higher in unstable patients than in stable patients (10.74 vs. 7.23 pg/mL, p = 0.004). Significant negative associations were found between plasma NfL level and the volumes of total gray matter, bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSION Plasma NfL is valuable as a biomarker for neurological damage in patients with WD.
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26
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Zhi Y, Sun Y, Jiao Y, Pan C, Wu Z, Liu C, Su J, Zhou J, Shang D, Niu J, Hua R, Yin P. HR-MS Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveals Characteristic Lipid Signatures of Wilson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754185. [PMID: 34880754 PMCID: PMC8645799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The diagnosis of Wilson's disease (WD) is challenging by clinical or genetic criteria. A typical early pathological change of WD is the increased liver lipid deposition and lowered serum triglyceride (TG). Therefore, the contents of serum lipids may provide evidence for screening of biomarkers for WD. Methods: 34 WD patients, 31 WD relatives, and 65 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Serum lipidomics data was acquired by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry system, and the data were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. Results: Of all 510 identified lipids, there are 297 differential lipids between the WD and controls, 378 differential lipids between the relatives and controls, and 119 differential lipids between the patients and relatives. In WD, the abundances of most saturated TG were increased, whereas other unsaturated lipids decreased, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), ceramide (Cer), and phosphatidylserine (PS). We also found many serum lipid species may be used as biomarkers for WD. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of PS (35:0), PS (38:5), and PS (34:0) were 0.919, 0.843, and 0.907. The AUCs of TG (38:0) and CerG1 (d42:2) were 0.948 and 0.915 and the AUCs of LPC (17:0) and LPC (15:0) were 0.980 and 0.960, respectively. The lipid biomarker panel exhibits good diagnostic performance for WD. The correlation networks were built among the different groups and the potential mechanisms of differential lipids were discussed. Interestingly, similar lipid profile of WD is also found in their relatives, which indicated the changes may also related to the mutation of the ATP7B gene. Conclusions: Lipid deregulation is another important hallmark of WD besides the deposition of copper. Our lipidomic results provide new insights into the diagnostic and therapeutic targets of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Zhi
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yonggeng Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Pan
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- iPhenome biotechnology Inc. Dalian (Yun Pu Kang), Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Dong Y, Wu ZY. Challenges and suggestions for precise diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:561-565. [PMID: 34714531 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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28
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Case study on acupuncture treatment for Wilson disease. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zou J, Wang YH, Wang L, Chen RC. Liver Failure of Wilson's Disease With Manifestations Similar to Porphyria and Uncommon ATP7B Gene Mutation: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:702312. [PMID: 34381801 PMCID: PMC8350053 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.702312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare condition; its diagnosis is challenging owing to a wide spectrum of ATP7B genotypes and variable clinical phenotypes, along with environmental factors. Few cases of WD with presentation of skin lesions and acute neurovisceral symptoms have been reported in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of WD with an uncommon ATP7B gene mutation and rare symptoms of photosensitivity, sensation abnormality, and skin eruption occurring in a 19-year-old woman. Case presentation: We report the case of a 19-year-old woman with WD presenting with liver failure, skin manifestations, and acute neurovisceral symptoms.The rare mutation in intron 1 of ATP7B (c.51+2T > G) was further confirmed by gene sequencing. The patients' symptoms improved after administration of penicillamine and zinc therapy combined with plasma exchange. She received long-term penicillamine treatment, and her liver function was within the normal range at 1 year after discharge. However, she underwent liver transplantation at 1.5 years after discharge. Conclusions: We present a case of WD with a novel ATP7B gene mutation that may serve as a reference to generalists and specialists in hepatology or neurology of the rare clinical characteristics of WD, to prevent misdiagnosis and aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Hao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruo-Chan Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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Qiao L, Ge J, Li C, Liu Y, Hu C, Hu S, Li W, Li T. Pathogenic gene variation spectrum and carrier screening for Wilson's disease in Qingdao area. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1741. [PMID: 34240825 PMCID: PMC8404232 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increasing number of reports on the analysis of ATP7B variants, reports on carrier screening for Wilson's disease (WD, OMIM:277900) are rare. