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Dinić S, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Jovanović A, Grdović N, Rajić J, Đorđević M, Sarić A, Bugarski B, Vidaković M, Mihailović M. Liposome Encapsulation Enhances the Antidiabetic Efficacy of Silibinin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:801. [PMID: 38931922 PMCID: PMC11207473 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silibinin has considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the therapeutic application of silibinin is quite limited due to its poor bioavailability. In the present study, an attempt was made to improve the antidiabetic efficacy of silibinin by its encapsulation in liposomal vesicles. The liposomes with a high encapsulation efficiency of silibinin (96%) and a zeta potential of -26.2 ± 0.6 mV were developed and studied using nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of silibinin-loaded liposomes to diabetic rats lowered glucose levels, increased insulin levels, and improved pancreatic islet architecture. The anti-inflammatory effect of silibinin-loaded liposomes was demonstrated by a decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and a reduced deposition of collagen fibers in the islets of diabetic rats. Furthermore, silibinin-loaded liposomes were more efficient in lowering glucose, alanine transaminase, triglyceride, and creatinine levels in diabetic rats than pure silibinin. In addition, silibinin-loaded liposomes had a significantly better effect on beta-cell mass and Glut2 glucose receptor distribution in diabetic islets than pure silibinin. The present results clearly show that liposome encapsulation of silibinin enhances its antidiabetic efficacy, which may contribute to the therapeutic benefit of silibinin in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Dinić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jelena Arambašić Jovanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Jovanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Grdović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jovana Rajić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Marija Đorđević
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Sarić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Branko Bugarski
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
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Dagli Gul AS, Boyuk Ozcan G, Arihan O. Silibinin as a promising treatment for diabetes: Insights into behavioral and metabolic changes in an animal model. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3336-3345. [PMID: 38726421 PMCID: PMC11077243 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is causing serious health problems in the chronic period. Silibinin is a flavonoid obtained from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), which is among the herbal ethnopharmacological administrations. In studies with silibinin, it has been reported that it increases the activity of pancreatic beta cells and insulin sensitivity and has a hyperglycemia-reducing effect. However, behavioral parameters have not been evaluated together with insulin levels and liver function tests. Our aim in this study was to examine the effects of silibinin on insulin secretion, anxiety-like behaviors, and learning in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat diabetes model. Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 4 groups. Control: Saline solution, Diabetes: STZ 45 mg/kg, S 100: STZ 45 mg/kg + Silibinin 100 mg/kg, S 200: STZ 45 mg/kg + Silibinin 200 mg/kg. Administrations were continued for 21 days. On the 21st day, open field and elevated plus maze as unconditional anxiety tests; Barnes maze for learning and memory; and rotarod test for locomotor activity were conducted. Following behavioral tests, blood samples were taken under anesthesia. Blood glucose levels and ALT values were measured. Insulin levels were measured with an ELISA plate reader. Silibinin shortened the time to find the correct hole. Silibinin prevented the decrease in insulin due to STZ, exhibited a hyperglycemia-reducing effect and decreased the elevation of ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli San Dagli Gul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Gulbahar Boyuk Ozcan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineAnkara Medipol UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Okan Arihan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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Lin QR, Jia LQ, Lei M, Gao D, Zhang N, Sha L, Liu XH, Liu YD. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: An update since 2010. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107054. [PMID: 38181858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized as a well-known chronic metabolic syndrome, with its associated complications pose a substantial and escalating health and healthcare challenge on a global scale. Current strategies addressing diabetes are mainly symptomatic and there are fewer available curative pharmaceuticals for diabetic complications. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel pharmacological targets and agents. The impaired mitochondria have been associated with the etiology of diabetes and its complications, and the intervention of mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive breakthrough point for the treatments of diabetes and its complications. Natural products (NPs), with multicenter characteristics, multi-pharmacological activities and lower toxicity, have been caught attentions as the modulators of mitochondrial functions in the therapeutical filed of diabetes and its complications. This review mainly summarizes the recent progresses on the potential of 39 NPs and 2 plant-extracted mixtures to improve mitochondrial dysfunction against diabetes and its complications. It is expected that this work may be useful to accelerate the development of innovative drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming therapeutics in diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru Lin
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Lian-Qun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Lei Sha
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xu-Han Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, China.
