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Xu W, Gao X, Luo H, Chen Y. FGF21 attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension via regulating HNF4α/ACE2 axis in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of mice. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2361671. [PMID: 38841901 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2361671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the role of FGF21 in hypertension remains elusive. METHODS Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal-salt (NS) group, NS+FGF21 group, deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA) group and DOCA+FGF21 group. The mice in NS group underwent uninephrectomy without receiving DOCA and 1% NaCl and the mice in DOCA group were subjected to uninephrectomy and DOCA-salt (DOCA and 1% NaCl) treatment for 6 weeks. At the same time, the mice were infused with vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid, aCSF) or FGF21 (1 mg/kg) into the bilateral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of mice. RESULTS Here, we showed that FGF21 treatment lowered DOCA salt-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the PVN, which reduced sympathetic nerve activity and hypertension. Mechanistically, FGF21 treatment decreased the expression of HNF4α and inhibited the binding activity of HNF4α to the promoter region of ACE2 in the PVN of DOCA salt-treated mice, which further up-regulated ACE2/Ang (1-7) signals in the PVN. In addition, ACE2 deficiency abolished the protective effect of FGF21 in DOCA salt-treated mice, suggesting that FGF21-mediated antihypertensive effect was dependent on ACE2. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that FGF21 protects against salt-sensitive hypertension via regulating HNF4α/ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis in the PVN of DOCA salt-treated mice via multi-organ crosstalk between liver, brain and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yingmei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Molaei A, Molaei E, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Mas receptor: a potential strategy in the management of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1654-1674. [PMID: 37365840 PMCID: PMC10361149 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2228089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MasR is a critical element in the RAS accessory pathway that protects the heart against myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and pathological remodeling by counteracting the effects of AT1R. This receptor is mainly stimulated by Ang 1-7, which is a bioactive metabolite of the angiotensin produced by ACE2. MasR activation attenuates ischemia-related myocardial damage by facilitating vasorelaxation, improving cell metabolism, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting thrombosis, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. It also prevents pathological cardiac remodeling by suppressing hypertrophy- and fibrosis-inducing signals. In addition, the potential of MasR in lowering blood pressure, improving blood glucose and lipid profiles, and weight loss has made it effective in modulating risk factors for coronary artery disease including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Considering these properties, the administration of MasR agonists offers a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease.Abbreviations: Acetylcholine (Ach); AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); Angiotensin (Ang); Angiotensin receptor (ATR); Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); Anti-PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (PRDM16); bradykinin (BK); Calcineurin (CaN); cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB); Catalase (CAT); C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2); Chloride channel 3 (CIC3); c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK); Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36); Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART); Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); Coronary artery disease (CAD); Creatine phosphokinase (CPK); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10); Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2); Fatty acid transport protein (FATP); Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1); Glucokinase (Gk); Glucose transporter (GLUT); Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β); High density lipoprotein (HDL); High sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); Inositol trisphosphate (IP3); Interleukin (IL); Ischemic heart disease (IHD); Janus kinase (JAK); Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP); Left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP); Lipoprotein lipase (LPL); L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); Low density lipoprotein (LDL); Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr); Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1); Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); NADPH oxidase (NOX); Neuropeptide FF (NPFF); Neutral endopeptidase (NEP); Nitric oxide (NO); Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB); Nuclear-factor of activated T-cells (NFAT); Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1); Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ); Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3k); Phospholipase C (PLC); Prepro-orexin (PPO); Prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP); Prostacyclin (PGI2); Protein kinase B (Akt); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Renin-angiotensin system (RAS); Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK); Serum amyloid A (SAA); Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1); Slit guidance ligand 3 (Slit3); Smooth muscle 22α (SM22α); Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c); Stromal-derived factor-1a (SDF); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); Tissue factor (TF); Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1); Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1); Ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Molaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Emad Molaei
