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Mis B, Karaca K, Eltem R. In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Against Aggressive Biotypes of the Green Mold. J Basic Microbiol 2024:e2400422. [PMID: 39363529 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
During the cultivation of button mushrooms, the green mold epidemic, which causes a decrease in productivity, is a very important problem. The environmental harm of chemicals used in the control of such epidemics and the demand of consumers for organic products without chemicals have brought environmentally friendly biological control to the fore. Biological control can be achieved by the use of antagonistic microorganisms and their metabolites. In this study, the effectiveness of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. for the biological control of the aggressive biotypes of the green mold disease agent Trichoderma aggressivum strains was examined in vitro. For this purpose, the antifungal effects of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against T. aggressivum strains were examined by in vitro dual culture test. Afterward, the antifungal activity of Bacillus spp. metabolites was assessed further using the agar well diffusion method. Then, it was determined whether the bacterial strains showing antifungal activity showed antagonistic activity against A. bisporus. Although none of the Pseudomonas spp. showed antifungal activity against T. aggressivum strains, most of the Bacillus spp. were found to have high activity. It has been concluded that Bacillus sp. Ö-4-82 may be potential biological control agent for button mushroom cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran Mis
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Karaca
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rengin Eltem
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Ezzine A, Ben Hadj Mohamed S, Bezzine S, Aoudi Y, Hajlaoui MR, Baciou L, Smaali I. Improved Expression of a Thermostable GH18 Bacterial Chitinase in Two Different Escherichia coli Strains and Its Potential Use in Plant Protection and Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2635-2647. [PMID: 38265740 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes that can break down chitin, a major component of the exoskeleton of insects and fungi. This feature makes them potential biopesticides in agriculture since they are considered a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. In this work, we performed a comparative study between two different bacterial expression strains to produce a recombinant chitinase with improved stability. Escherichia coli strains Origami B and BL21 (DE3) were selected for their distinct cytosolic environment to express BhChitA chitinase of Bacillus halodurans C-125 and to investigate the role of disulfide bond formation and proper folding on its stability and activity. Expression of the recombinant BhChitA in bacterial strain containing oxidative cytosol (Origami B) improved its activity and stability. Although both expression systems have comparable biochemical properties (temperature range 20-80 °C and pH spectrum 3-10), BhChitA expressed in Origami strain seems more stable than expressed in BL21. Furthermore, the optimal expression conditions of the recombinant BhChitA has been carried out at 30 °C during 6 h for the Origami strain, against 20 °C during 2 h for BL21. On the other hand, no significant differences were detected between the two enzymes when the effect of metal ions was tested. These findings correlate with the analysis of the overall structure of BhChitA. The model structure permitted to localize disulfide bond, which form a stable connection between the substrate-binding residues and the hydrophobic core. This link is required for efficient binding of the chitin insertion domain to the substrate. BhChitA exhibited in vitro antifungal effect against phytopathogenic fungi and suppressed necrosis of Botrytis cinerea on detached tomato leaves. In vitro assays showed the influence of BhChitA on growth suppression of Botrytis cinerea (53%) Aspergillus niger (65%), Fusarium graminearum (25%), and Fusarium oxysporum (34%). Our results highlight the importance of the bacterial expression system with oxidative cytosol in producing promising biopesticides that can be applied for post-harvest processing and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ezzine
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), LR11ES24, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia.
- Higher Institute of Preparatory Studies in Biology and Geology (ISEP-BG), 49 Avenue 13 Août, Choutrana II, 2036, Soukra, Tunisia.
| | - Safa Ben Hadj Mohamed
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), LR11ES24, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Sofiane Bezzine
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), LR11ES24, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Preparatory Studies in Biology and Geology (ISEP-BG), 49 Avenue 13 Août, Choutrana II, 2036, Soukra, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Aoudi
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), LR11ES24, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, 183-8509, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Mohamed Rabeh Hajlaoui
- National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAT), Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, 1004, El Menzah, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laura Baciou
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Issam Smaali
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), LR11ES24, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
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3
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Aarthi N, Dubey VK, Shylesha AN, Kukreti A, Patil J, Chandrashekara KM, Aravindaram K, Seegenahalli R, Shivakumar N, Channappa M. Insights into the whole genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis NBAIR BtPl, a strain toxic to the melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Curr Genet 2024; 70:13. [PMID: 39101952 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-024-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biopesticide, targets a diversity of insect pests belonging to several orders. However, information regarding the B. thuringiensis strains and toxins targeting Zeugodacus cucurbitae is very limited. Therefore, in the present study, we isolated and identified five indigenous B. thuringiensisstrains toxic to larvae of Z. cucurbitae. However, of five strains NBAIR BtPl displayed the highest mortality (LC50 = 37.3 μg/mL) than reference strain B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (4Q1) (LC50 = 45.41 μg/mL). Therefore, the NBAIR BtPl was considered for whole genome sequencing to identify the cry genes present in it. Whole genome sequencing of our strain revealed genome size of 6.87 Mb with 34.95% GC content. Homology search through the BLAST algorithm revealed that NBAIR BtPl is 99.8% similar to B. thuringiensis serovar tolworthi, and gene prediction through Prokka revealed 7406 genes, 7168 proteins, 5 rRNAs, and 66 tRNAs. BtToxin_Digger analysis of NBAIR BtPl genome revealed four cry gene families: cry1, cry2, cry8Aa1, and cry70Aa1. When tested for the presence of these four cry genes in other indigenous strains, results showed that cry70Aa1 was absent. Thus, the study provided a basis for predicting cry70Aa1 be the possible reason for toxicity. In this study apart from novel genes, we also identified other virulent genes encoding zwittermicin, chitinase, fengycin, and bacillibactin. Thus, the current study aids in predicting potential toxin-encoding genes responsible for toxicity to Z. cucurbitae and thus paves the way for the development of B. thuringiensis-based formulations and transgenic crops for management of dipteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekkanti Aarthi
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 012, India
| | - Vinod K Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 012, India
| | - Arakalagud N Shylesha
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Aditya Kukreti
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Jagadeesh Patil
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Keerthi M Chandrashekara
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, 560 089, India
| | - Kandan Aravindaram
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Ruqiya Seegenahalli
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Nanditha Shivakumar
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Manjunatha Channappa
- Insect Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560 024, India.