| | - Yu-Dan Liu
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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Surai PF, Surai A, Earle-Payne K. Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:98. [PMID: 38247522 PMCID: PMC10812610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans and animals. However, when inflammation resolution is delayed or compromised as a result of its misregulation, the process proceeds from the acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of various chronic illnesses. It is proven that redox balance disturbances and oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB and leading to over-inflammation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory properties of various natural antioxidants have been widely tested in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that silymarin (SM) and its main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) have great potential as an anti-inflammation agent. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM/SB action is attributed to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, in the same model systems, SM/SB was able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) and lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. The inflammatory properties of SM/SB were clearly demonstrated in model systems based on immune (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective tissue and cancer) cells. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory action of SM/SB was confirmed in a number of in vivo models, including toxicity models, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion models, stress-induced injuries, ageing and exercising models, wound healing and many other relevant model systems. It seems likely that the anti-inflammatory activities of SM/SB are key elements on the health-promoting properties of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
- Faculty of Technology of Grain and Grain Business, Odessa National Technological University, 65039 Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK
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Yan L, Zhou J, Yuan L, Ye J, Zhao X, Ren G, Chen H. Silibinin alleviates intestinal inflammation via inhibiting JNK signaling in Drosophila. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1246960. [PMID: 37781701 PMCID: PMC10539474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1246960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation that causes digestive system dysfunction. For years, researchers have been working to find more effective and safer therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases. Silibinin (SIL), a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of milk thistle plants, possesses multiple biological activities and is traditionally applied to treat liver diseases. SIL is also widely used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases attributed to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the efficacy of SIL against IBDs and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, we found that SIL can effectively relieve intestinal inflammation caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Our results suggested that SIL supplementation can inhibit the overproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by DSS, protect intestinal barrier function, acid-base balance, and intestinal excretion function, reduce intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory stress, and extend the lifespan of Drosophila. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that SIL ameliorates intestinal inflammation via modulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in Drosophila. Our research aims to provide new insight into the treatment of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juanyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinbao Ye
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ren
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Du Q, Wu X, Ma K, Liu W, Liu P, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Silibinin alleviates ferroptosis of rat islet β cell INS-1 induced by the treatment with palmitic acid and high glucose through enhancing PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109644. [PMID: 37245586 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is induced by the abundance of glucose and lipids, which causes glucolipotoxicity to the pancreatic β-cells. Silibinin is a natural flavonoid possessing the regulatory activity on insulin production and therapeutic activity in diabetic mice; however, its effect on glucolipotoxicity is not fully explained. This in vitro study investigates the effects of silibinin on palmitic acid (PA) and high glucose (HG)-induced cell loss and ferroptosis of rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. In the cells treated with PA and HG, expressions of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and carnitine acyltransferase I (CPT1) for β-oxidation of fatty acids are reduced. Mitochondria are the metabolic organelles for glucose and fatty acids. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP production were decreased, while the ROS level was elevated in the cells treated with PA and HG, indicating an induction of mitochondrial disorder. Cell loss was partially rescued by ferroptosis inhibition, suggesting an involvement of ferroptosis in the cells treated with PA and HG. More importantly, the increases in total iron, lipid ROS, MDA and COX-2, and the decrease in ferroptosis inhibitory molecules GSH, GPX4 and FSP1 appeared in the cells treated with PA and HG, confirming the occurrence of ferroptosis. Moreover, PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy, a vital process for selective elimination of damaged mitochondria, was blocked. Interestingly, silibinin rescued the mitochondria, restricted the ferroptosis and restored the mitophagy. By using the pharmacological stimulator and inhibitor of mitophagy, and si-RNA transfection to silence PINK1 expression, silibinin's protective effect against ferroptosis caused by PA and HG treatment was found to depend on mitophagy. Collectively, our current study reveals the new mechanisms for the protection of silibinin against the injury of INS-1 cells treated with PA and HG, elucidates the participation of ferroptosis in glucolipotoxicity, highlighting the involvement of mitophagy in defense against ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Du
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Panwen Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning, China.
