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Pomella S, Melaiu O, Dri M, Martelli M, Gargari M, Barillari G. Effects of Angiogenic Factors on the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Their Impact on the Onset and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:1294. [PMID: 39120324 PMCID: PMC11311310 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
High levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and angiopoietin (ANG)-2 are found in tissues from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). As might be expected, VEGF, FGF-2, and ANG-2 overexpression parallels the development of new blood and lymphatic vessels that nourish the growing OPMDs or OSCCs and provide the latter with metastatic routes. Notably, VEGF, FGF-2, and ANG-2 are also linked to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a trans-differentiation process that respectively promotes or exasperates the invasiveness of normal and neoplastic oral epithelial cells. Here, we have summarized published work regarding the impact that the interplay among VEGF, FGF-2, ANG-2, vessel generation, and EMT has on oral carcinogenesis. Results from the reviewed studies indicate that VEGF, FGF-2, and ANG-2 spark either protein kinase B (AKT) or mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), two signaling pathways that can promote both EMT and new vessels' formation in OPMDs and OSCCs. Since EMT and vessel generation are key to the onset and progression of OSCC, as well as to its radio- and chemo-resistance, these data encourage including AKT or MAPK inhibitors and/or antiangiogenic drugs in the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (O.M.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Ombretta Melaiu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (O.M.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Dri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mirko Martelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (O.M.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Gargari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (O.M.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (O.M.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
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Zhang C, Gu L, Xie H, Liu Y, Huang P, Zhang J, Luo D, Zhang J. Glucose transport, transporters and metabolism in diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166995. [PMID: 38142757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common reason for blindness in working-age individuals globally. Prolonged high blood glucose is a main causative factor for DR development, and glucose transport is prerequisite for the disturbances in DR caused by hyperglycemia. Glucose transport is mediated by its transporters, including the facilitated transporters (glucose transporter, GLUTs), the "active" glucose transporters (sodium-dependent glucose transporters, SGLTs), and the SLC50 family of uniporters (sugars will eventually be exported transporters, SWEETs). Glucose transport across the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is crucial for nourishing the neuronal retina in the context of retinal physiology. This physiological process primarily relies on GLUTs and SGLTs, which mediate the glucose transportation across both the cell membrane of retinal capillary endothelial cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Under diabetic conditions, increased accumulation of extracellular glucose enhances the retinal cellular glucose uptake and metabolism via both glycolysis and glycolytic side branches, which activates several biochemical pathways, including the protein kinase C (PKC), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), polyol pathway and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). These activated biochemical pathways further increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and activation of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The activated PARP further affects all the cellular components in the retina, and finally resulting in microangiopathy, neurodegeneration and low-to-moderate grade inflammation in DR. This review aims to discuss the changes of glucose transport, glucose transporters, as well as its metabolism in DR, which influences the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) and implies the possible therapeutic strategies for treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Limin Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peirong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Eye Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Zhao Y, Xing C, Deng Y, Ye C, Peng H. HIF-1α signaling: Essential roles in tumorigenesis and implications in targeted therapies. Genes Dis 2024; 11:234-251. [PMID: 37588219 PMCID: PMC10425810 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment is an essential characteristic of most malignant tumors. Notably, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulatory factor of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, and many critical pathways are correlated with the biological activity of organisms via HIF-1α. In the intra-tumoral hypoxic environment, HIF-1α is highly expressed and contributes to the malignant progression of tumors, which in turn results in a poor prognosis in patients. Recently, it has been indicated that HIF-1α involves in various critical processes of life events and tumor development via regulating the expression of HIF-1α target genes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, immune response, therapeutic resistance, etc. Apart from solid tumors, accumulating evidence has revealed that HIF-1α is also closely associated with the development and progression of hematological malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Targeted inhibition of HIF-1α can facilitate an increased sensitivity of patients with malignancies to relevant therapeutic agents. In the review, we elaborated on the basic structure and biological functions of HIF-1α and summarized their current role in various malignancies. It is expected that they will have future potential for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yating Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Can Ye