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Morandini L, Caulier S, Bragard C, Mahillon J. Bacillus cereus sensu lato antimicrobial arsenal: An overview. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127697. [PMID: 38522411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group contains genetically closed bacteria displaying a variety of phenotypic features and lifestyles. The group is mainly known through the properties of three major species: the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the foodborne opportunistic strains of B. cereus sensu stricto. Yet, the actual diversity of the group is far broader and includes multiple lifestyles. Another less-appreciated aspect of B. cereus members lies within their antimicrobial potential which deserves consideration in the context of growing emergence of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides, and makes it crucial to find new sources of antimicrobial molecules. This review presents the state of knowledge on the known antimicrobial compounds of the B. cereus group members, which are grouped according to their chemical features and biosynthetic pathways. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the antimicrobial range exhibited by this group of bacteria, underscoring the interest in its potent biocontrol arsenal and encouraging further research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Caulier
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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Kaur M, Nagpal M, Dhingra GA, Rathee A. Exploring chitin: novel pathways and structures as promising targets for biopesticides. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 79:125-136. [PMID: 38760917 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Chitin, the most prevalent polymer in nature, a significant structural polysaccharide that comes in second only to cellulose. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and also present in many other creatures, such as viruses, plants, animals, insect exoskeletons, and crustacean shells. Chitin presents itself as a promising target for the development of biopesticides. It focuses on unraveling the unique structures and biochemical pathways associated with chitin, aiming to identify vulnerabilities that can be strategically leveraged for effective and environmentally sustainable pest control. It involves a comprehensive analysis of chitinase enzymes, chitin biosynthesis, and chitin-related processes across diverse organisms. By elucidating the molecular intricacies involved in chitin metabolism, this review seeks to unveil potential points of intervention that can disrupt essential biological processes in target pests without harming non-target species. This holistic approach to understanding chitin-related pathways aims to inform the design and optimization of biopesticides with enhanced specificity and reduced ecological impact. The outcomes of this study hold great promise for advancing innovative and eco-friendly pest management strategies. By targeting chitin structures and pathways, biopesticides developed based on these findings may offer a sustainable and selective alternative to conventional chemical pesticides, contributing to the ongoing efforts towards more environmentally conscious and effective pest control solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkiet Kaur
- 418665 University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University , Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Nagpal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, 154025 Chitkara University , Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ankit Rathee
- 418665 University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University , Mohali, Punjab, India
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6
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Maral-Gül D, Eltem R. Evaluation of Bacillus isolates as a biological control agents against soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00490-1. [PMID: 38376639 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides, used in agriculture to control plant diseases, pose risks to the environment and human health. To address this, there's a growing focus on biocontrol, using microorganisms instead of chemicals. In this study, we aimed to identify Bacillus isolates as potential biological control agents. We tested 1574 Bacillus isolates for antifungal effects against pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Out of these, 77 isolates formed inhibition zones against all three pathogens. We then investigated their lytic enzyme activities (protease, chitinase, and chitosanase) and the production of antifungal metabolites (siderophore and hydrogen cyanide). Coagulase activity was also examined to estimate potential pathogenicity in humans and animals. After evaluating all mechanisms, 19 non-pathogenic Bacillus isolates with significant antifungal effects were chosen. Molecular identification revealed they belonged to B. subtilis (n = 19) strains. The 19 native Bacillus strains, demonstrating strong antifungal effects in vitro, have the potential to form the basis for biocontrol product development. This could address challenges in agricultural production, marking a crucial stride toward sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Maral-Gül
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye.