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Mazraesefidi M, Mahmoodi M, Hajizadeh M. Effects of silibinin on apoptosis and insulin secretion in rat RINm5F pancreatic β-cells. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:201-209. [PMID: 36762428 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2154840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether silibinin, a flavonoid, might be useful for treating diabetes mellitus by treating five groups of rat RINm5F β-insulinemia cells as follows: control streptozotocin (STZ) group administered citrate buffer and dimethyl sulfoxide; STZ group administered 20 mM STZ; silibinin group administered 50 µM silibinin; pre-silibinin group administered 50 µM silibinin 5 h before administering 20 mM STZ; simultaneous group administered 50 µM silibinin at the same time as 20 mM STZ. For all groups, MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell viability and necrosis, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin cell content were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, expression of genes, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx1), neuronal differentiation 1 (neurod1), v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (mafa), glucose transporter 2 (glut2)) was determined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that silibinin improved the viability of RINm5F cells and increased GSIS and cellular insulin under glucotoxic conditions. Silibinin increased the expression of neurod1, mafa and glut2, but reduced pdx1 expression. Our findings suggest that silibinin might increase glucose sensitivity and insulin synthesis under glucotoxic conditions, which could be useful for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mazraesefidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Persico M, García-Viñuales S, Santoro AM, Lanza V, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Romanucci V, Zarrelli A, Di Fabio G, Fattorusso C, Milardi D. Silybins are stereospecific regulators of the 20S proteasome. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116813. [PMID: 35576657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A reduced proteasome activity tiles excessive amyloid growth during the progress of protein conformational diseases (PCDs). Hence, the development of safe and effective proteasome enhancers represents an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of these chronic disorders. Here we analyze two natural diastereoisomers belonging to the family of flavonolignans, Sil A and Sil B, by evaluating their capacity to increase proteasome activity. Enzyme assays carried out on yeast 20S (y20S) proteasome and in parallel on a permanently "open gate" mutant (α3ΔN) evidenced that Sil B is a more efficient 20S activator than Sil A. Conversely, in the case of human 20S proteasome (h20S) a higher affinity and more efficient activation is observed for Sil A. Driven by experimental data, computational studies further demonstrated that the taxifolin group of both diastereoisomers plays a crucial role in their anchoring to the α5/α6 groove of the outer α-ring. However, due to the different stereochemistry at C-7" and C-8" of ring D, only Sil A was able to reproduce the interactions responsible for h20S proteasome activation induced by their cognate regulatory particles. The provided silybins/h20S interaction models allowed us to rationalize their different ability to activate the peptidase activities of h20S and y20S. Our results provide structural details concerning the important role played by stereospecific interactions in driving Sil A and Sil B binding to the 20S proteasome and may support future rational design of proteasome enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara García-Viñuales
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
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Comparative effects of estrogen and silibinin on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in ovariectomized rats. Gene 2022; 823:146365. [PMID: 35257789 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin is a polyphenolic compound that could modulate estrogen receptor activation. Vascular dysfunction is considered a key initiator in atherosclerosis and may occur in the postmenopausal period. This manuscript compares estrogen and silibinin's impacts on factors that change endothelial function in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS 32 female Wistar rats were subdivided into control; OVX; OVX + estrogen (1 mg/kg/day); and OVX + silibinin (50 mg/kg/day) groups. After the experimental period, lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and histopathology of endothelium were monitored. The vascular oxidative stress, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokine levels, nitric oxide (NO), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were also analyzed. RESULTS Silibinin treatment, similar to estrogen, significantly normalized the adverse changes of OVX on vascular function, including improved lipid profile and oxidative stress, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, diminished inflammatory status, and reduced adhesion molecule levels, ET-1 and Ang-II substances. Our findings also revealed that the administration with estrogen or silibinin resulted in a normal endothelium layer in the aorta tissues of OVX rats. CONCLUSION Estrogen and silibinin have similar effects in improving vascular function. These treatments' protective impacts on vasculature indicate their potential benefits on the cardiovascular system in the postmenopausal period.
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Silybins inhibit human IAPP amyloid growth and toxicity through stereospecific interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140772. [PMID: 35307557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes is a major public health threat, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The abnormal accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in pancreatic β-cells is associated with the onset of the disease. Therefore, the design of small molecules able to inhibit IAPP aggregation represents a promising strategy in the development of new therapies. Here we employ in vitro, biophysical, and computational methods to inspect the ability of Silybin A and Silybin B, two natural diastereoisomers extracted from milk thistle, to interfere with the toxic self-assembly of human IAPP (hIAPP). We show that Silybin B inhibits amyloid aggregation and protects INS-1 cells from hIAPP toxicity more than Silybin A. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the higher efficiency of Silybin B is ascribable to its interactions with precise hIAPP regions that are notoriously involved in hIAPP self-assembly i.e., the S20-S29 amyloidogenic core, H18, the N-terminal domain, and N35. These results highlight the importance of stereospecific ligand-peptide interactions in regulating amyloid aggregation and provide a blueprint for future studies aimed at designing Silybin derivatives with enhanced drug-like properties.
