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Mubashra S, Rafiq A, Aslam S, Rasool N, Ahmad M. Recent synthetic strategies for N-arylation of pyrrolidines: a potential template for biologically active molecules. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10924-7. [PMID: 39048884 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds has been a multifaceted area of research for an extended period due to their varied therapeutic and biological significance. N-Aryl pyrrolidine formed by condensation of aryl group with nitrogen atom of pyrrolidine is present in a wide array of compounds. Various significant activities shown by N-arylated pyrrolidine include anti-Alzheimer, antihypoxic, anticancer, plant activator, analgesic effect, and hepatitis C inhibitor. This review summarizes different synthetic approaches, e.g., transition-metal catalyzed and transition-metal-free synthesis, decarboxylation reaction, reductive amination, nucleophilic cyclization, Ullmann-Goldberg amidation, Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, Chan-Evans-Lam coupling, addition to benzyne, multistep reaction, green synthesis, rearrangement reaction, and multicomponent reaction, to afford the derivatives of N-aryl pyrrolidine. It encompasses synthetic strategies documented from 2015 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeeda Mubashra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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2
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Javid N, Jalil S, Munir R, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Sahar A, Arshad S, Iqbal J. 2,1-Benzothiazine - (quinolin/thiophen)yl hydrazone frameworks as new monoamine oxidase inhibitory agents; synthesis, in vitro and in silico investigation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1701-1710. [PMID: 36712607 PMCID: PMC9828044 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07045f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two series of new 2,1-benzothiazine derivatives have been synthesized by condensation of 4-hydrazono-1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[c][1,2]thiazine 2,2-dioxide (5) with 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehydes and acetylthiophenes to acquire new heteroaryl ethylidenes 7(a-f) and 9(a-k) in excellent yields. After characterization by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses, the newly synthesized analogues were investigated against monoamine oxidase enzymes (MAO A and MAO B). The titled compounds exhibited activity in the lower micromolar range among which 9e was the most potent compound against MAO A with IC50 of 1.04 ± 0.01 μM whereas 9h proved to be the most potent derivative against MAO B with an IC50 value of 1.03 ± 0.17 μM. Furthermore, in vitro results were further endorsed by molecular docking studies to determine the interaction between the potent compounds and the enzyme active site. These newly synthesized compounds represent promising hits for the development of safer and potent lead molecules for therapeutic use against depression and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Javid
- School of Chemistry, University of the PunjabLahore54590Pakistan,Chemistry Department (C-Block), Forman Christian CollegeFerozepur Road LahorePakistan
| | - Saquib Jalil
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad CampusAbbottabad22060Pakistan+92-992-383441+92-992-383591-96
| | - Rubina Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for WomenLahore 54000Pakistan
| | | | - Amna Sahar
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for WomenLahore 54000Pakistan
| | - Sara Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for WomenLahore 54000Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad CampusAbbottabad22060Pakistan+92-992-383441+92-992-383591-96
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Aslam S, Ali HS, Ahmad M, Mansha A, Ali N, Khan S, Naqvi SAR, Khalid Z, Asim S, Parvez M, Khalid M. A combined experimental and theoretical study of alkyl 2-(3-benzoyl-4‑hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)acetates: Synthesis, X-ray crystallography and DFT. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Vo NB, Ngo QA. Synthesis, Anti‐inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Pyrazolo[4,3‐
c
][2,1]benzothiazine 4,4‐dioxide Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Binh Vo
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Quoc Anh Ngo
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
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5
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Reetu R, Gujjarappa R, Malakar CC. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Medicinal Evaluation of 1,2‐Benzothiazine Analogues. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Reetu
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Chandi C Malakar
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Department of Chemistry Langol, Imphal 795004 Imphal INDIA
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6
