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Gao JP, Zhang HP, Wei R, Guo W. A Novel Method for the Rat Model of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Induced by Retroperitoneal Implantation of an Osmotic Pump System With Lipopolysaccharide. Ann Vasc Surg 2024; 101:41-52. [PMID: 38154490 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few methods can cocurrently mimic the pathological characteristics and nature history of human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), especially for the exist of the self-healing tendency of rodents. This study tested a novel method for the AAA rat model induced by retroperitoneal implantation of an osmotic pump system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based on the hypothesis that chronic inflammation of perivascular adipose tissue directly influenced the development and progression of AAAs. METHODS 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats (10-month-old) fed with the Paigen diet were randomly divided into 4 groups: the blank group ×2, the sham group ×4, the empty capsule group ×4, and the LPS capsule group ×10. The LPS capsule group received implantations of the ALZET® osmotic pump capsule with LPS (3.6 μg/day) parallel to the abdominal aorta through a retroperitoneal approach. Two weeks later, 6 rats were randomly selected from the LPS capsule group to form the anti-inflammatory group and received implantations of another osmotic pump capsule with interleukin (IL)-10 (75 ng/day) through the same approach. The changes in abdominal aortic diameter were observed by ultrasound every 2 weeks, and samples were harvested for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis 6 weeks later. RESULTS Within the 6 weeks after modeling, the LPS capsule group showed sustained and significant aortic dilatation (P < 0.01), while the anti-inflammatory group showed a rapid and obvious shrinkage 2 weeks after the IL-10 osmotic pump capsule implantation (P < 0.01). The LPS capsule group presented excellent pathological mimicking of human AAAs and showed severe medial degeneration with the least elastic content among the 5 groups at the end of the sixth week (P < 0.05). Notably, the anti-inflammatory group showed perfect medial preservation with the most elastic content (P < 0.05) and the highest elastin/collagen ratio (P < 0.01) at the end of the study. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 and toll-like receptor 2 showed strong expression in the LPS capsule group at the end of the sixth week, which was significantly higher than that in the blank group and sham group. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory group showed a slightly higher MMP9 expression than the LPS capsule group though there was no statistical difference between them. CONCLUSIONS This novel method for the rat AAA model induced by retroperitoneal implantation of an osmotic pump capsule with LPS can concurrently mimic the histological characteristics and natural history of human AAAs. Further studies were needed to improve the osmotic pump system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ping Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Peng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Kim MJ, Kim SH, Kim JO, Lee TK, Jang IK, Choi TJ. Efficacy of White Spot Syndrome Virus Protein VP28-Expressing Chlorella vulgaris as an Oral Vaccine for Shrimp. Viruses 2023; 15:2010. [PMID: 37896787 PMCID: PMC10610983 DOI: 10.3390/v15102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of white spot disease, which kills shrimp within a few days of infection. Although WSSV has a mortality rate of almost 100% and poses a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry, strategies for its prevention and treatment are extremely limited. In this study, we examined the efficacy of VP28, a recombinant WSSV protein expressed in Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), as an oral shrimp vaccine. When compared with the control group, in which WSSV had a cumulative mortality of 100%, shrimp treated with 5% VP28-expressing C. vulgaris in their feed only had a 20% cumulative mortality rate 12 days after the WSSV challenge. When compared with the nonvaccinated group, the transcription of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, C-type lectin, and prophenoloxidase genes, which are involved in shrimp defense against WSSV infection, was upregulated 29.6 fold, 15.4 fold, and 11.5 fold, respectively. These findings highlight C. vulgaris as a potential host for industrial shrimp vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje-si 53201, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Kwon Jang
- Junggyeom Co., Ltd., Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
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Laux J, Martorelli M, Späth N, Maier F, Burnet M, Laufer SA. Selective Inhibitors of Janus Kinase 3 Modify Responses to Lipopolysaccharides by Increasing the Interleukin-10-to-Tumor Necrosis Factor α Ratio. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:892-906. [PMID: 37325444 PMCID: PMC10262334 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors act at low doses (e.g., tofacitinib, 0.2-0.4 μmol/kg bid) in clinical use, suggesting an efficient underlying mode of action. We hypothesized that their effectiveness is due to their ability to raise the ratio of IL-10 to TNFα. Unlike other JAK isoforms, JAK3 is expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells and is essential for immune function. We used JAK3 selective inhibitors with preferential distribution to immune cells. Inhibition of JAK3 in human leukocytes reduced TNFα and IL-6 but maintained levels of IL-10, while pan-JAK inhibitors increased TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10. JAK1 is required for IL-10 receptor signaling, which suggests that, at exposure above the IC50 (55 nM for tofacitinib on JAK1), there is less feedback control of TNFα levels. This leads to self-limiting effects of JAK1 inhibitors and could place an upper limit on appropriate doses. In vivo, treating mice with JAK3 inhibitors before LPS administration decreased plasma TNFα and increased IL-10 above vehicle levels, suggesting that JAK3 inhibition may limit TNFα release by increasing IL-10 while leaving the IL-10 receptor functional. This mechanism should have general utility in controlling autoimmune diseases and can be conveniently observed by measuring the ratio of IL-10 to TNFα. In summary, our targeted, "leukotropic" inhibitors more effectively increased IL-10/TNFα ratios than unselective control compounds and could, therefore, be ideal for autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Laux