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 42 patients from Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital diagnosed with WD for direct sequencing of ATP7B gene. Twelve hotspot variants of ATP7B were selected for carrier screening in Qingdao area based on an analysis of information related to ATP7B variants and literature reports in China. We screened 5012 dried blood spots (DBSs) from asymptomatic newborns in Qingdao area to estimate carrier frequency. DNA was extracted from dried blood spots. Gene sequencing was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with second‐generation sequencing. The carrier frequency of each hotspot variant was calculated using the count data (expressed as number of carriers (%) obtained by direct counting. Results The carrier frequency of 12 hotspot variants was 1.46% (95% CI: 1.16–1.83%). The ATP7B variant with the highest carrier frequency was c.2333G>T, accounting for 54.79% of all variants screened, followed by c.2975C>T and c.2621C>T, accounting for 17.81% and 15.07% of all variants screened, respectively. Conclusion Carrier frequency of ATP7B gene pathogenic variants is high in the population in Qingdao area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Qiao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Ge
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Conghui Hu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Sicui Hu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Neonatal Screening Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Tang Li
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
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31
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A new probe with high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting copper ions in traditional Chinese medicine and water sample. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou ZH, Wu YF, Yan Y, Liu AQ, Yu QY, Peng ZX, Wang GQ, Hong MF. Persistence with medical treatment for Wilson disease in China based on a single center's survey research. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02168. [PMID: 33949793 PMCID: PMC8213922 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WD) is one of the few hereditary diseases that can be successfully treated with medicines. We conduct this survey research to assess treatment persistence among patients with WD and try to identify what factors affect the treatment persistence. METHODS We employed WeChat which is the most popular social software in China to carry out this anonymous questionnaire research. The questionnaire included medication adherence scale. We also collected available medical records related to demographic and clinical characteristics. All the patients were divided into group of persistence with drug treatment (PDT) and nonpersistence with drug treatment (n-PDT). RESULTS We collected 242 qualified questionnaires. Only 66.5% of patients were PDT during the mean 12.6 years of follow-up. In PDT group, better outcomes were observed: improvement (78.3%) and no change (16.1%) versus those in n-PDT (55.6%; and 28.4%, respectively). In PDT group, only nine patients deteriorated (6.8%) in comparison with 13 patients in n-PDT (16.0%). The adverse events (AEs) in PDT group were significantly less than those in n-PDT group. There were no significant differences in clinical type, gender, age, education level, and family knowledge about WD between the two groups. There were significant differences in AEs and family position toward treatment. CONCLUSION Medication Adherence of Chinese WD patients was low. One third of the patients (33.5%) were unable to PDT, and it had an important negative effect on clinical outcome. AEs and family support had an important impact on treatment persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fan Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Wilson Disease Centre, Hospital Affiliated to Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yun Yu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Peng
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Qiang Wang
- Wilson Disease Centre, Hospital Affiliated to Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Fan Hong
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kong L, Huang H, Luan S, Liu H, Ye M, Wu F. Inhibition of ASIC1a-Mediated ERS Improves the Activation of HSCs and Copper Transport Under Copper Load. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:653272. [PMID: 34135753 PMCID: PMC8201774 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.653272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by the toxic accumulation of copper in the liver. Excessive copper will disrupt the redox balance in cells and tissues, causing ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. Acid-sensitive ion channel 1a is a cationic channel activated by extracellular acid and allowing Ca2+ and Na+ to flow into cells. Its expression appears in inflammation, arthritis, fibrotic tissue, and damaged environment, but its role in hepatolenticular degeneration has not been studied. This study established a Wistar rat model of high copper accumulation and used CuSO4 to induce the activation of HSC-T6 in an in vitro experiment. In vivo, Wistar rats were examined to determine the serum copper concentration, serum ALT and AST activities, and liver copper accumulation, and liver tissue HE staining and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. The expression