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Kumar S, Gupta S, Rani V, Sharma P. Pyrazole Containing Anti-HIV Agents: An Update. Med Chem 2022; 18:831-846. [PMID: 34994333 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220106163846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrazole scaffolds have gained importance in drug discovery and development for various pharmacological activities like antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, etc. Additionally, the pyrazole moiety has shown potent anti-HIV activity as a core heterocycle or substituted heterocycles derivatives (mono, di, tri, tetra, and fused pyrazole derivatives). To assist the development of further potential anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole nucleus, here we have summarized pyrazole containing anti-HIV compounds that have been reported by researchers all over the world for the last two decades. OBJECTIVE The present review concentrates on an assortment of pyrazole containing compounds, particularly for potential therapeutic activity against HIV. METHODS Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SciFinder were searched databases with ''pyrazol'' keywords. Further, the year of publication and keywords ''Anti-HIV'' filter was applied to obtain relevant reported literature for anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole as a core or substituted derivatives. RESULTS This review article has shown the comprehensive compilation of 220 compounds containing pyrazole nucleus and possessing anti-HIV activity by sorting approximately 40 research articles from 2001 to date. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (13), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (31), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (88), 3-cyanophenoxypyrazole derivative (130), and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-5-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole (178) were the most potent mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-substituted, and fused pyrazole derivatives, respectively, which have shown potent anti-HIV activity among all the described derivatives as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs. CONCLUSION This review article provides an overview of the potential therapeutic activity of pyrazole derivatives against HIV that will be helpful for designing pyrazole containing compounds for anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
- Regional Advance Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
| | - Shiv Gupta
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab - 144 411, India
| | - Varsha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Syngene International Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore - 560 099, India
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Sharma P, Singh M, Mathew B. An Update of Synthetic Approaches and Structure‐Activity Relationships of Various Classes of Human MAO‐B Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University Punjab India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University Punjab India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
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8
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Ahmad Saddique F, Ahmad M, Kanwal A, Aslam S, Fawad Zahoor A. Recent trends toward the synthesis of fused-benzothiazines and their derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1830420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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9
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Alpha-glucosidase activity of novel pyrazolobenzothiazine 5,5-dioxide derivatives for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Invitro combined with molecular docking approach. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Etsè KS, Dassonneville B, Zaragoza G, Demonceau A. One-pot, Pd/Cu-catalysed synthesis of alkynyl-substituted 3-ylidene-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Abid SMA, Aslam S, Zaib S, Bakht SM, Ahmad M, Athar MM, Gardiner JM, Iqbal J. Pyrazolobenzothiazine-based carbothioamides as new structural leads for the inhibition of monoamine oxidases: design, synthesis, in vitro bioevaluation and molecular docking studies. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:452-464. [PMID: 30108763 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00570e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of pyrazolobenzothiazine-based carbothioamides (3a-o and 4a-o) were synthesized using saccharin as the starting material. The synthesized derivatives were investigated for their ability to inhibit monoamine oxidases (MAO). Compound 3b was found to be a very potent MAO-A inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.003 ± 0.0007 μM, while compound 4d was the most effective inhibitor of MAO-B having an IC50 value of 0.02 ± 0.001 μM. Molecular docking studies were performed to identify the probable binding modes in the active site of the monoamine oxidase enzymes. The synthetic and computational investigations in the current work suggested that these newly identified inhibitors may serve as a powerful starting point for the exploration and optimization of potential therapeutic agents targeting Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mobasher Ali Abid
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060 , Pakistan . ; ; ; Tel: +92 992 383591 96
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry , Government College Women University , Faisalabad-38000 , Pakistan.,Institute of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060 , Pakistan . ; ; ; Tel: +92 992 383591 96
| | - Syeda Mahwish Bakht
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060 , Pakistan . ; ; ; Tel: +92 992 383591 96