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Silibinin Alleviates Muscle Atrophy Caused by Oxidative Stress Induced by Cisplatin through ERK/FoxO and JNK/FoxO Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5694223. [PMID: 35096269 PMCID: PMC8794676 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5694223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP), a widely used chemotherapeutic drug in cancer treatment, causes oxidative stress, resulting in cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy. This study investigated the effects and activity of silibinin (SLI) in reducing DDP-induced oxidative stress and skeletal muscle atrophy in vivo and in vitro. SLI alleviated weight loss, food intake, muscle wasting, adipose tissue depletion, and organ weight reduction induced by DDP and improved the reduction of grip force caused by DDP. SLI can attenuated the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, the decrease in Nrf2 expression, the decrease in the fiber cross-sectional area, and changes in fiber type induced by DDP. SLI regulated the ERK/FoxO and JNK/FoxO pathways by downregulating the abnormal increase in ROS and Nrf2 expression in DDP-treated skeletal muscle and C2C12 myotube cells. Further, SLI inhibited the upregulation of MAFbx and Mstn, the downregulation of MyHC and MyoG, the increase in protein degradation, and the decrease of protein synthesis. The protective effects of SLI were reversed by cotreatment with JNK agonists and ERK inhibitors. These results suggest that SLI can reduce DDP-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by reducing oxidative stress and regulating ERK/FoxO and JNK/FoxO pathways.
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Soleymani S, Ayati MH, Mansourzadeh MJ, Namazi N, Zargaran A. The effects of Silymarin on the features of cardiometabolic syndrome in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2022; 36:842-856. [PMID: 35016260 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some medicinal herbs and their effective components showed positive effects on the features of the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the effects of silymarin on the components of CMS in adults. Four electronic databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched up to December 31, 2020 to identify all eligible clinical trials. A random-effect model using DerSimonian and Laird method was used to estimate the pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Finally, 11 clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. Our results demonstrated that silymarin significantly reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose (WMD: -17.96 mg/dL, 95% CI: -32.91, -3.02;I2 : 82.4%, p < 0.001), hemoglobin A1C (WMD: -1.25%, 95% CI: -2.34, 0.16; I2 : 92.9%, p ˂ 0.001), total cholesterol (WMD: -17.46 mg/dL, 95% CI: -30.98, -3.95; I2 = 62.9%, p = 0.006), triglyceride (WMD: -25.70 mg/dL, 95% CI: -47.23, -4.17; I2 :54.3%, p = 0.025), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (WMD: -10.53, 95% CI: -19.12, -1.94; I2: 37.5%, p = 0.119) and increased high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (WMD: 3.36 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.88, 5.84; I2 : 37.4%, p = 0.120) compared to placebo. However, its effects on BMI were not statistically significant. Silymarin can be an effective complementary therapy to improve most features of CMS. However, due to high heterogeneity and limited clinical trials in some parameters, further high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Soleymani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazli Namazi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Zargaran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Marouf BH. Effect of Silibinin on Dyslipidemia and Glycemic Alteration Associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Experimental Study on Rats. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2771-2780. [PMID: 36105429 PMCID: PMC9464776 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s377404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are found to have hormonal and metabolic alterations. This study investigated the efficacy of the flavonolignan silibinin in restoring the metabolic alterations associated with letrozole-induced PCOS in rats. METHODS The study allocated 42 albino rats into two groups. The first group was a normal control group (n=12) in which only the vehicle was given. The second group, the PCOS group (n=30), received letrozole (1 mg/kg/day) orally for 21 days. On day 21, six animals from the first group and six animals from the second group were sacrificed to confirm the development of PCOS, and the rest of the animals (n=24) in the second group were distributed equally into four groups: the PCOS group received vehicle, the metformin (MET) group received 300 mg/kg metformin orally, and the low-dose silibinin (LD-100) and high-dose silibinin (HD-200) groups received 100 and 200 mg/kg silibinin intraperitoneally, respectively. Blockade of the estrus cycle in the diestrus phase, hyperglycemia, and body weight elevation were related to a positive PCOS induction. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also carried out for all animals on day 21 and on the last day of the experiment (day 40) to investigate the effect of silibinin on insulin resistance. The rats' lipid profile, insulin level, estrus cycle patterns, body weight, and weights of the ovaries and uterus were also measured on day 40. RESULTS A 19-day silibinin treatment led to the restoration of regular estrus cyclicity, reduced the glucose spike in OGTT analysis, and alleviated insulin resistance in PCOS rats. There was a statistically non-significant decrement in insulin level and lipid profile in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION Silibinin flavonolignan ameliorated some metabolic and reproductive alterations associated with PCOS. This could be related to the decreased insulin resistance, and antiandrogenic and phytoestrogenic activity of silibinin. Further study with longer term therapy is recommended to clarify more potential effects of silibinin and its mechanism of action in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Hassan Marouf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Correspondence: Bushra Hassan Marouf, Tel +9647701562796, Email