- Synovo
GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße
15, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
| | - Mariella Martorelli
- Synovo
GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße
15, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
| | - Nadja Späth
- Synovo
GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße
15, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Synovo
GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße
15, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
| | - Michael Burnet
- Synovo
GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße
15, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, DE, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally
Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Ewoldt TMJ, Abdulla A, Hunfeld N, Li L, Smeets TJL, Gommers D, Koch BCP, Endeman H. The impact of sepsis on hepatic drug metabolism in critically ill patients: a narrative review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:413-421. [PMID: 35912845 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic drug metabolism is important in improving drug dosing strategies in sepsis. Pharmacokinetics in the critically ill population are severely altered due to changes in absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolization. Hepatic drug metabolism might be altered due to changes in hepatic blood flow, drug metabolizing protein availability, and protein binding. The purpose of this review is to examine evidence on whether hepatic drug metabolism is significantly affected in septic patients, and to provide insights in the need for future research. AREAS COVERED This review describes the effect of sepsis on hepatic drug metabolism in humans. Clinical trials, pathophysiological background information and example drug groups are further discussed. The literature search has been conducted in Embase, Medline ALL Ovid, and Cochrane CENTRAL register of trials. EXPERT OPINION Limited research has been conducted on drug metabolism in the sepsis population, with some trials having researched healthy individuals using endotoxin injections. Notwithstanding this limitation, hepatic drug metabolism seems to be decreased for certain drugs in sepsis. More research on the pharmacokinetic behavior of hepatic metabolized drugs in sepsis is warranted, using inflammatory biomarkers, hemodynamic changes, mechanical ventilation, organ support, and catecholamine infusion as possible confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M J Ewoldt
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Abdulla
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hunfeld
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Letao Li
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J L Smeets
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance Delays Acute Rejection in a Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:216e-228e. [PMID: 35077416 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rejection is seen in 85 percent of composite vascular allogeneic transplants despite long-term immunosuppression. Recently, it was reported that the induction of endotoxin tolerance prolonged heart allograft survival in mice. However, it produced side effects in all the animals secondary to the inflammatory reaction. Galactomannan has shown endotoxin tolerance without this side effect in vitro. The authors hypothesized that galactomannan-induced endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in vascular allogeneic transplantation without the side effects produced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS Twenty-four rat hindlimb transplants were divided into four groups according to the preconditioning received: control, lipopolysaccharide (0.16 ml/kg), galactomannan 72 hours before (galactomannan-72) (8 ml/kg), and galactomannan 24 hours before (galactomannan-24) (8 ml/kg). Median acute rejection time, weight loss, and diarrheal episodes were monitored. Blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 21, 30, 45, and 60 days. Plasma cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma), peripheral chimerism, and lymphocyte percentages were analyzed. RESULTS Median allograft survival was 40 days (range, 40 to 44 days) in the control group, 68 days (range, 61 to 71 days) in the lipopolysaccharide group, and 70 days (range, 69 to 73 days) in both galactomannan groups (p = 0.001). Weight loss was higher in the lipopolysaccharide group (p < 0.001), as was the 83.3 percent rate of diarrheal episodes (control, 0 percent, p = 0.015; galactomannan-72, 0 percent, p = 0.015; and galactomannan-24, 16.7 percent, p = 0.02). Preconditioned rats had higher peripheral blood chimerism (lipopolysaccharide, 2.30 ± 0.13 percent; galactomannan-72, 2.63 ±1.46 percent; and galactomannan-24, 2.47 ± 0.19 percent) compared to the control group (2.06 ± 0.36 percent) (lipopolysaccharide, p = 0.04; galactomannan-72, p = 0.002; and galactomannan-24, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Induction of endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in the rat hindlimb transplantation model. Galactomannan preconditioning has no lipopolysaccharide side effects and was equally effective in delaying acute rejection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The contributions of this experimental work are very incipient. Although the use of galactomannan in clinical practice requires more studies to assess its safety, there is no doubt that immunomodulation may be one of the responses that solve the problem of long-term immunosuppression.