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Faisalabad-38000 , Pakistan
| | | | - John M Gardiner
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060 , Pakistan . ; ; ; Tel: +92 992 383591 96
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13
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Fawad Zahoor A, Akhtar R, Ahmad S, Ali Raza Naqvi S, Gul Khan S, Suleman M. Update on the Reactivity of Saccharin: An Excellent Precursor for the Synthesis of Biologically Important Molecules. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-17-862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Novel Armed Pyrazolobenzothiazine Derivatives: Synthesis, X-Ray Crystal Structure and POM analyses of Biological Activity Against Drug Resistant Clinical Isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Mustafa G, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Khan IU, Ishtiaq S, Hussain S, Arshad MN, Asiri AM. Novel 4-[5-{4-[(2-Benzylidenehydrazine)Carbonyl]phenyl}-3-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-Pyrazol-1-yl]Benzenesulfonamides: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Anti-Inflammatory and Ulcerogenecity Studies. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14552786665833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 4-{5-[(2-benzylidenehydrazine)carbonyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamides was synthesised from 4-[1-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl]benzoic acid (celecoxib). Initially, celecoxib was selectively oxidised. The product was then esterified and this was followed by hydrazinolysis to get the carbohydrazide. The carbohydrazide was subsequently reacted with a number of benzaldehyde derivatives to give the title compounds. These compounds were characterised by spectral and elemental analyses along with the single crystal X-ray crystallography of a representative compound. All the synthesised compounds were found active for their anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model. A few of them possessed even greater in vivo anti-inflammatory activities when compared to the reference drug celecoxib and showed minimal or no ulcerogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000 Pakistan
| | | | - Islam Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000 Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Ishtiaq
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Arshad
- Chemistry Department & Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Asiri
- Chemistry Department & Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Khalid Z, Aslam S, Ahmad M, Munawar MA, Montero C, Detorio M, Parvez M, Schinazi RF. Anti-HIV activity of new pyrazolobenzothiazine 5,5-dioxide-based acetohydrazides. Med Chem Res 2015; 24:3671-3680. [PMID: 34316244 PMCID: PMC8312988 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of fifteen new 2-[3-(3-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dioxidobenzo[e]pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]thiazin-4(2H)-yl]-N'-arylmethyleneacetohydrazides (5a-o) were synthesized and screened for their anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity activity. Out of fifteen pyrazolobenzothiazine-based hydrazones, thirteen were found to be active inhibitors of HIV with EC50 values <20 μM. Moreover, the cytotoxicity results showed that most of the compounds were toxic to PBM, CEM and Vero cell lines. This information could be used for structural modifications to acquire good candidates of HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Catherine Montero
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Masood Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Ahmad M, Aslam S, Rizvi SUF, Muddassar M, Ashfaq UA, Montero C, Ollinger O, Detorio M, Gardiner JM, Schinazi RF. Molecular docking and antiviral activity of N-substituted benzyl/phenyl-2-(3,4-dimethyl-5,5-dioxidopyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazin-2(4H)-yl)acetamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1348-51. [PMID: 25701249 PMCID: PMC7717120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of fifteen N-substituted benzyl/phenyl-2-(3,4-dimethyl-5,5-dioxidopyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazin-2(4H)-yl)acetamides were screened for anti-HIV-1 activity and cytotoxicity. The compounds 6a, 6d, 6e, 6g and 6i from the series 6a-i of benzylamides and 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d and 7e from the series 7a-f of anilides were identified as effective anti-HIV-1 agents with EC50 values <20μM. Among these compounds that displayed anti-HIV-1 activity, 6a, 6e, 6g and 6i showed no toxicity in human PBM, CEM and Vero cells, with the exception of 6a which displayed toxicity in Vero cells. Molecular docking of these compounds provided insight into the molecular mechanism and it was found that 6e, 6g and 6i bound deeply in the NNRTI binding pocket of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, using RT-bound nevirapine X-ray data and molecular docking for validation, showing the potential of these new structures as inhibitors of this viral enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Muddassar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Catherine Montero
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Ollinger
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John M Gardiner
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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