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Dinić S, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Mihailović M, Grdović N, Tolić A, Rajić J, Đorđević M, Vidaković M. Oxidative stress-mediated beta cell death and dysfunction as a target for diabetes management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006376. [PMID: 36246880 PMCID: PMC9554708 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest drawback of a current diabetes therapy is the treatment of the consequences not the cause of the disease. Regardless of the diabetes type, preservation and recovery of functional pancreatic beta cells stands as the biggest challenge in the treatment of diabetes. Free radicals and oxidative stress are among the major mediators of autoimmune destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) or beta cell malfunction and death provoked by glucotoxicity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, oxidative stress reduces functionality of beta cells in T2D by stimulating their de-/trans-differentiation through the loss of transcription factors critical for beta cell development, maturity and regeneration. This review summarizes up to date clarified redox-related mechanisms involved in regulating beta cell identity and death, underlining similarities and differences between T1D and T2D. The protective effects of natural antioxidants on the oxidative stress-induced beta cell failure were also discussed. Considering that oxidative stress affects epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell survival and insulin secretion, this review highlighted huge potential of epigenetic therapy. Special attention was paid on application of the state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 technology, based on targeted epigenome editing with the purpose of changing the differentiation state of different cell types, making them insulin-producing with ability to attenuate diabetes. Clarification of the above-mentioned mechanisms could provide better insight into diabetes etiology and pathogenesis, which would allow development of novel, potentially more efficient therapeutic strategies for the prevention or reversion of beta cell loss.
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Potential Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Natural Products in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101539. [PMID: 34680171 PMCID: PMC8533981 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy globally; it seriously endangers women’s health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatments are prone to drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs with high efficacy and low side effects to prevent and treat cervical cancer. In recent years, plant-derived natural products have been evaluated as potential anticancer drugs that preferentially kill tumor cells without severe adverse effects. A growing number of studies have shown that natural products can achieve practical anti-cervical-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor-cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and telomerase activity, enhancement of immunity and reversal of multidrug resistance. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of plant-derived natural products on cervical cancer and provides references for developing anti-cervical-cancer drugs with high efficacy and low side effects.
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Hu Y, Li X. Silibinin augments the effect of clopidogrel on atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE deficiency mice. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 80:353-361. [PMID: 34602463 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) abolishes the antithrombotic effect of Clopidogrel. Here, we investigated the synergistic effect of Silibinin on Clopidogrel-mediated atherosclerosis treatment in diabetic mice. METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the atherosclerotic model with diabetes. Animals were treated with Clopidogrel, Silibinin, or the combined to evaluate the protective effects on atherosclerosis and diabetes through Oil-red-O staining, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and metabolic measurements. Platelet activation and aggregation ex vivo assays were performed to detect the anti-thrombotic effect of different administrations. RESULTS Silibinin significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of Clopidogrel on atherosclerosis in DM mice. Co-administration of Silibinin with Clopidogrel remarkedly reduced the aortic lesion, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in aorta roots, and diabetic symptoms were significantly improved by the Silibinin-Clopidogrel treatment in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice. Interestingly, the anti-thrombotic effect of Clopidogrel was further augmented by the Silibinin treatment in atherosclerotic mice. CONCLUSION In atherosclerotic mouse model, Silibinin significantly improves the effect of Clopidogrel on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department Cardiology 6, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Qiyu Shi
- Gastroenterology Department, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yamin Hu