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Vizzini A, Bonura A, La Paglia L, Fiannaca A, La Rosa M, Urso A, Mauro M, Vazzana M, Arizza V. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal 2 and 4 Family Members of Cytochromes P450 (CYP) Involved in LPS Inflammatory Response in Pharynx of Ciona robusta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011141. [PMID: 34681801 PMCID: PMC8537429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of most endogenous and exogenous agents. The expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms, induction by xenobiotics, and regulation by cytokines and hormones. In recent years, Ciona robusta, one of the closest living relatives of vertebrates, has become a model in various fields of biology, in particular for studying inflammatory response. Using an in vivo LPS exposure strategy, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and qRT-PCR combined with bioinformatics and in silico analyses, compared whole pharynx transcripts from naïve and LPS-exposed C. robusta, and we provide the first view of cytochrome genes expression and miRNA regulation in the inflammatory response induced by LPS in a hematopoietic organ. In C. robusta, cytochromes belonging to 2B,2C, 2J, 2U, 4B and 4F subfamilies were deregulated and miRNA network interactions suggest that different conserved and species-specific miRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of cytochrome genes and that there could be an interplay between specific miRNAs regulating both inflammation and cytochrome molecules in the inflammatory response in C. robusta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Laura La Paglia
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Antonino Fiannaca
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Massimo La Rosa
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Alfonso Urso
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
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Li YJ, Zheng YC, Geng Q, Liu F, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH, Yu HL. Secretory expression of cyclohexanone monooxygenase by methylotrophic yeast for efficient omeprazole sulfide bio-oxidation. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:81. [PMID: 38650277 PMCID: PMC10992682 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prochiral pyrmetazole can be asymmetrically oxidized into (S)-omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, by an engineered cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMOAcineto-Mut) that has high stereoselectivity. CHMOAcineto-Mut is produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, where it is expressed intracellularly. Thus, isolating this useful biocatalyst requires tedious cell disruption and subsequent purification, which hinders its use for industrial purposes. Here, we report the extracellular production of CHMOAcineto-Mut by a methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, for the first time. The recombinant CHMOAcineto-Mut expressed by P. pastoris showed a higher flavin occupation rate than that produced by E. coli, and this was accompanied by a 3.2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. At a cell density of 150 g/L cell dry weight, we achieved a recombinant CHMOAcineto-Mut production rate of 1,700 U/L, representing approximately 85% of the total protein secreted into the fermentation broth. By directly employing the pH adjusted supernatant as a biocatalyst, we were able to almost completely transform 10 g/L of pyrmetazole into the corresponding (S)-sulfoxide, with > 99% enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Lan YJ, Tan SI, Cheng SY, Ting WW, Xue C, Lin TH, Cai MZ, Chen PT, Ng IS. Development of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 derivative by CRISPR/Cas9 and application for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in antibiotic-free system. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Coskun D, Corum O, Yazar E. Effect of supportive therapy on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous marbofloxacin in endotoxemic sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:288-296. [PMID: 32133667 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of supportive therapy (ST) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic sheep. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of marbofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The study was performed using a three-period cross PK design following a 15-day washout period. In the first period, marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg) was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, marbofloxacin was co-administered with ST (lactated ringer + 5% dextrose + 0.45% sodium chloride, IV, 20 ml/kg, dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg, SC) and ST + LPS (E. coli O55:B5, 10 µg/kg), respectively. Plasma marbofloxacin concentration was measured using HPLC-UV. Following IV administration of marbofloxacin alone, the t 1 / 2 λ z , AUC0-∞ , ClT , and Vdss were 2.87 hr, 34.73 hr × µg/ml, 0.29 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.87 L/kg, respectively. While no change was found in the MBX + ST group in terms of the PK parameters of marbofloxacin, it was determined that the ClT of marbofloxacin decreased, AUC0-∞ increased, and t 1 / 2 λ z and MRT prolonged in the MBX + ST + LPS group. MIC values of marbofloxacin were 0.031 to >16 µg/ml for E. coli, 0.016 to >16 µg/ml for M. haemolytica, 0.016-1 µg/ml for P. multocida, 0.016-0.25 µg/ml for K. pneumoniae, 0.031-0.063 µg/ml for Salmonella spp., and 0.031-1 µg/ml for S. aureus. The study results show the necessity to make a dose adjustment of marbofloxacin following concomitant administration of ST in endotoxemic sheep. Also, the PK and pharmacodynamic effect of marbofloxacin needs to be determined in naturally infected septicemic sheep following concomitant administration of single and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Enver Yazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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10