of ASIC1a, α-SMA, Collagen-Ι, GRP78, XBP1, ATP7B, and CCS were detected. Besides, immunofluorescence technology can detect the expression of the phosphorylated protein in vitro. It is suggested that ASIC1a is involved in the quality control of the endoplasmic reticulum, which degrades mutant ATP7B and increases the accumulation of copper. After blocking or silencing the expression of ASIC1a, ELISA can detect the level of inflammatory factors, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related factors, and ATP7B was improved in a higher copper environment reduction of copper deposition was observed in liver Timm’s staining. Collectively, we conclude that ASIC1a is involved in the HSC activation induced by copper accumulation and promotes the occurrence of hepatolenticular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjin Kong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shaohua Luan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manping Ye
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fanrong Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Dong Y, Wang RM, Yang GM, Yu H, Xu WQ, Xie JJ, Zhang Y, Chen YC, Ni W, Wu ZY. Role for Biochemical Assays and Kayser-Fleischer Rings in Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:590-596. [PMID: 32485301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder that impairs copper homeostasis and is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ATP7B, which encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase. Patients have variable clinical manifestations and laboratory test results, resulting in diagnostic dilemmas. We aimed to identify factors associated with symptoms and features of Wilson disease from a large cohort, over 15 years. METHODS We collected data from 715 patients (529 with symptoms, 146 without symptoms, and 40 uncategorized) and a genetic confirmation of Wilson's disease (mean age of diagnosis, 18.84 years), recruited from 3 hospitals in China from 2004 through 2019. We analyzed clinical data along with serum levels of ceruloplasmin (available from 636 patients), 24-hr urinary copper excretion (collected from 131 patients), Kayser-Fleisher rings (copper accumulation in eyes, with neurologic data from 355 patients), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. Differences among the groups were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. RESULTS Of the 529 patients with symptoms, 121 had hepatic features, 355 had neurologic features, 28 had osteomuscular features (premature osteoarthritis, skeletal deformities, and pathological bone fractures), and 25 had psychiatric symptoms. Age of onset was significantly younger in patients with hepatic (16.94 ± 1.03 years; P = .0105) or osteomuscular features (13 ± 1.33 years; P = .0001) than patients with neurological features (19.48 ± 0.46 years). Serum levels of ceruloplasmin differed among asymptomatic patients and patients with osteomuscular or neurologic symptoms of Wilson disease. Serum levels of ceruloplasmin ranged from 18.93 mg/L to approximately 120.00 mg/L (quantiles of 0.025 to approximately 0.975). Fifty-one of 131 patients (39%) had urinary copper excretion levels below 100 μg/24 hr; there was significant variation in levels of urinary copper excretion between patients older than 14 years vs 14 years or younger. Of the 355 patients with neurologic features, 244 patients (69%) had abnormal findings from MRI and Kayser-Fleisher rings; only 1 patient with abnormal findings from brain MRI was negative for Kayser-Fleisher rings. CONCLUSIONS Serum level of ceruloplasmin, 24-hour urinary copper excretion, and Kayser-Fleisher rings can be used to identify patients who might have Wilson disease. Patients with serum levels of ceruloplasmin below 120 mg/L and children with urinary copper excretion above 40 μg should undergo genetic testing for Wilson's disease. Patients with movement disorders and brain MRI abnormalities without Kayser-Fleisher rings are not likely to have Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rou-Min Wang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Min Yang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Qing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chao Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Corbee RJ, Penning LC. COMMD1 Exemplifies the Power of Inbred Dogs to Dissect Genetic Causes of Rare Copper-Related Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030601. [PMID: 33668783 PMCID: PMC7996361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson's Disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in humans, often presenting with hepatic copper overload. Finding the genetic cause of a rare disease, especially if it is related to food constituents like the trace element copper, is a Herculean task. This review describes examples of how the unique population structure of in-bred dog strains led to the discovery of a novel gene and two modifier genes involved in inherited copper toxicosis. COMMD1, after the discovery in 2002, was shown to be a highly promiscuous protein involved in copper transport, protein trafficking/degradation, regulation of virus replication, and inflammation. Mutations in the ATP7A and ATP7B proteins in Labrador retrievers and Dobermann dogs resulted in a wide variation in hepatic copper levels in these breeds. To our knowledge, numerous dog breeds with inherited copper toxicosis of unknown genetic origin exist. Therefore, the possibility that men's best friend will provide new leads in rare copper storage diseases seems realistic.