- PharmD, Assistant of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Liu XJ, Yu XJ, Su YK, Qiao JA, Sun YJ, Bai XJ, Zhang N, Yang HY, Yin LX, Kang YM, Yang ZM. Minocycline and Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Attenuate Hypertension via Suppressing Activation of Microglia in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 259:163-172. [PMID: 36450479 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and imbalance of neurotransmitters are involved in the pathophysiology of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a vital role in hypertension. Evidences show that microglia are activated and release proinflammatory cytokines in angiocardiopathy. We hypothesized that angiotensin II induces PVN microglial activation, and the activated PVN microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and cause oxidative stress through nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which contributes to sympathetic overactivity and hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight 275-300 g) were infused with angiotensin II to induce hypertension. Then, rats were treated with bilateral PVN infusion of microglial activation inhibitor minocycline, NF-κB activation inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or vehicle for 4 weeks. When compared to control groups, angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats had higher mean arterial pressure, PVN proinflammatory cytokines, and imbalance of neurotransmitters, accompanied with PVN activated microglia. These rats also had more PVN gp91phox (source of reactive oxygen species production), and NF-κB p65. Bilateral PVN infusion of minocycline or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate partly or completely ameliorated these changes. This study indicates that angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats have more activated microglia in PVN, and activated PVN microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and result in oxidative stress, which contributes to sympathoexcitation and hypertensive response. Suppression of activated PVN microglia by minocycline or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress, and improves angiotensin II-induced hypertension, which indicates that activated microglia promote hypertension through activated NF-κB. The findings may offer hypertension new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China
| | - Yu-Kun Su
- Hemodialysis Center, Shanxi Second People's Hospital
| | - Jin-An Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China.,Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital
| | - Yao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiao-Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Hypertension, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Li-Xi Yin
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
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Magnetic MgFe2O4/MIL-88A catalyst for photo-Fenton sulfamethoxazole decomposition under visible light. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Exercise Training Attenuates Hypertension via Suppressing ROS/MAPK/NF-κB/AT-1R Pathway in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193968. [PMID: 36235619 PMCID: PMC9573547 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic exercise training (ExT) is beneficial for hypertension, however, its central mechanisms in improving hypertension remain unclear. Since the importance of the up-regulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1R) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamic in sympathoexcitation and hypertension has been shown, we testified the hypothesis that aerobic ExT decreases blood pressure in hypertensive rats by down-regulating the AT-1R through reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factors κB (NF-κB) pathway within the PVN. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to the following groups: sham operation (SHAM) + kept sedentary (Sed), SHAM + exercise training (ExT), two kidney-one clamp (2K1C) + Sed, and 2K1C + ExT groups. Results: The 2K1C + Sed hypertensive rats showed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), upregulated ROS, phosphorylated (p-) p44/42 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, NF-κB p65 activity, and AT-1R expression in the PVN, and increased circulating norepinephrine (NE) than those of SHAM rats. After eight weeks of aerobic ExT, the 2K1C + ExT hypertensive rats showed attenuated NE and SBP levels, suppressed NF-κB p65 activity, and reduced expression of ROS, p-p44/42 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, and AT-1R in the PVN, relatively to the 2K1C + Sed group. Conclusions: These data are suggestive of beneficial effects of aerobic ExT in decreasing SBP in hypertensive rats, via down-regulating the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathway that targets AT-1R in the PVN, and eventually ameliorating 2K1C-induced hypertension.
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Cross-Talk between CB1, AT1, AT2 and Mas Receptors Responsible for Blood Pressure Control in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Their Normotensive Controls. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091542. [PMID: 35563848 PMCID: PMC9101384 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that in urethane-anaesthetized rats, intravenous injection of the angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor antagonist losartan reversed the pressor effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist CP55940 given in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN). The aim of our study was to determine the potential interactions in the PVN between CB1 receptors and AT1 and AT2 receptors for Ang II and Mas receptors for Ang 1–7 in blood pressure regulation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The pressor effects of Ang II, Ang 1–7 and CP55940 microinjected into the PVN were stronger in SHRs than in WKYs. Increases in blood pressure in response to Ang II were strongly inhibited by antagonists of AT1 (losartan), AT2 (PD123319) and CB1 (AM251) receptors, to Ang 1–7 by a Mas antagonist (A-779) and AM251 and to CP55940 by losartan, PD123319 and A-779. Higher (AT1 and CB1) and lower (AT2 and Mas) receptor expression in the PVN of SHR compared to WKY may partially explain the above differences. In conclusion, blood pressure control in the PVN depends on the mutual interaction of CB1, AT1, AT2 and Mas receptors in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls.