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Tunctan B, Senol SP, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Sahan-Firat S, Falck JR, Malik KU. Eicosanoids derived from cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid and inflammatory shock. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 145:106377. [PMID: 31586592 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock, the most common form of vasodilatory shock, is a subset of sepsis in which circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities are severe enough to increase mortality. Inflammatory shock constitutes the hallmark of sepsis, but also a final common pathway of any form of severe long-term tissue hypoperfusion. The pathogenesis of inflammatory shock seems to be due to circulating substances released by pathogens (e.g., bacterial endotoxins) and host immuno-inflammatory responses (e.g., changes in the production of histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, nitric oxide [NO], reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and arachidonic acid [AA]-derived eicosanoids mainly through NO synthase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 [CYP] pathways, and proinflammatory cytokine formation). Therefore, refractory hypotension to vasoconstrictors with end-organ hypoperfusion is a life threatening feature of inflammatory shock. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of eicosanoids derived from CYP pathway of AA in animal models of inflammatory shock syndromes with an emphasis on septic shock in addition to potential therapeutic strategies targeting specific CYP isoforms responsible for proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory mediator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Sefika Pinar Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Demet Sinem Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Center for Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
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Tian MY, Fan JH, Zhuang ZW, Dai F, Wang CY, Hou HT, Ma YZ. Effects of silymarin on p65 NF-κB, p38 MAPK and CYP450 in LPS-induced hoof dermal inflammatory cells of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:127. [PMID: 31039823 PMCID: PMC6492397 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminitis is considered as one of the most important causes of hoof lameness in dairy cows, which can lead to enormous economic losses. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis have not been clarified yet. Besides, it is of great significant to find alternative herbs for the prevention and treatment of dairy hooves to avoid the antibiotic abuse. In this study, the primary hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were isolated, the inflammatory model was induced by LPS, and treated with silymarin to find whether silymarin has protective effect on the inflammatory dermal cells. The viability of dermal cells, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, the degree of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, the expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 were measured. Results Hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were successfully isolated and cultured by tissue adherent culture method. Certain concentrations of LPS can increase the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, promote the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and inhibit the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1. The optimal concentration for LPS to establish a hoof dermal cells inflammatory model was 10 μg/mL. Certain concentrations of silymarin can markedly decrease the secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α, inhibit the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and promote the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 in LPS-induced dermal inflammatory model. Conclusions LPS can be used for inducing the hoof dermal cells inflammatory model of dairy cows. Silymarin has protective effects on the LPS-induced inflammatory model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhuang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Ting Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Malvar DDC, Aguiar FA, Vaz ADLL, Assis DCR, de Melo MCC, Jabor VAP, Kalapothakis E, Ferreira SH, Clososki GC, de Souza GEP. Dipyrone metabolite 4-MAA induces hypothermia and inhibits PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever while 4-AA only blocks PGE2 -dependent fever. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3666-79. [PMID: 24712707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antipyretic and hypothermic prodrug dipyrone prevents PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever induced by LPS from Escherichia coli and Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) respectively. We aimed to identify the dipyrone metabolites responsible for the antipyretic and hypothermic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were treated i.p. with indomethacin (2 mg·kg(-1) ), dipyrone, 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) (60-360 mg·kg(-1) ), 4-formylaminoantipyrine, 4-acethylaminoantipyrine (120-360 mg·kg(-1) ) or vehicle 30 min before i.p. injection of LPS (50 μg·kg(-1) ), Tsv (150 μg·kg(-1) ) or saline. Rectal temperatures were measured by tele-thermometry and dipyrone metabolite concentrations determined in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus by LC-MS/MS. PGE2 concentrations were determined in the CSF and hypothalamus by elisa. KEY RESULTS In contrast to LPS, Tsv-induced fever was not followed by increased PGE2 in the CSF or hypothalamus. The antipyretic time-course of 4-MAA and 4-AA on LPS-induced fever overlapped with the period of the highest concentrations of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the hypothalamus, CSF and plasma. These metabolites reduced LPS-induced fever and the PGE2 increase in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus. Only 4-MAA inhibited Tsv-induced fever. The higher doses of dipyrone and 4-MAA also induced hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the CSF and hypothalamus was associated with PGE2 synthesis inhibition and a decrease in LPS-induced fever. 4-MAA was also shown to be an antipyretic metabolite for PGE2 -independent fever induced by Tsv suggesting that it is responsible for the additional antipyretic mechanism of dipyrone. Moreover, 4-MAA is the hypothermic metabolite of dipyrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David do C Malvar