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Zhou X, Zhou W, Wang C, Wang L, Jin Y, Jia Z, Liu Z, Zheng B. A Comprehensive Analysis and Splicing Characterization of Naturally Occurring Synonymous Variants in the ATP7B Gene. Front Genet 2021; 11:592611. [PMID: 33719328 PMCID: PMC7947925 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.592611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing is effective for the molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases. However, the identification of the clinical significance of synonymous variants remains a challenge. Our previous study showed that some synonymous variants in ATP7B gene produced splicing disruptions, leading to Wilson disease (WD). To test the hypothesis that synonymous variants of ATP7B cause abnormal splicing by disrupting authentic splice sites or splicing regulatory elements, we used computational tools and minigene assays to characterize 253 naturally occurring ATP7B gene synonymous variants in this study. Human Splicing Finder (HSF) and ESE Finder 3.0 were used to predict the impact of these rare synonymous variants on pre-mRNA splicing. Then, we cloned 14 different wild-type Minigene_ATP7B_ex constructs for in vitro minigene assay, including 16 exons of ATP7B gene. After computational prediction, 85 candidate variants were selected to be introduced into the corresponding Minigene_ATP7B_ex constructs for splicing assays. Using this two-step procedure, we demonstrated that 11 synonymous variants in ExAc database (c.1620C>T, c.3888C>T, c.1554C>T, c.1677C>T, c.1830G>A, c.1875T>A, c.2826C>A, c.4098G>A, c.2994C>T, c.3243G>A, and c.3747G>A) disrupted RNA splicing in vitro, and two (c.1620C>T and c.3243G>A) of these caused a complete exon skipping. The results not only provided a reliable experimental basis for the genetic diagnosis of WD patients but also offered some new insights into the pathogenicity of synonymous variants in genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Prevalent Pathogenic Variants of ATP7B in Chinese Patients with Wilson's Disease: Geographical Distribution and Founder Effect. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030336. [PMID: 33668890 PMCID: PMC7996491 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by ATP7B pathogenic variants. This study aimed to show the geographical distribution and haplotype spectrum of three prevalent pathogenic variants (p.R778L, p.P992L, p.T935M) in mainland Chinese population and clarify whether the founder effect may account for their origins. We firstly summarized the frequency and geographical distribution of p.R778L, p.P992L and p.T935M in 715 WD patients. Then, to construct haplotypes associated with the three variants, Sanger sequencing and microsatellite typing at three dinucleotide-repeat markers (D13S314, D13S301, D13S316) flanking the ATP7B gene were performed in 102 WD families. An obvious regional-specific distribution feature was found in p.T935M. Linkage disequilibrium at the three markers was shown in all the three variants and we found the common haplotypes specific for p.R778L, p.P992L and p.T935M respectively, represented successively by 10-7-7, 10-9-5 and 12-4-8, which all exhibited great significance vs. the control chromosomes (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, haplotypes for the three variants differed from the studies in other regions to some extent. The common haplotypes we found indicate that three prevalent pathogenic variants emerge due to the founder effect. Furthermore, the study contributes to expand our knowledge of the genetic diversity of WD from a cross-regional perspective.
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GanDouLing promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the mouse model of Wilson's disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227101. [PMID: 33300046 PMCID: PMC7786325 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation of the ATPase copper transporting β (ATP7B) gene, resulting in abnormal copper metabolism. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of GanDouLing (GDL) on neural stem cell (NSC) function in a mouse model of WD. NSCs were treated with different concentrations of GDL alone or in combination with penicillamine, following which we evaluated cellular growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation were analyzed via Western blotting. Treatment with GDL alone or in combination with penicillamine significantly increased proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of NSCs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GDL treatment remarkably promoted differentiation of NSCs. Consistently, levels of class III β-tubulin (Tuj1) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) were significantly elevated, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were obviously suppressed in the presence of GDL or penicillamine. In vivo assays confirmed that GDL increased the ratio of Ki67+, Tuj1+, and MAP2+ cells and suppressed apoptosis in the hippocampal region in WD mice. Behavioral assays revealed that both GDL and penicillamine improved memory ability in WD models. Mechanistically, GDL treatment led to activation of Nrf2 signaling and suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in WD mice. Notably, inhibition of Nrf2 signaling reversed the protective effects of GDL on hippocampal NSCs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GDL exerts a protective effect on NSCs and promotes neurogenesis by targeting Nrf2 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome in WD.