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Su Q, Yu XJ, Wang XM, Peng B, Bai J, Li HB, Li Y, Xia WJ, Fu LY, Liu KL, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Na+/K+-ATPase Alpha 2 Isoform Elicits Rac1-Dependent Oxidative Stress and TLR4-Induced Inflammation in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus in High Salt-Induced Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020288. [PMID: 35204171 PMCID: PMC8868219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that a high salt diet inhibits brain Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, and affects oxidative stress and inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Furthermore, Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 2-isoform (NKA α2) may be a target in the brain, taking part in the development of salt-dependent hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that NKA α2 regulates oxidative stress and inflammation in the PVN in the context of salt-induced hypertension. Part I: We assessed NKA subunits (NKA α1, NKA α2, and NKA α3), Na+/K+-ATPase activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a high salt group (8% NaCl) and normal salt group (0.3% NaCl). Part II: NKA α2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was bilaterally microinjected into the PVN of salt-induced hypertensive rats to knockdown NKA α2, and we explored whether NKA α2 regulates downstream signaling pathways related to protein kinase C γ (PKC γ)-dependent oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced inflammation in the PVN to promote the development of hypertension. High salt diet increased NKA α1 and NKA α2 protein expression in the PVN but had no effect on NKA α3 compared to the normal salt diet. Na+/K+-ATPase activity and ADP/ATP ratio was lower, but NAD(P)H activity and NF-κB activity in the PVN were higher after a high salt diet. Bilateral PVN microinjection of NKA α2 shRNA not only improved Na+/K+-ATPase activity and ADP/ATP ratio but also suppressed PKC γ-dependent oxidative stress and TLR4-dependent inflammation in the PVN, thus decreasing sympathetic activity in rats with salt-induced hypertension. NKA α2 in the PVN elicits PKC γ/Rac1/NAD (P)H-dependent oxidative stress and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-induced inflammation in the PVN, thus increasing MAP and sympathetic activity during the development of salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.Y.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel./Fax: +86-298-265-7677 (X.-J.Y. & Y.-M.K.)
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Q.S.); (X.-M.W.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.L.); (W.-J.X.); (L.-Y.F.); (K.-L.L.); (J.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.Y.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel./Fax: +86-298-265-7677 (X.-J.Y. & Y.-M.K.)
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Zhu J, Qiu JG, Xu WT, Ma HX, Jiang K. Alamandine protects against renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1491-1502. [PMID: 34244746 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to determine whether alamandine (Ala) could reduce ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury of kidney in rats. METHODS Renal I/R was induced by an occlusion of bilateral renal arteries for 70 min and a 24-h reperfusion in vivo, and rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells NRK52E were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia and followed by 3-h reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. RESULTS The elevated serum creatinine (Cr), blood cystatin C (CysC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in I/R rats were inhibited by Ala treatment. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax were increased, and Bcl2 was reduced in the kidney of I/R rats, which were reversed by Ala administration. Ala reversed the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax and the decrease of Bcl2 in the H/R NRK52E cells. Ala could also inhibit the increase of oxidative stress levels in the kidney of I/R rats. NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) overexpression reversed the improving effects of Ala on renal function, inflammation and apoptosis of I/R rats. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ala could improve renal function, attenuate inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney of I/R rats via inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Qiu
- Department of Urology, Lianshui People's Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Ma
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
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Su Q, Yu XJ, Yang Q, Wang XM, Xia WJ, Li HB, Liu KL, Yi QY, Kang YM. Inhibition of Maternal c-Src Ameliorates the Male Offspring Hypertension by Suppressing Inflammation and Neurotransmitters in the Paraventricular Nucleus. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:820-834. [PMID: 34269955 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maternal salt intake induces the hypertension in offspring. Numerous studies have also indicated that high-salt diet causes the inflammation and an imbalance in neurotransmitters in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which increases the blood pressure and sympathetic activity. This study aimed to explore whether maternal salt intake induces hypertension in their male offspring by increasing the inflammation and changing the neurotransmitters balance in the paraventricular nucleus of offspring. This study includes two parts: Part I to explore the effect of high-salt diet on pregnant rats and the changes in inflammation and neurotransmitters in their male offspring PVN; Part II to reveal the influence on their offspring of bilateral PVN infusion of c-Src inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) in pregnant rats fed a high-salt diet. Maternal high-salt diet intake during copulation, pregnancy, and lactation impacted the offspring mean arterial pressure (MAP) and elevated the offspring PVN levels of p-Src, proinflammatory cytokines, and excitatory neurotransmitters. Bilateral PVN infusion of a c-Src inhibitor combined with maternal high-salt diets decreased MAP in the offspring. The infusion was also shown to suppress the Src-induced MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway (p38 MAPK, JNK, Erk1/2), which attenuates inflammatory reactions. Finally, bilateral PVN infusion of the Src inhibitor in pregnant rat with high-salt diets improved the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters in offspring PVN, which restored the excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter balance in male offspring. High-salt diets increase sympathetic activity and blood pressure in adult offspring, probably by activating the c-Src/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway-induced inflammation. Moreover, NF-κB disrupts the downstream excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter balance in the PVN of male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Clinical Pharmacological Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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10