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guo Y, Hu B, Xie Y, Billiar TR, Sperry JL, Huang M, Xie W. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes by local and systemic liver injuries. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:245-51. [PMID: 26751558 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1139574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug metabolism and disposition are critical in maintaining the chemical and functional homeostasis of xenobiotics/drugs and endobiotics. The liver plays an essential role in drug metabolism and disposition due to its abundant expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. There is growing evidence to suggest that many hepatic and systemic diseases can affect drug metabolism and disposition by regulating the expression and/or activity of DMEs and transporters in the liver. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the recent progress on the regulation of DMEs by local and systemic liver injuries. Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and sepsis are used as examples of local and systemic injury, respectively. The reciprocal effect of the expression and activity of DMEs on animals' sensitivity to local and systemic liver injuries is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Local and systemic liver injuries have a major effect on the expression and activity of DMEs in the liver. Understanding the disease effect on DMEs is clinically important due to the concern of disease-drug interactions. Future studies are necessary to understand the mechanism by which liver injury regulates DMEs. Human studies are also urgently needed in order to determine whether the results in animals can be replicated in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Bingfang Hu
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yang Xie
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- d Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jason L Sperry
- d Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Min Huang
- c Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wen Xie
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Szkutnik-Fiedler D, Billert H, Grabowski T, Lisiecka J, Michalak M, Urjasz H, Grześkowiak E. Effects of Low-Dose Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endotoxemia on Morphine Pharmacokinetics in an Animal Model. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:1407-15. [PMID: 26814265 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammation may change the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of opioids. However, there are insufficient data on morphine pharmacokinetics in mild inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of morphine during low-dose endotoxemia in rabbits. DESIGN In two experiments (separated by a 14-day washout period), 10 rabbits received intravenous morphine at a dose of 3 mg/kg. In the second set of experiments, morphine infusion was preceded by low-dose endotoxemia induced with lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli 0111: B4) at a dose of 5 µg/kg. The kinetics of systemic morphine concentrations and chosen physiological parameters were measured at specific time intervals up to 6 hours after morphine administration. RESULTS In endotoxemia, decreased elimination half-life (P = 0.017), mean residence time (P = 0.022), and volume of distribution (P = 0.037) as well as an increased elimination rate constant (P = 0.013) and total body clearance (P = 0.023) were noted. The inverse linear correlation between morphine clearance versus the percentage (%) change in body temperature and pulse rate observed under control conditions was abolished under endotoxemia. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose endotoxemia is correlated with significant alterations in morphine pharmacokinetics in rabbits, leading to the faster elimination of the drug. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS These findings may have important implications in patients with low-grade inflammation and imply the need to modify morphine dosing regimens to ensure optimal analgesia. The issue warrants further experimental and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michał Michalak
- Computer Sciences and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Urjasz
- Departments of *Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy
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Ory D, Postnov A, Koole M, Celen S, de Laat B, Verbruggen A, Van Laere K, Bormans G, Casteels C. Quantification of TSPO overexpression in a rat model of local neuroinflammation induced by intracerebral injection of LPS by the use of [(18)F]DPA-714 PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:163-172. [PMID: 26323575 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE [(18)F]DPA-714 is a radiotracer with high affinity for TSPO. We have characterized the kinetics of [(18)F]DPA-714 in rat brain and evaluated its ability to quantify TSPO expression with PET using a neuroinflammation model induced by unilateral intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Dynamic small-animal PET scans with [(18)F]DPA-714 were performed in Wistar rats on a FOCUS-220 system for up to 3 h. Both plasma and perfused brain homogenates were analysed using HPLC to quantify radiometabolites. Full kinetic modelling of [(18)F]DPA-714 brain uptake was performed using a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. Binding potential (BPND) calculated as the distribution volume ratio minus one (DVR-1) between affected and healthy brain tissue was used as the outcome measure and evaluated against reference tissue models. RESULTS The percentage of intact [(18)F]DPA-714 in arterial plasma samples was 92 ± 4 % at 10 min, 75 ± 8 % at 40 min and 52 ± 6 % at 180 min. The radiometabolite fraction in brain was negligible (<3 % at 30 min). Among the models investigated, the reversible two-tissue (2T) compartment model best described [(18)F]DPA-714 brain kinetics. BPND values obtained with a simplified and a multilinear reference tissue model (SRTM, MRTM) using the contralateral striatum as the reference region correlated well (Spearman's r = 0.96, p ≤ 0.003) with 2T BPND values calculated as DVR-1, and showed comparable bias (bias range 17.94 %, 20.32 %). Analysis of stability over time suggested that the acquisition time should be at least 90 min for SRTM and MRTM. CONCLUSION Quantification of [(18)F]DPA-714 binding to TSPO with full kinetic modelling is feasible using a 2T model. SRTM and MRTM can be suggested as reasonable substitutes with the contralateral striatum as the reference region and a scan duration of at least 90 min. However, selection of the reference region depends on the disease model used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ory
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 821, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrey Postnov
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 821, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart de Laat