- Department Cardiology 6, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department Cardiology 3, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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Issinger OG, Guerra B. Phytochemicals in cancer and their effect on the PI3K/AKT-mediated cellular signalling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111650. [PMID: 33945911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases belong to the largest family of enzymes controlling every aspect of cellular activity including gene expression, cell division, differentiation and metabolism. They are part of major intracellular signalling pathways. Hence, it is not surprising that they are involved in the development of major diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, dementia and, most importantly, cancer when they undergo mutations, modifications and unbalanced expression. This review will explore the possibility to draw a connection between the application of natural phytochemicals and the treatment of cancer. We have chosen to focus on the PI3K/AKT cellular signalling pathway which has been shown to be a major target by natural compounds in cell cultures and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf-Georg Issinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Barbara Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Min XQ, Xie Y. LncRNA CASC2 Alleviates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy by Regulating the miR-144/SOCS2 Signalling Axis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:837-849. [PMID: 33227790 DOI: 10.1159/000508078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy constitutes a large proportion of end-stage kidney failure in diabetic patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Db/db diabetic mouse models and high glucose (HG)-induced human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs) were used as research models in vivo and in vitro. The expression of cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2) was quantified by qRT-PCR. The regulatory role of CASC2 in cell apoptosis, inflammatory factor release, and fibrosis was verified by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot assay, respectively. The bioinformatics prediction software DIANA and starBase v2.0 were used to predict the putative binding sites. The interactions among CASC2, miR-144, and SOCS2 were explored by the luciferase assay and Western bolt assay. RESULTS The expression of CASC2 in diabetic mouse models and HG-induced HRMCs was lower than that in the control (p < 0.05). Overexpression of CASC2 resulted in a decrease in the apoptosis rate, inflammatory factor release (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), expression of cleaved caspase-3, and fibrotic proteins (fibronectin, Col-IV, and TGF-β1) and an increase in Bcl-2 expression. Inhibition of CASC2 caused increased expression of miR-144. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations confirmed that activation of the miR-144/SOCS2 regulatory loop by overexpression of miR-144 reversed the in vitro effects of CASC2 on inhibiting cell apoptosis, inflammatory factor release, and fibrosis. In addition, simultaneous overexpression of miR-144 and SOCS2 further increased the inhibition of cell apoptosis, inflammatory factor release, and fibrosis by CASC2. CONCLUSION CASC2 could alleviate the degree and process of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathic models by regulating the miR-144/SOCS2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of XueCheng, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yan Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,
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Tuli HS, Mittal S, Aggarwal D, Parashar G, Parashar NC, Upadhyay SK, Barwal TS, Jain A, Kaur G, Savla R, Sak K, Kumar M, Varol M, Iqubal A, Sharma AK. Path of Silibinin from diet to medicine: A dietary polyphenolic flavonoid having potential anti-cancer therapeutic significance. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:196-218. [PMID: 33130037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, targeting cancer by the use of dietary phytochemicals has gained enormous attention. The plausible reason and believe or mind set behind this fact is attributed to either lesser or no side effects of natural compounds as compared to the modern chemotherapeutics, or due to their conventional use as dietary components by mankind for thousands of years. Silibinin is a naturally derived polyphenol (a flavonolignans), possess following biochemical features; molecular formula C25H22O10, Molar mass: 482.44 g/mol, Boiling point 793 °C, with strikingly high antioxidant and anti-tumorigenic properties. The anti-cancer properties of Silibinin are determined by a variety of cellular pathways which include induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, Silibinin controls modulation of the expression of aberrant miRNAs, inflammatory response, and synergism with existing anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, modulation of a vast array of cellular responses and homeostatic aspects makes Silibinin an attractive chemotherapeutic agent. However, like other polyphenols, the major hurdle to declare Silibinin a translational chemotherapeutic agent, is its lesser bioavailability. After summarizing the chemistry and metabolic aspects of Silibinin, this extensive review focuses on functional aspects governed by Silibinin in chemoprevention with an ultimate goal of summarizing the evidence supporting the chemopreventive potential of Silibinin and clinical trials that are currently ongoing, at a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Tushar Singh Barwal
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, Punjab, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, Punjab, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's, NMIMS, Mumbai, 400 056, Maharastra, India
| | - Raj Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's, NMIMS, Mumbai, 400 056, Maharastra, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, India
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, TR48000, Turkey
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India.