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de Melo LA, Almeida-Santos AF. Neuropsychiatric Properties of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Pathway: A Brief Review. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:476-483. [PMID: 31868143 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191223143230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current pharmacological strategies for the management of anxiety disorders and depression, serious conditions which are gaining greater prevalence worldwide, depend on only two therapeutic classes of mood-stabilizing drugs: Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs). Although first line agents with proven efficacy, their clinical success in the management of anxiety disorders and depression is still considered highly complex due to the multifaceted nature of such conditions. Several studies have shown a possible therapeutic target could be found in the form of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme [ACE] type 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin [Ang]-(1-7) and Mas receptor pathway of the Renin- Angiotensin System (RAS), which as will be discussed, has been described to exhibit promising therapeutic properties for the management of anxiety disorders and depression. In this article, the literature to describe recent findings related to the role of the RAS in anxiety and depression disorders was briefly revised. The literature used covers a time range from 1988 to 2019 and were acquired from the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) PubMed search engine. The results demonstrated in this review are promising and encourage the development of new research for the treatment of anxiety and depression disorders focusing on the RAS. In conclusion, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway may exhibit anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects through many possible biochemical mechanisms both centrally and peripherally, and result in highly promising mental health benefits which justifies further investigation into this system as a possible new therapeutic target in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders, including any as of yet undescribed risk-benefit analysis compared to currently-implemented pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Augusto de Melo
- Nucleo de Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Almeida-Santos
- Nucleo de Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Zheng F, Ye C, Wan GW, Zhou B, Tong Y, Lei JZ, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Interleukin-1β in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediates excitatory renal reflex. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1577-1586. [PMID: 32915316 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical stimulation of kidney causes sympathetic activation and pressor responses in rats. The excitatory renal reflex (ERR) is mediated by angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and superoxide anions in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The aim of this study is to determine whether interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the PVN mediates the ERR, and whether the IL-1β production in the PVN is dependent on the AT1R-superoxide anion signaling. Experiments were performed in adult rats under anesthesia. The ERR was induced by renal infusion of capsaicin, and evaluated by the responses of the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inhibition of IL-1β production with MCC950 in the PVN dose-dependently inhibited the capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation. The PVN microinjection of IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra or specific IL-1β antibody abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR, while IL-1β enhanced the ERR. Renal infusion of capsaicin promoted p65-NFκB phosphorylation and IL-1β production in the PVN, which were prevented by PVN microinjection of NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or the superoxide anion scavenger tempol. The PVN microinjection of NFκB inhibitor BMS-345541 abolished the capsaicin induced-ERR and IL-1β production, but not the NADPH oxidase activation and superoxide anion production. Furthermore, capsaicin-induced p65-NFκB phosphorylation and IL-1β production in the PVN were prevented by AT1R antagonist losartan, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. These results indicate that capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation are mediated by IL-1β in the PVN. The IL-1β production in the PVN is dependent on the AT1R-mediated superoxide anion generation and NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Wei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Donertas Ayaz B, Zubcevic J. Gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of hypertension: A potential role for hydrogen sulfide. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104677. [PMID: 32023431 PMCID: PMC7056572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and gut dysbiosis are hallmarks of hypertension (HTN). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important freely diffusing molecule that modulates the function of neural, cardiovascular and immune systems, and circulating levels of H2S are reduced in animals and humans with HTN. While most research to date has focused on H₂S produced endogenously by the host, H2S is also produced by the gut bacteria and may affect the host homeostasis. Here, we review an association between neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis in HTN, with special emphasis on a potential role of H2S in this interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas Ayaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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13