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 821, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 Box 821, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Smith DJ, Shelver WL, Baynes RE, Tell L, Gehring R, Li M, Dutko T, Schroeder JW, Herges G, Riviere JE. Excretory, Secretory, and Tissue Residues after Label and Extra-label Administration of Flunixin Meglumine to Saline- or Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4893-4901. [PMID: 25950946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty lactating dairy cattle were intravenously infused with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 10) or sterile saline (n = 10). Five cattle in each group received three doses of flunixin meglumine administered by either intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at 24 h intervals. Milk, urine, and tissues were collected. Thirty-six hours after the last flunixin administration, milk from six cows contained 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHF) levels greater than the milk tolerance of 2 ng/mL; by 48 h, milk from two cows, a saline and a LPS-treated animal, had violative milk concentrations of 5OHF. A single animal treated with LPS and intramuscular flunixin contained violative flunixin residues in liver. The ratio of urinary flunixin/5OHF was correlated (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.946) with liver flunixin residues in LPS-treated animals, but not (P = 0.96; R(2) = 0.003) in cows treated with saline in lieu of LPS. Violative residues of flunixin in dairy cattle may be related to LPS inhibition of flunixin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- #College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Lisa Tell
- §School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mengjie Li
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Terry Dutko
- ΔOffice of Public Health Science, Midwestern Laboratory, USDA-FSIS, 4300 Goodfellow Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63120, United States
| | - J W Schroeder
- ‡Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Grant Herges
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Jim E Riviere
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Christmas P. Role of Cytochrome P450s in Inflammation. CYTOCHROME P450 FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLES IN INFLAMMATION AND CANCER 2015; 74:163-92. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Evers R, Dallas S, Dickmann LJ, Fahmi OA, Kenny JR, Kraynov E, Nguyen T, Patel AH, Slatter JG, Zhang L. Critical Review of Preclinical Approaches to Investigate Cytochrome P450–Mediated Therapeutic Protein Drug-Drug Interactions and Recommendations for Best Practices: A White Paper. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1598-609. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Kenny JR, Liu MM, Chow AT, Earp JC, Evers R, Slatter JG, Wang DD, Zhang L, Zhou H. Therapeutic protein drug-drug interactions: navigating the knowledge gaps-highlights from the 2012 AAPS NBC Roundtable and IQ Consortium/FDA workshop. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:933-40. [PMID: 23794076 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of therapeutic protein drug-drug interactions has proven to be challenging. In May 2012, a roundtable was held at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists National Biotechnology Conference to discuss the challenges of preclinical assessment and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of these interactions. Several weeks later, a 2-day workshop co-sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development was held to facilitate better understanding of the current science, investigative approaches and knowledge gaps in this field. Both meetings focused primarily on drug interactions involving therapeutic proteins that are pro-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine modulators. In this meeting synopsis, we provide highlights from both meetings and summarize observations and recommendations that were developed to reflect the current state of the art thinking, including a four-step risk assessment that could be used to determine the need (or not) for a dedicated clinical pharmacokinetic interaction study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA,
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Kaizaki A, Tien LT, Pang Y, Cai Z, Tanaka S, Numazawa S, Bhatt AJ, Fan LW. Celecoxib reduces brain dopaminergic neuronaldysfunction, and improves sensorimotor behavioral performance in neonatal rats exposed to systemic lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:45. [PMID: 23561827 PMCID: PMC3637465 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced in inflammatory cells in response to cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules, suggesting that COX-2 has a role in the inflammatory process. The objective of the current study was to examine whether celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation, dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction and sensorimotor behavioral impairments. METHODS Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS (2 mg/kg) was performed in rat pups on postnatal Day 5 (P5), and celecoxib (20 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered (i.p.) five minutes after LPS injection. Sensorimotor behavioral tests were carried out 24 h after LPS exposure, and brain injury was examined on P6. RESULTS Our results showed that LPS exposure resulted in impairment in sensorimotor behavioral performance and injury to brain dopaminergic neurons, as indicated by loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, as well as decreases in mitochondria activity in the rat brain. LPS exposure also led to increases in the expression of α-synuclein and dopamine transporter proteins and enhanced [3H]dopamine uptake. Treatment with celecoxib significantly reduced LPS-induced sensorimotor behavioral disturbances and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction. Celecoxib administration significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases in the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes and in the concentration of IL-1β in the neonatal rat brain. The protective effect of celecoxib was also associated with an attenuation of LPS-induced COX-2+ cells, which were double labeled with TH + (dopaminergic neuron) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) + (astrocyte) cells. CONCLUSION Systemic LPS administration induced brain inflammatory responses in neonatal rats; these inflammatory responses included induction of COX-2 expression in TH neurons and astrocytes. Application of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib after LPS treatment attenuated the inflammatory response and improved LPS-induced impairment, both biochemically and behaviorally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kaizaki