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Sayed AM, Hassanein EH, Salem SH, Hussein OE, Mahmoud AM. Flavonoids-mediated SIRT1 signaling activation in hepatic disorders. Life Sci 2020; 259:118173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dual SMO/BRAF Inhibition by Flavonolignans from Silybum marianum †. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050384. [PMID: 32380762 PMCID: PMC7278695 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is the standardized extract from the fruits of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., a well-known hepatoprotectant and antioxidant. Recently, bioactive compounds of silymarin, i.e., silybins and their 2,3-dehydro derivatives, have been shown to exert anticancer activities, yet with unclear mechanisms. This study combines in silico and in vitro methods to reveal the potential interactions of optically pure silybins and dehydrosilybins with novel protein targets. The shape and chemical similarity with approved drugs were evaluated in silico, and the potential for interaction with the Hedgehog pathway receptor Smoothened (SMO) and BRAF kinase was confirmed by molecular docking. In vitro studies on SMO and BRAF V600E kinase activity and in BRAF V600E A-375 human melanoma cell lines were further performed to examine their effects on these proteins and cancer cell lines and to corroborate computational predictions. Our in silico results direct to new potential targets of silymarin constituents as dual inhibitors of BRAF and SMO, two major targets in anticancer therapy. The experimental studies confirm that BRAF kinase and SMO may be involved in mechanisms of anticancer activities, demonstrating dose-dependent profiles, with dehydrosilybins showing stronger effects than silybins. The results of this work outline the dual SMO/BRAF effect of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum with potential clinical significance. Our approach can be applied to other natural products to reveal their potential targets and mechanism of action.
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Kaur G, Krishan P. Understanding Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptors-regulated cellular and molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Diseases. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-020-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractChronic kidney diseases (CKD) are an economic burden and occur worldwide in all age groups, and the advancement of kidney disease at some point leads to deregulate or influence the function of other body organs and to find a specific target to halt the disease progression which is a tedious challenge. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, it is essential to consider and evaluate the involvement and association of individual endogenous mediators and environmental factors in the progression of CKD to accumulate the required knowledge. More than a dozen pathways leading to relentless progression of CKD have been identified so far, but the association of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with progressive renal injury is still under process.Scientific reports demonstrated that the 5-HT2A receptor plays a significant role in renal metabolism, glomerular function, and renal vascular tone. So a better understanding of the evolving role of serotonin 5-HT2A-mediated pathophysiological mechanisms of CKD may be a helpful tool to identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss recent interventions, pharmacological target, and the possible implication of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors with associated mechanistic trails leading to CKD.
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Chu C, Gao X, Li X, Zhang X, Ma R, Jia Y, Li D, Wang D, Xu F. Involvement of Estrogen Receptor-α in the Activation of Nrf2-Antioxidative Signaling Pathways by Silibinin in Pancreatic β-Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:163-171. [PMID: 31649209 PMCID: PMC7059807 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin exhibits antidiabetic potential by preserving the mass and function of pancreatic β-cells through up-regulation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression. However, the underlying protective mechanism of silibinin in pancreatic β-cells is still unclear. In the current study, we sought to determine whether ERα acts as the target of silibinin for the modulation of antioxidative response in pancreatic β-cells under high glucose and high fat conditions. Our in vivo study revealed that a 4-week oral administration of silibinin (100 mg/kg/day) decreased fasting blood glucose with a concurrent increase in levels of serum insulin in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Moreover, expression of ERα, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in pancreatic β-cells in pancreatic islets was increased by silibinin treatment. Accordingly, silibinin (10 μM) elevated viability, insulin biosynthesis, and insulin secretion of high glucose/palmitate-treated INS-1 cells accompanied by increased expression of ERα, Nrf2, and HO-1 as well as decreased reactive oxygen species production in vitro. Treatment using an ERα antagonist (MPP) in INS-1 cells or silencing ERα expression in INS-1 and NIT-1 cells with siRNA abolished the protective effects of silibinin. Our study suggests that silibinin activates the Nrf2-antioxidative pathways in pancreatic β-cells through regulation of ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Qiqihaer Middle School, Qiqihaer 161099, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dahong Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Liu P, Cui L, Liu B, Liu W, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin ameliorates STZ-induced impairment of memory and learning by up- regulating insulin signaling pathway and attenuating apoptosis. Physiol Behav 2020; 213:112689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Rahmani B, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Reid I, Khan SA. The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:931-948. [PMID: 32133965 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200305094727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide continues to pose a heavy burden. Though its gastrointestinal impact is appropriately recognized, the lesser known associations may be overlooked. OBJECTIVE