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Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors and Superoxide Anion Production in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Contribute to Capsaicin-Induced Excitatory Renal Reflex and Sympathetic Activation. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:463-474. [PMID: 31989424 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical stimulation of the kidney increases sympathetic activity and blood pressure in rats. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is important in mediating the excitatory renal reflex (ERR). In this study, we examined the role of molecular signaling in the PVN in mediating the capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation. Bilateral PVN microinjections were performed in rats under anesthesia. The ERR was elicited by infusion of capsaicin into the cortico-medullary border of the right kidney. The reflex was evaluated as the capsaicin-induced changes in left renal sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial pressure. Blockade of angiotensin type 1 receptors with losartan or inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with captopril in the PVN abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. Renal infusion of capsaicin significantly increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion production in the PVN, which were prevented by ipsilateral renal denervation or microinjection of losartan into the PVN. Furthermore, either scavenging of superoxide anions or inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase in the PVN abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. We conclude that the ERR induced by renal infusion of capsaicin is mediated by angiotensin type 1 receptor-related NAD(P)H oxidase activation and superoxide anion production within the PVN.
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14
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Brooks VL, Fu Q, Shi Z, Heesch CM. Adaptations in autonomic nervous system regulation in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 171:57-84. [PMID: 32736759 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increase in basal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) during normal pregnancy; this counteracts profound primary vasodilation. However, pregnancy also impairs baroreflex control of heart rate and SNA, contributing to increased mortality secondary to peripartum hemorrhage. Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders evoke even greater elevations in SNA, which likely contribute to the hypertension. Information concerning mechanisms is limited. In normal pregnancy, increased angiotensin II acts centrally to support elevated SNA. Hypothalamic sites, including the subfornical organ, paraventricular nucleus, and arcuate nucleus, are likely (but unproven) targets. Moreover, no definitive mechanisms for exaggerated sympathoexcitation in hypertensive pregnancy have been identified. In addition, normal pregnancy increases gamma aminobutyric acid inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a key brainstem site that transmits excitatory inputs to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Accumulated evidence supports a major role for locally increased production and actions of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone as one mechanism. A consequence is suppression of baroreflex function, but increased basal SNA indicates that excitatory influences predominate in the RVLM. However, many questions remain regarding other sites and factors that support increased SNA during normal pregnancy and, more importantly, the mechanisms underlying excessive sympathoexcitation in life-threatening hypertensive pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cheryl M Heesch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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15
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Ye C, Qiu Y, Zhang F, Chen AD, Zhou H, Wang JJ, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Chemical Stimulation of Renal Tissue Induces Sympathetic Activation and a Pressor Response via the Paraventricular Nucleus in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:143-152. [PMID: 31392556 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation and the kidney play critical roles in hypertension and chronic heart failure. The role of the kidney in sympathetic activation is still not well known. In this study, we revealed an excitatory renal reflex (ERR) in rats induced by chemical stimulation of the kidney that regulated sympathetic activity and blood pressure. The ERR was induced by renal infusion of capsaicin, and evaluated by the changes in renal sympathetic outflow, blood pressure, and heart rate. Renal infusion of capsaicin dose-dependently increased the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Capsaicin in the cortico-medullary border had greater effects than in the cortex or medulla. Intravenous infusion of capsaicin had no significant effects. The effects of renal infusion of capsaicin were abolished by ipsilateral renal denervation, but were not affected by bilateral sinoaortic denervation. Renal infusion of capsaicin increased the ipsilateral renal afferent activity. The ERR was also induced by renal infusion of bradykinin, adenosine, and angiotensin II, but not by ATP. Renal infusion of capsaicin increased c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus. Lesion of neurons in the PVN with kainic acid abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. These findings indicate that chemical stimulation of kidney causes an excitatory reflex, leading to sympathetic activation, pressor response, and accelerated heart rate. The PVN is an important central nucleus in the pathway of the ERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jue-Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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16
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Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System: Diseases, Treatments, and Novel Approaches. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:1-3. [PMID: 30659525 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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