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Yuan XZ, Yang RM, Wang XP. Management Perspective of Wilson's Disease: Early Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:465-485. [PMID: 32351182 PMCID: PMC8206458 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429233517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in ATP7B and is characterized by the pathological accumulation of copper in the liver and brain. Common clinical manifestations of WD include a wide range of liver disease and neurological symptoms. In some patients, psychiatric symptoms may be the only manifestation at the time of diagnosis. The clinical features of WD are highly variable and can mimic any disease of internal medicine. Therefore, for unexplained medical diseases, the possibility of WD should not be ignored. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the prognosis of WD patients and reduce disability and early death. Gene sequencing is becoming a valuable method to diagnose WD, and if possible, all WD patients and their siblings should be genetically sequenced. Copper chelators including D-penicillamine, trientine, and dimercaptosuccinic acid can significantly improve the liver injury and symptoms of WD patients but may have a limited effect on neurological symptoms. Zinc salts may be more appropriate for the treatment of asymptomatic patients or for the maintenance treatment of symptomatic patients. High-quality clinical trials for the drug treatment of WD are still lacking, therefore, individualized treatment options for patients are recommended. Individualized treatment can be determined based on the clinical features of the WD patients, efficacy and adverse effects of the drugs, and the experience of the physician. Liver transplantation is the only effective method to save patients with acute liver failure or with severe liver disease who fail drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1111 Xianxia Road, 200336, Shanghai, China; Tel: +86-021-52039999-72223; Fax: +86-021-52039999-72223; E-mail:
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Copper Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239259. [PMID: 33291628 PMCID: PMC7730516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant basic transition metals in the human body. It takes part in oxygen metabolism, collagen synthesis, and skin pigmentation, maintaining the integrity of blood vessels, as well as in iron homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmitter synthesis. It may also be involved in cell signaling and may participate in modulation of membrane receptor-ligand interactions, control of kinase and related phosphatase functions, as well as many cellular pathways. Its role is also important in controlling gene expression in the nucleus. In the nervous system in particular, copper is involved in myelination, and by modulating synaptic activity as well as excitotoxic cell death and signaling cascades induced by neurotrophic factors, copper is important for various neuronal functions. Current data suggest that both excess copper levels and copper deficiency can be harmful, and careful homeostatic control is important. This knowledge opens up an important new area for potential therapeutic interventions based on copper supplementation or removal in neurodegenerative diseases including Wilson’s disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and others. However, much remains to be discovered, in particular, how to regulate copper homeostasis to prevent neurodegeneration, when to chelate copper, and when to supplement it.
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Co-occurring Wilson's disease and non-penicillamine-induced systematic lupus erythematosus: a case report and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:2485-2490. [PMID: 33057918 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although lupus induced by penicillamine, the first-line medication for Wilson's disease, is well-documented, primary systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) co-occurring with Wilson's disease has only rarely been reported. Symptom overlap can add to difficulties in making the correct and complete diagnosis of these two systemic diseases. An 18-year-old female was diagnosed with simultaneous Wilson's disease and SLE and was successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine and oral zinc. We also reviewed the literature for cases of Wilson's disease co-occurring with SLE not induced by penicillamine and found six other cases. Clinical presentations, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed and summarized to expand our understanding of this rare condition. The most frequent diagnostic clues to Wilson's disease in patients with SLE included unexplained liver damage despite well-controlled SLE, extrapyramidal symptoms and signs, hyper-intense signals of the basal ganglia bilaterally on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI images, and Kayser-Fleischer (K-F) rings on physical examination. Penicillamine should be avoided or used cautiously in Wilson's disease patients complicated by SLE. The overall prognosis is good if treated in a timely manner. Key Points • SLE complicated by Wilson's disease or the co-occurrence of the two conditions in the absence of penicillamine may exist in rare conditions. • The diagnostic clues for identifying Wilson's disease in SLE patients may include unexplained liver damage despite well-controlled SLE, extrapyramidal symptoms and signs, and K-F rings found by physical examination. • Penicillamine should be avoided or used cautiously in Wilson's patients with SLE.