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunotherapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Effects of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) Signaling Pathway on Acute Ischemic Stroke. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1860925. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1860925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Epidemiological surveys show that a large number of cerebrovascular diseases occur in China every year, and among these cerebrovascular diseases, ischemic diseases are predominant. Ischemia leads to irreversible degenerative necrosis of a large number of brain neurons and severe neurological deficits. Aims. This study is aimed at exploring the mechanism of the major regulatory effect of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway on proangiogenesis and providing new ideas for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods. The rats were randomly divided into normal and ischemic control groups, and the ischemic control group was subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) cerebral ischemia model by the wire embolization method, and the rats were executed in batches at 6 h, 1 d, and 3 d after ischemia-reperfusion, and the brain tissue specimens were taken for examination to investigate the effect of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-l) signaling pathway on acute ischemic stroke. Results. At 3 d, the number of VEGFR2 positive cells increased significantly, and there was a significant difference compared with the control group (
). At 3 d, the number of HIF-1α-positive cells increased significantly, and there was a significant difference compared with the control group (
). The number of Hes1+factor VIII positive cells in the ischemic cortex increased significantly on the 1st and 3rd day, and there was a significant difference compared with the control group (
). The expression of Hes1 protein was significantly lower than the normal level after 6 h of ischemia, and the protein expression was significantly increased at 1 d and 3 d after ischemia (
). Conclusion. By detecting the expression changes of Hesl+factor VII in the ischemic area, the results show that ischemia and hypoxia activate the HIF-1, making the HIF-l the main regulatory pathway in the process of angiogenesis after ischemia.
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Hu Y, Xu Q, Li H, Meng Z, Hao M, Ma X, Lin W, Kuang H. Dapagliflozin Reduces Apoptosis of Diabetic Retina and Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Through ERK1/2/cPLA2/AA/ROS Pathway Independent of Hypoglycemic. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827896. [PMID: 35281932 PMCID: PMC8908030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is known that the metabolic disorder caused by high glucose is one of pathogenesis in diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness, due to the main pathological change of apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs). In previous studies, the potential impact of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2), whose inhibitors slow the progression of DR, has not been elucidated. The purpose of the presented study was to explore the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors dapagliflozin (DAPA) on apoptosis of diabetic mice retina and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), examine the effects of dapagliflozin on HRMECs metabolism, and explore the molecular processes that affect DR. Methods and Results: The eyeballs of male streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic C57BL/6N mice were evaluated. C57BL/6N mice were divided into control group (CON), diabetic untreated group (DM), diabetic dapagliflozin treatment group (DM + DAPA) and diabetic insulin treatment group (DM + INS). Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe the pathological structure of the mice retina, and TUNEL staining to detect apoptosis of mice retinal cells. In vitro, DCFH-DA and western blot (WB) were used to evaluate ROS, Bcl-2, BAX, cleaved-caspase 3 in HRMECs and metabolomics detected the effect of dapagliflozin on the metabolism of HRMECs. And then, we performed correlation analysis and verification functions for significantly different metabolites. In vivo, dapagliflozin reduced the apoptosis of diabetic mice retina independently of hypoglycemic. In vitro, SGLT-2 protein was expressed on HRMECs. Dapagliflozin reduced the level of ROS caused by high glucose, decreased the expression of cleaved-caspase3 and the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2. Metabolomics results showed that dapagliflozin did not affect the intracellular glucose level. Compared with the high glucose group, dapagliflozin reduced the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, therefore, reducing the phosphorylation of cPLA2, which is a key enzyme for arachidonic acid release. Conclusion: Collectively, results unearthed for the first time that dapagliflozin reduced apoptosis of retina induced by DM whether in vivo or in vitro. Dapagliflozin did not affect the glucose uptake while mitigated intracellular arachidonic acid in HRMECs. Dapagliflozin alleviated HRMECs apoptosis induced by high glucose through ERK/1/2/cPLA2/AA/ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Hu
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Xu
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxue Li
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyu Meng
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Hao
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjian Lin