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Veilleux-Lemieux D, Beaudry F, Hélie P, Vachon P. Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:99-109. [PMID: 30101090 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s35666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats received ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly following the intraperitoneal administration of different lipopolysaccharide concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/kg) to simulate different levels of endotoxemia. Results were compared to control animals receiving saline intraperitoneally. During anesthesia, a toe pinch was performed to evaluate anesthesia duration, and selected physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were taken. Blood samples were also taken during anesthesia at selected time points for the analysis of plasmatic ketamine and xylazine concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood samples were taken 1 week prior to and 24 hours following anesthesia for blood biochemistry. Results Anesthesia duration significantly increased for moderate (10 µg/kg) and high (100 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Liver histopathology showed minor to moderate necrosis in all lipopolysaccharide groups in some animals. The most important physiological change that occurred was a decrease in oxygen saturation, and for blood biochemistry a decrease in serum albumin. Ketamine pharmacokinetics were not affected except for the moderate (10 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide group where a decrease in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration, a decrease in half-life, and an increase in the clearance were observed. For xylazine, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased and the clearance decreased in the moderate (10 µg/kg) and high (100 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Conclusion During ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, endotoxemia may alter xylazine pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and physiological parameters, suggesting that anesthetic drug dosages could be modified for a more rapid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphnée Veilleux-Lemieux
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, .,Department of Veterinary Services, Laval University, Quebec
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe,
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Pascal Vachon
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe,
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Mustonen K, Banting A, Raekallio M, Heinonen M, Peltoniemi OAT, Vainio O. Dose-response investigation of oral ketoprofen in pigs challenged with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Vet Rec 2012; 171:70. [PMID: 22735989 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the effective dose, the effects of orally administered ketoprofen were evaluated in pigs following intravenous challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxin. One hour after the challenge, five groups of pigs were treated with either tap water or ketoprofen (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg). The body temperature was measured and a total clinical score was calculated after assessing the general behaviour, respiratory rate and locomotion of the pigs. Thromboxane B(2) and ketoprofen concentrations were analysed from blood samples. Ketoprofen treatment significantly reduced the rectal temperature and total clinical scores, and lowered blood thromboxane B(2) concentrations when compared with the control group. Ketoprofen plasma concentrations were lower than previously reported in healthy pigs after similar doses. The appropriate dose of orally administered ketoprofen in pigs in this model is 2 mg/kg, as the higher dose of 4 mg/kg failed to provide an additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mustonen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Murine collagen antibody induced arthritis (CAIA) and primary mouse hepatocyte culture as models to study cytochrome P450 suppression. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1682-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moriya N, Kataoka H, Fujino H, Nishikawa JI, Kugawa F. Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on the Xenobiotic-Induced Expression and Activity of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:473-80. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Moriya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University
| | - Hideki Fujino
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
| | - Jun-ichi Nishikawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University
| | - Fumihiko Kugawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
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Ma BL, Yao MK, Zhong J, Ma YM, Gao CL, Wu JS, Qiu FR, Wang CH, Wang XH. Increased Systemic Exposure to Rhizoma Coptidis Alkaloids in Lipopolysaccharide-Pretreated Rats Attributable to Enhanced Intestinal Absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:381-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ma BL, Ma YM, Gao CL, Wu JS, Qiu FR, Wang CH, Wang XH. Lipopolysaccharide increased the acute toxicity of the Rhizoma coptidis extract in mice by increasing the systemic exposure to Rhizoma coptidis alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:169-174. [PMID: 21924335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizoma coptidis is used as an antidysenteric in clinics in China. However, patients suffering from dysentery are susceptible to the acute toxicity of Rhizoma coptidis. The current study investigates the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which are a key pathogenic factor in dysentery, on the acute toxicity of a Rhizoma coptidis extract in mice; possible mechanisms are proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetic experiments in mice were conducted. The plasma concentration of Rhizoma coptidis alkaloids in mice was determined using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the tissue homogenate was determined using an AChE determination kit. RESULTS Pretreatment with LPS for 16 h increased the acute toxicity of the oral Rhizoma coptidis extract. Systemic exposure to Rhizoma coptidis alkaloids was also increased by LPS pretreatment. Neostigmine significantly increased whereas pyraloxime methylchloride reduced the acute toxicity of the Rhizoma coptidis extract. LPS pretreatment alone showed no significant effect on the activity of thoracoabdominal diaphragm AChE. However, it enhanced the inhibitory effect of the Rhizoma coptidis extract. LPS pretreatment did not affect the acute toxicity of various dosages of tail vein-injected berberine. CONCLUSIONS LPS increased the acute toxicity of the oral Rhizoma coptidis extract in mice by increasing the systemic exposure to the Rhizoma coptidis alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Liang Ma