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Wu P, Zheng Y, Fan X, Wang H, Deng X, Sun B, Huang P, Jin S, Chen Y, Bao Y. Predictors of caregiver burden in patients with neurologic Wilson disease. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520930156. [PMID: 32567965 PMCID: PMC7309392 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520930156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Caregiver burden in neurologic Wilson disease (NWD) has received little attention. We investigated predictors of caregiver burden in Chinese NWD patients. Methods Participants in this retrospective study were NWD patients admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 1 August to 31 December 2019. Sociodemographic information was recorded for caregivers and NWD patients. Caregiver burden was evaluated using the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). Cognitive impairment, functional problems, depression and anxiety were evaluated by professional interviewers. Path analysis was used to evaluate predictors of CBI scores. Results Sixty NWD patients were enrolled (mean age: 21.35 ± 4.89 years; mean NWD duration: 7.85 ± 3.11 years). The mean CBI score was 52.00 ± 17.16. Care duration had a significant direct effect on CBI score after controlling for confounders (r = 0.493). Cognitive impairment (r = −0.426), functional problems (r = 0.581), depression (r = 0.349) and anxiety (r = 0.317) had significant indirect effects on CBI score. Conclusion Caregivers of NWD patients may experience a medium level of caregiver burden. NWD duration, cognitive impairment, functional problems, depression and anxiety in NWD patients may be useful predictors of caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanjun Zheng
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Honghao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Deng
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuancheng Bao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Mi X, Li Z, Yan J, Li Y, Zheng J, Zhuang Z, Yang W, Gong L, Shi J. Activation of HIF-1 signaling ameliorates liver steatosis in zebrafish atp7b deficiency (Wilson's disease) models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165842. [PMID: 32446740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by excess copper accumulated in the liver and brain. It is caused by mutations in the copper transporter gene ATP7B. However, based on the poor understanding of the transcriptional program involved in the pathogenesis of Wilson's disease and the lack of more safe and efficient therapies, the identification of novel pathways and the establishment of complementary model systems of Wilson's disease are urgently needed. Herein, we generated two zebrafish atp7b-mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system, and the mutants developed hepatic and behavioral deficits similar to those observed in humans with Wilson's disease. Interestingly, we found that atp7b-deficient zebrafish embryos developed liver steatosis under low-dose Cu exposure, and behavioral deficits appeared under high-dose Cu exposure. Analyses of publicly available transcriptomic data from ATP7B-knockout HepG2 cells demonstrated that the HIF-1 signaling pathway is downregulated in ATP7B-knockout HepG2 cells compared with wildtype cells following Cu exposure. The HIF-1 signaling pathway was also downregulated in our atp7b-deficient zebrafish mutants following Cu exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway with the chemical compound FG-4592 or DMOG ameliorates liver steatosis and reduces accumulated Cu levels in zebrafish atp7b deficiency models. These findings introduce a novel prospect that modulation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway should be explored as a novel strategy to reduce copper toxicity in Wilson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Mi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingniang Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Zheng W, Hou Q, Zhang L. A novel heterozygous carrier of ATP7B mutation with muscle weakness and tremor: A Chinese Case Report. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:614-618. [PMID: 33265091 PMCID: PMC7716679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease linked to ATP7B, which is located on the chromosome 13q14.3. We presently report a hepatolenticular degeneration carrier whose clinical phenotype mainly included limb weakness and tremor with a novel WD mutation. The mutation in Exon 10 of ATP7B Gene [c.2480G>A p. (Arg827Gln)] was identified after gene sequencing. We have provided diagnostic analyses, such as muscle biopsy and electrophysiology, which would be helpful to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis underneath nerve damage in WD heterozygote carriers (Hzc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Neurology Department, HangZhou, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, HangZhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, HangZhou, China
| | - Qun Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Neurology Department, HangZhou, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Neurology Department, HangZhou, China