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Wang S, Tan Q, Hou Y, Dou H. Emerging Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:798320. [PMID: 34975496 PMCID: PMC8716856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia with or without insulin resistance. Its etiology is attributed to the combined action of genes, environment and immune cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) is a heterogeneous population of immature cells with immunosuppressive ability. In recent years, different studies have debated the quantity, activity changes and roles of MDSC in the diabetic microenvironment. However, the emerging roles of MDSC have not been fully documented with regard to their interactions with diabetes. Here, the manifestations of MDSC and their subsets are reviewed with regard to the incidence of diabetes and diabetic complications. The possible drugs targeting MDSC are discussed with regard to their potential of treating diabetes. We believe that understanding MDSC will offer opportunities to explain pathological characteristics of different diabetes. MDSC also will be used for personalized immunotherapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Moon S, Chang MS, Koh SH, Choi YK. Repair Mechanisms of the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on VEGF. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168543. [PMID: 34445248 PMCID: PMC8395233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional neural circuits are partially repaired after an ischemic stroke in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes maintain homeostasis; however, these cellular networks are damaged after an ischemic stroke. The present review discusses the repair potential of stem cells (i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial precursor cells, and neural stem cells) and gaseous molecules (i.e., nitric oxide and carbon monoxide) with respect to neuroprotection in the acute phase and regeneration in the late phase after an ischemic stroke. Commonly shared molecular mechanisms in the neurovascular unit are associated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its related factors. Stem cells and gaseous molecules may exert therapeutic effects by diminishing VEGF-mediated vascular leakage and facilitating VEGF-mediated regenerative capacity. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the regeneration ability by which endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhong Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea;
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0558; Fax: +82-2-444-3490
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Jiedu Sangen decoction inhibits chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil of colorectal cancer cells by suppressing glycolysis via PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:143-152. [PMID: 33641785 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the development of effective colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Our study aimed to explore the reversal abilities of Jiedu Sangen decoction (JSD) on the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Expression changes in HIF-1 of CRC tissues were firstly revealed by bioinformatics analysis. Afterwards, cell viabilities of JSD and 5-FU treatments on 5-FU resistant human colon cancer cells (HCT-8/5-FU) were determined. Expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT)/p-AKT, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), as well as glycolysis related proteins such as L-lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), Glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1), Hexokinase 2 (HKII), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase) family members in HCT-8/5-FU cells, HIF-1α silenced HCT-8/5-FU cells and tumor tissues were detected by western blotting. HIF-1α was found over expressed in CRC tissues according to public available datasets in Oncomine. Growth inhibition rates of HCT-8/5-FU cells were increased along with the increase of JSD concentrations. JSD caused down-regulated HIF-1α, PI3K, AKT/p-AKT, HKII and Glut1, as well as up-regulated Caspase3 and Caspase9 in HCT-8/5-FU cells and tumor tissues. In HIF-1α silenced HCT-8/5-FU cells, synergistic group showed significantly reduced expression levels of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT. Additionally, up-regulated expressions of Caspase6 and Caspase7 were observed. JSD combined with 5-FU also exhibited obvious inhibitory efficiency on tumor growth in vivo. JSD may reverse 5-FU resistance by suppressing glycolysis via PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting glycolysis and induce apoptosis to enhance anti-tumor activity.
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Kim S, Lee M, Choi YK. The Role of a Neurovascular Signaling Pathway Involving Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Notch in the Function of the Central Nervous System. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:45-57. [PMID: 31484285 PMCID: PMC6939687 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurovascular unit, the neuronal and vascular systems communicate with each other. O2 and nutrients, reaching endothelial cells (ECs) through the blood stream, spread into neighboring cells, such as neural stem cells, and neurons. The proper function of neural circuits in adults requires sufficient O2 and glucose for their metabolic demands through angiogenesis. In a central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as glioma, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, damaged ECs can contribute to tissue hypoxia and to the consequent disruption of neuronal functions and accelerated neurodegeneration. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the contribution of oxygen deprivation to CNS injury, with an emphasis on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways and Notch signaling. Additionally, it focuses on adult neurological functions and angiogenesis, as well as pathological conditions in the CNS. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HIFs and Notch is demonstrated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Yadav S, Pandey SK, Goel Y, Temre MK, Singh SM. Diverse Stakeholders of Tumor Metabolism: An Appraisal of the Emerging Approach of Multifaceted Metabolic Targeting by 3-Bromopyruvate. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 31333455 PMCID: PMC6620530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells possess a unique metabolic machinery to endure unobstructed cell survival. It comprises several levels of metabolic networking consisting of 1) upregulated expression of membrane-associated transporter proteins, facilitating unhindered uptake of substrates; 2) upregulated metabolic pathways for efficient substrate utilization; 3) pH and redox homeostasis, conducive for driving metabolism; 4) tumor metabolism-dependent reconstitution of tumor growth promoting the external environment; 5) upregulated expression of receptors and signaling mediators; and 6) distinctive genetic and regulatory makeup to generate and sustain rearranged metabolism. This feat is achieved by a "battery of molecular patrons," which acts in a highly cohesive and mutually coordinated manner to bestow immortality to neoplastic cells. Consequently, it is necessary to develop a multitargeted therapeutic approach to achieve a formidable inhibition of the diverse arrays of tumor metabolism. Among the emerging agents capable of such multifaceted targeting of tumor metabolism, an alkylating agent designated as 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) has gained immense research focus because of its broad spectrum and specific antineoplastic action. Inhibitory effects of 3-BP are imparted on a variety of metabolic target molecules, including transporters, metabolic enzymes, and several other crucial stakeholders of tumor metabolism. Moreover, 3-BP ushers a reconstitution of the tumor microenvironment, a reversal of tumor acidosis, and recuperative action on vital organs and systems of the tumor-bearing host. Studies have been conducted to identify targets of 3-BP and its derivatives and characterization of target binding for further optimization. This review presents a brief and comprehensive discussion about the current state of knowledge concerning various aspects of tumor metabolism and explores the prospects of 3-BP as a safe and effective antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sukh Mahendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kim Y, Park J, Choi YK. The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050121. [PMID: 31060341 PMCID: PMC6562853 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (i.e., Ca2+, K+) and water homeostasis, defense against oxidative/nitrosative stress, energy storage, mitochondria biogenesis, scar formation, tissue repair via angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and synapse modulation. After CNS injury, astrocytes communicate with surrounding neuronal and vascular systems, leading to the clearance of disease-specific protein aggregates, such as β-amyloid, and α-synuclein. The astrocytic big conductance K+ (BK) channel plays a role in these processes. Recently, potential therapeutic agents that target astrocytes have been tested for their potential to repair the brain. In this review, we discuss the role of the BK channel and antioxidant agents such as heme oxygenase metabolites following CNS injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocytes’ functions in the healthy and diseased brains will greatly contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches following CNS injury, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Lee H, Choi YK. Regenerative Effects of Heme Oxygenase Metabolites on Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010078. [PMID: 30585210 PMCID: PMC6337166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal transduction effectors. The neurovascular unit refers to a highly evolved network among endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Proper communication and functional circuitry in these diverse cell types is essential for effective CNS homeostasis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the vascular pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. CNS injury elicits responses from activated glia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and from damaged perivascular cells (e.g., pericytes and endothelial cells). Most brain lesions cause extensive proliferation and growth of existing glial cells around the site of injury, leading to reactions causing glial scarring, which may act as a major barrier to neuronal regrowth in the CNS. In addition, damaged perivascular cells lead to the breakdown of the blood-neural barrier, and an increase in immune activation, activated glia, and neuroinflammation. The present review discusses the regenerative role of HO metabolites, such as CO and BR, in various vascular diseases of the CNS such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the role of several other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Hua H, Zhu Y, Song YH. Ruscogenin suppressed the hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:115-122. [PMID: 29477471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality with poor prognosis and treatment. More effective strategies should be studied in HCC. METHODS After treated with ruscogenin, the cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 method. Cell migration and invasion were estimated using wound healing and transwell assays. Pathological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining and IHC methods. MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, VEGF and HIF-1α levels were measured using ELISA, RT-qPCR and WB tests. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway related molecules were detected using WB analysis. RESULTS The results indicated the hypotoxicity of ruscogenin. Meanwhile, ruscogenin showed obvious interruption on the cancer cell migration and invasion, and inhibition on the metastatic foci in pulmonary tissue. Significantly, ruscogenin decreased the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, VEGF and HIF-1α, down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR. CONCLUSION The present study indicated a novel use of ruscogenin in suppressing HCC metastasis by reducing the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, VEGF and HIF-1α via regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, No. 888 East Section, Yinxian Road, Higher Education Park (South), Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yu-He Song
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
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