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Vet NJ, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, de Wildt SN. The effect of inflammation on drug metabolism: a focus on pediatrics. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:435-42. [PMID: 21376135 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nienke J Vet
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Taguchi K, Ogaki S, Watanabe H, Kadowaki D, Sakai H, Kobayashi K, Horinouchi H, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Fluid resuscitation with hemoglobin vesicles prevents Escherichia coli growth via complement activation in a hemorrhagic shock rat model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:201-8. [PMID: 21228067 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.177832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin vesicles (HbVs) could serve as a substitute for red blood cells (RBCs) in resuscitation from massive hemorrhage. A massive transfusion of RBCs can increase the risk of infection, which is not caused by contaminating micro-organisms in the transfused RBCs but by a breakdown of the host defense system. We previously found that complement activity was increased after resuscitation with HbVs at a putative dose in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. It is known that complement system plays a key role in host defense in the embryonic stage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to address whether the suppression of bacterial infections in hemorrhagic shock rats was a result of increased complement activity after massive HbV transfusion. For this purpose, Escherichia coli were incubated with plasma samples obtained from a rat model of hemorrhagic shock resuscitated by HbVs or RBCs, and bacterial growth was determined under ex vivo conditions. As a result, E. coli growth was found to be suppressed by increased complement activity, mediated by the production of IgM from spleen. However, this antibacterial activity disappeared when the E. coli were treated with complement-inactivated plasma obtained from splenoctomized rats. In addition, the resuscitation of HbVs from hemorrhagic shock increased the survival rate and viable bacterial counts in blood in cecum ligation and puncture rats, a sepsis model. In conclusion, the resuscitation of HbVs in the rat model of hemorrhagic shock suppresses bacterial growth via complement activation induced by IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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De BOEVER S, NEIRINCKX EA, MEYER E, De BAERE S, BEYAERT R, De BACKER P, CROUBELS S. Pharmacodynamics of tepoxalin, sodium-salicylate and ketoprofen in an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in broiler chickens. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:564-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bae SH, Bae SK, Lee MG. Effect of hepatic CYP inhibitors on the metabolism of sildenafil and formation of its metabolite, N-desmethylsildenafil, in rats in vitro and in vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.12.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
It has been reported that hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and CYP3A4 are responsible for the metabolism of sildenafil and formation of its metabolite, N-desmethylsildenafil, in humans. However, in-vivo studies in rats have not been reported.
Methods
Sildenafil (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to rats pretreated with sulfaphenazole, cimetidine, quinine hydrochloride or troleandomycin, inhibitors of CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2D subfamily and CYP3A1/2, respectively. In-vitro studies using rat liver microsomes were also performed.
Key findings
The area under the plasma-concentration time curve (AUC) was increased and clearance of sildenafil decreased in rats pretreated with cimetidine or troleandomycin. The AUC ratio for N-desmethylsildenafil (0–4 h): sildenafil (0–∞) was significantly decreased only in rats pretreated with cimetidine. Similar results were obtained in the in-vitro study using rat liver microsomes.
Conclusions
Sildenafil is metabolised via hepatic CYP2C11 and 3A1/2, and N-desmethylsildenafil is mainly formed via hepatic CYP2C11 in rats. Thus, rats could be a good model for pharmacokinetic studies of sildenafil and N-desmethylsildenafil in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo H Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo K Bae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Myung G Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Du K, Chen Y, Dai Z, Bi Y, Cai T, Hou L, Chai Y, Song Q, Chen S, Luo W, Chen J. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a mouse gene upregulated by lipopolysaccharide treatment reveals alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:267-71. [PMID: 19913514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of mouse cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potently initiates an inflammatory response, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We therefore sought to characterize cDNA sequences of a new mouse LPS-responsive gene, and to evaluate the effects of MLrg. Full-length cDNAs were obtained from LPS-treated NIH3T3 cells. We report that the MLrg gene produces two alternative splice products (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ316984 and DQ320011), respectively, encoding MLrgW and MLrgS polypeptides. Both proteins contain zinc finger and leucine zipper domains and are thus potential regulators of transcription. Expression of MLrgW and MLrgS were robustly upregulated following LPS treatment, and the proteins were localized predominantly in the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm. In stable transfectants over-expressing MLrgW the proportion of cells in G1 phase was significantly reduced, while in cells over-expressing MLrgS the proportion of cells in G2 was significantly increased; both proteins are thus potential regulators of cell cycle progression. Upregulation of MLrgW and MLrgS may be an important component of the LPS inflammatory pathway and of the host response to infection with GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Du
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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Cho YK, Choi YH, Kim SH, Lee MG. Effects ofEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide on the metformin pharmacokinetics in rats. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:946-54. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903215994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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