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Li X, Lu Z, Lin Y, Lu X, Xu Y, Cheng J, Shao Y, Su X, Liu Z, Sheng H, Cai Y, Li T, Zhou Z, Tan J, Liu H, Huang Y, Liu L, Zeng C. Clinical features and mutational analysis in 114 young children with Wilson disease from South China. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1451-1458. [PMID: 31172689 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Clinical features and mutational analysis of Chinese children with WD at early age were rarely described. Herein, we retrospectively examined 114 children with WD at the mean of 5.9 years old age at diagnosis. Eight patients developed acute liver failure at mean age of 9.7 years old, 4 of whom died. Among the 114 patients, 86.0% were presymptomatic with isolated elevation of transaminases at diagnosis, 99.1% had decreased ceruloplasmin, and 68.4% had urinary copper excretion over 100 μg/24 hr. Bi-allele pathogenic ATP7B mutations were identified in all patients. Among the 60 mutations detected, 10 were novel, including 7 missense mutations (p.I566N, p.T704I, p.C980F, p.G1030 V, p.A1096Q, p.L1327P, and p.L1373F), 1 nonsense mutation (p.K866X), 1 small insertion (p.Y44LfsX2), and 1 small deletion (p.R1118PfsX10). The most frequent mutations were p.R778L, p.P992L, and p.I1148T, which affected 27.2, 25.4, and 20.2% of the 114 WD children, respectively. The patients carrying p.R778L presented a higher rate of acute liver failure than the patients without p.R778L (9.7% vs. 4.8%). These results will be helpful in establishing early diagnosis of WD at the gene level, offering beneficial information for genetic counseling and providing clues to genotype/phenotype correlation of ATP7B mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Lu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinshuo Lu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Shao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongcai Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Sheng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Cai
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taolin Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizi Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Tan
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglan Huang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou ZH, Wu YF, Cao J, Hu JY, Han YZ, Hong MF, Wang GQ, Liu SH, Wang XM. Characteristics of neurological Wilson's disease with corpus callosum abnormalities. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:85. [PMID: 31053106 PMCID: PMC6499990 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disease of impaired copper metabolism. Previous study demonstrated that WD with corpus callosum abnormalities (WD-CCA) was limited to the posterior part (splenium). This study aimed to compare clinical features between WD-CCA and WD without corpus callosum abnormalities (WD-no-CCA). METHODS Forty-one WD patients who had markedly neurological dysfunctions were included in this study. We retrospectively reviewed clinical, biochemical characteristics and MRI findings in the 41 WD patients. All patients were assessed using the Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale. RESULTS Nine patients had corpus callosum abnormalities, 4 of 9 patients had abnormal signal in the genu and splenium, 5 of 9 patients had abnormal signal only in the splenium. WD-CCA had longer course (9.9 ± 4.0 years vs. 3.4 ± 3.6 years, p<0.01), more severe neurological dysfunctions (37.6 vs. 65.9, p<0.01) and higher psychiatric symptoms scores (11.2 vs. 22.5, p<0.01) than WD-no-CCA. The MRI findings indicated that WD-CCA had higher ratio than WD-no-CCA in globus pallidus (88.9% vs. 43.8%, p = 0.024) and thalamus (100% vs. 59.4%, p = 0.038). The index of liver function and copper metabolism had no significant in WD-CCA and WD-no-CCA patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate Wilson's disease can involve the posterior as well as the anterior part of CC and patients with CC involvement had more extensive brain lesions, more severe neurological dysfunctions and psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, school of clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yun-Fan Wu
- The second school of clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Second Provinical General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Ningbo No.6 hospital, NingBo, Zhejiang China
| | - Ji-Yuan Hu
- Wilson Disease Centre, Hospital Affiliated to Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Yong-Zhu Han
- Wilson Disease Centre, Hospital Affiliated to Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Ming-Fan Hong
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital, school of clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Gong-Qiang Wang
- Wilson Disease Centre, Hospital Affiliated to Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Shu-Hu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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A cellular model for Wilson's disease using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells revealed aberrant β-catenin pathway during osteogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:386-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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48
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Li X, Zhang W, Zhou D, Lv T, Xu A, Wang H, Zhao X, Zhang B, Li Y, Jia S, Wang Y, Wang X, Wu Z, Duan W, Wang Q, Nan Y, Shang J, Jiang W, Chen Y, Zheng S, Liu M, Sun L, You H, Jia J, Ou X, Huang J. Complex ATP7B mutation patterns in Wilson disease and evaluation of a yeast model for functional analysis of variants. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:552-565. [PMID: 30702195 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is associated with various mutations in the ATP7B gene. Although ATP7B variants are frequently identified, the exact mutation patterns remain unknown because of the absence of pedigree studies, and the functional consequences of individual ATP7B variants remain to be clarified. In this study, we recruited 65 clinically diagnosed WD patients from 60 unrelated families. Pedigree analysis showed that besides several ATP7B homozygous variants (8/65, 12.3%), compound heterozygous variants (43/65, 66.2%) were present in the majority of WD patients. There were 20% of the patients had one (12/65, 18.5%) or multiple (1/65, 1.5%) variants in only a single allele, characterized by a high ratio of splicing or frameshift variants. Nine ATP7B variants were cloned into the pAG426GPD yeast expression vector to evaluate their functional consequences, and the results suggested different degrees of functional disruption from mild or uncertain to severe, consistent with the corresponding phenotypes. Our study revealed the complex ATP7B mutation patterns in WD patients and the applicability of a yeast model system to the evaluation of the functional consequences of ATP7B variants, which is essential for WD cases that are difficult to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Donghu Zhou