We aim to review the negative implications of diabetes on the gallbladder and the biliary tract. METHODS A MEDLINE® database search of literature was conducted with emphasis on the previous five years, combining keywords such as "diabetes," "gallbladder," and "biliary". RESULTS The association of diabetes to the formation of gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the biliary tract are discussed along with diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION Though we uncover the role of diabetic neuropathy in gallbladder and biliary complications, the specific individual diabetic risk factors behind these developments is unclear. Also, in addition to diabetes control and surgical gallbladder management, the treatment approach also requires further focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Jason Gandhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | - Inefta Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Sardar Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Liu K, Zhou S, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhu F, Liu M. Silibinin attenuates high-fat diet-induced renal fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3117-3126. [PMID: 31695328 PMCID: PMC6718242 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s209981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Silibinin is a flavonoid compound which has medicinal value. Previous studies revealed that silibinin exhibited an anti-fibrotic effect. However, whether silibinin could attenuate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced renal fibrosis remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism by which silibinin regulated renal fibrosis induced by HFD. Methods In the present study, human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) were treated with various concentrations of silibinin. Then, cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, HRGECs were exposed to 100 nM TGF-β1 for mimicking in vitro renal fibrosis. The expressions of collagen I, fibronectin, and α-SMA were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase
chain reaction and Western blot. Protein levels of p-IκB and p-p65 were examined by Western blot; meanwhile, level of NF-κB was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, HFD-induced mouse model of renal fibrosis was established. The mouse body weight, fasting glucose, kidney weight/body weight, microalbuminuria, kidney histopathology, and fibrotic area were measured to assess the severity of renal fibrosis. Results Low concentration of silibinin (≤50 μM) had no cytotoxicity, while high concentration of silibinin (≥75 μM) exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Additionally, TGF-β1 increased the expressions of collagen I, fibronectin, α-SMA, p-IκB, and p-p65 and decreased the level NF-κB, while these effects were notably reversed by 50 μM silibinin. Moreover, both 50 and 100 mg/kg silibinin greatly decreased HFD-induced the upregulation of kidney weight/body weight, microalbuminuria, and fibrotic area. 100 mg/kg silibinin markedly reduced collagen I, fibronectin, and p-p65 expressions in mice renal tissues. Conclusion Silibinin was able to attenuate renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo via inhibition of NF-κB. These data suggested that silibinin may serve as a potential agent to alleviate the renal fibrosis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiju Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxian Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Xu F, Yang J, Negishi H, Sun Y, Li D, Zhang X, Hayashi T, Gao M, Ikeda K, Ikejima T. Silibinin decreases hepatic glucose production through the activation of gut-brain-liver axis in diabetic rats. Food Funct 2019; 9:4926-4935. [PMID: 30178798 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin, a flavonolignan derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has been revealed to have a beneficial effect on improving diabetes-impaired glycemic control. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, to evaluate whether the gut-brain-liver axis, an important neural pathway for the control of hepatic glucose production, is involved in silibinin-regulated glucose homeostasis, the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) in the duodenum, activation of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), as well as glycogen accumulation and expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the livers of diabetic SHRSP·Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr (SP·ZF) rats with 4-week oral administration of silibinin (100 and 300 mg kg-1 day-1) were evaluated. Common hepatic branch vagotomy was further conducted in high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced diabetic SD rats to confirm the role of the gut-brain-liver axis in silibinin-improved glycemic control. The results revealed a significant inhibition of fasting blood glucose after SP·ZF rats were administrated with silibinin for 4 weeks. The expression of GLP1R in the duodenum and the activation of neurons in the NTS increased, while hepatic glucose production decreased on silibinin administration. However, the hypoglycemic effect of silibinin was reversed by common hepatic branch vagotomy in diabetic SD rats. Our study suggested that silibinin may be useful as a potential functional food ingredient against diabetes by triggering the gut-brain-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P.R. China.
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Ji T, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Gao C, Li X, Li J, Bai F, Bai S. Long noncoding RNA Gm6135 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to regulate toll‐like receptor 4 expression by sponging miR‐203‐3p in diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6633-6641. [PMID: 30295314 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ting Ji
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Ya‐Kun Wang
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Ying‐Chun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Cong‐Pu Gao
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao‐Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital Huai’an China
| | - Shou‐Jun Bai
- Department of Nephrology Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai China
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