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxia Lv
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Anjian Xu
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hejing Wang
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmeng Li
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Jia
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemin Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jia Shang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Sun
- Liver Transplant Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong You
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Research Center for Rare Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Liver Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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Zhong HJ, Sun HH, Xue LF, McGowan EM, Chen Y. Differential hepatic features presenting in Wilson disease-associated cirrhosis and hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:378-387. [PMID: 30686905 PMCID: PMC6343092 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i3.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is a chronic late stage liver disease associated with hepatitis viruses, alcoholism, and metabolic disorders, such as Wilson disease (WD). There are no clear markers or clinical features that define cirrhosis originating from these disparate origins. We hypothesized that cirrhosis is not one disease and cirrhosis of different etiology may have differential clinical hepatic features. AIM To delineate the liver features between WD-associated cirrhosis and hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis in the Chinese population. METHODS In this observational study, we reviewed the medical data of consecutive inpatients who had WD-associated cirrhosis or hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis from January 2010 to August 2018, and excluded patients who had carcinoma, severe heart or pulmonary diseases, or other liver diseases. According to the etiology of cirrhosis, patients were divided into two groups: WD-associated cirrhosis group (60 patients) and hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis group (56 patients). The liver fibrosis degree, liver function indices, and portal hypertension features of these patients were compared between the two groups. RESULTS No inter-group differences were observed in the diagnostic liver fibrosis markers, however, clinical features clearly defined the origin of cirrhosis. WD-associated cirrhosis patients (16-29 years) had lower levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and bilirubin, lower prothrombin time, lower incidence of hepatic encephalopathy, and lower portal vein diameter (P < 0.05), compared to cirrhosis resulting from hepatitis B in older patients (45-62 years). Importantly, they had decreased risks of progression from Child-Pugh grade A to B (odds ratio = 0.046, 95% confidence interval: 0.006-0.387, P = 0.005) and of ascites (odds ratio = 0.08, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.48, P = 0.005). Conversely, WD-associated cirrhosis patients had a higher risk of splenomegaly (odds ratio = 4.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.38-12.45, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION WD-associated cirrhosis presents a higher risk of splenomegaly associated with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, although revealing milder liver dysfunction and portal hypertension symptoms, which recommends WD patients to be monitored for associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan-Huan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lan-Feng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
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50
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Członkowska A, Litwin T, Dusek P, Ferenci P, Lutsenko S, Medici V, Rybakowski JK, Weiss KH, Schilsky ML. Wilson disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30190489 PMCID: PMC6416051 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a potentially treatable, inherited disorder of copper metabolism that is characterized by the pathological accumulation of copper. WD is caused by mutations in ATP7B, which encodes a transmembrane copper-transporting ATPase, leading to impaired copper homeostasis and copper overload in the liver, brain and other organs. The clinical course of WD can vary in the type and severity of symptoms, but progressive liver disease is a common feature. Patients can also present with neurological disorders and psychiatric symptoms. WD is diagnosed using diagnostic algorithms that incorporate clinical symptoms and signs, measures of copper metabolism and DNA analysis of ATP7B. Available treatments include chelation therapy and zinc salts, which reverse copper overload by different mechanisms. Additionally, liver transplantation is indicated in selected cases. New agents, such as tetrathiomolybdate salts, are currently being investigated in clinical trials, and genetic therapies are being tested in animal models. With early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis is good; however, an important issue is diagnosing patients before the onset of serious symptoms. Advances in screening for WD may therefore bring earlier diagnosis and improvements for patients with WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Członkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karl Heinz Weiss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael L Schilsky
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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