| | - Rengin Eltem
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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7
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Herrmann LW, Letti LAJ, Penha RDO, Soccol VT, Rodrigues C, Soccol CR. Bacillus genus industrial applications and innovation: First steps towards a circular bioeconomy. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108300. [PMID: 38101553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, environmental concerns have directed several policies, investments, and production processes. The search for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies is constantly increasing to reduce petrochemical product utilization, fossil fuel pollution, waste generation, and other major ecological impacts. The concepts of circular economy, bioeconomy, and biorefinery are increasingly being applied to solve or reduce those problems, directing us towards a greener future. Within the biotechnology field, the Bacillus genus of bacteria presents extremely versatile microorganisms capable of producing a great variety of products with little to no dependency on petrochemicals. They are able to grow in different agro-industrial wastes and extreme conditions, resulting in healthy and environmentally friendly products, such as foods, feeds, probiotics, plant growth promoters, biocides, enzymes, and bioactive compounds. The objective of this review was to compile the variety of products that can be produced with Bacillus cells, using the concepts of biorefinery and circular economy as the scope to search for greener alternatives to each production method and providing market and bioeconomy ideas of global production. Although the genus is extensively used in industry, little information is available on its large-scale production, and there is little current data regarding bioeconomy and circular economy parameters for the bacteria. Therefore, as this work gathers several products' economic, production, and environmentally friendly use information, it can be addressed as one of the first steps towards those sustainable strategies. Additionally, an extensive patent search was conducted, focusing on products that contain or are produced by the Bacillus genus, providing an indication of global technology development and direction of the bacteria products. The Bacillus global market represented at least $18 billion in 2020, taking into account only the products addressed in this article, and at least 650 patent documents submitted per year since 2017, indicating this market's extreme importance. The data we provide in this article can be used as a base for further studies in bioeconomy and circular economy and show the genus is a promising candidate for a greener and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Wedderhoff Herrmann
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Alberto Junior Letti
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Oliveira Penha
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Cristine Rodrigues
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
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Ajuna HB, Lim HI, Moon JH, Won SJ, Choub V, Choi SI, Yun JY, Ahn YS. The Prospect of Hydrolytic Enzymes from Bacillus Species in the Biological Control of Pests and Diseases in Forest and Fruit Tree Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16889. [PMID: 38069212 PMCID: PMC10707167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases and insect pest damage cause tremendous losses in forestry and fruit tree production. Even though chemical pesticides have been effective in the control of plant diseases and insect pests for several decades, they are increasingly becoming undesirable due to their toxic residues that affect human life, animals, and the environment, as well as the growing challenge of pesticide resistance. In this study, we review the potential of hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus species such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases in the biological control of phytopathogens and insect pests, which could be a more sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. This study highlights the application potential of the hydrolytic enzymes from different Bacillus sp. as effective biocontrol alternatives against phytopathogens/insect pests through the degradation of cell wall/insect cuticles, which are mainly composed of structural polysaccharides like chitins, β-glucans, glycoproteins, and lipids. This study demonstrates the prospects for applying hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus sp. as effective biopesticides in forest and fruit tree production, their mode of biocidal activity and dual antimicrobial/insecticidal potential, which indicates a great prospect for the simultaneous biocontrol of pests/diseases. Further research should focus on optimizing the production of hydrolytic enzymes, and the antimicrobial/insecticidal synergism of different Bacillus sp. which could facilitate the simultaneous biocontrol of pests and diseases in forest and fruit tree production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ajuna
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hyo-In Lim
- Forest Bioinformation Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyun Moon
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Sang-Jae Won
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Vantha Choub
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Su-In Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ju-Yeol Yun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Young Sang Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
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9
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Koilybayeva M, Shynykul Z, Ustenova G, Waleron K, Jońca J, Mustafina K, Amirkhanova A, Koloskova Y, Bayaliyeva R, Akhayeva T, Alimzhanova M, Turgumbayeva A, Kurmangaliyeva G, Kantureyeva A, Batyrbayeva D, Alibayeva Z. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Volatile Metabolites Produced by Some Bacillus spp. and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antibiotic Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7556. [PMID: 38005278 PMCID: PMC10673538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species produce different classes of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances: peptides or proteins with different structural compositions and molecular masses and a broad range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which may serve as biomarkers for microorganism identification. The aim of this study is the identification of biologically active compounds synthesized by five Bacillus species using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current study profoundly enhances the knowledge of antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites ensuring the unambiguous identification of VOCs produced by some Bacillus species, which were isolated from vegetable samples of potato, carrot, and tomato. Phylogenetic and biochemical studies were used to identify the bacterial isolates after culturing. Phylogenetic analysis proved that five bacterial isolates BSS12, BSS13, BSS16, BSS21, and BSS25 showed 99% nucleotide sequence similarities with Bacillus safensis AS-08, Bacillus cereus WAB2133, Bacillus acidiproducens NiuFun, Bacillus toyonesis FORT 102, and Bacillus thuringiensis F3, respectively. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the antibiotic resistance potency and the antimicrobial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains, including yeast strains such as Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and bacterial strains of Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B, Streptococcus mutans, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enteritidis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. GC-MS analysis of bacterial strains found that VOCs from Bacillus species come in a variety of chemical forms, such as ketones, alcohols, terpenoids, alkenes, etc. Overall, 69 volatile organic compounds were identified from five Bacillus species, and all five were found to share different chemical classes of volatile organic components, which have a variety of pharmacological applications. However, eight antibacterial compounds with different concentrations were commonly found in all five species: acetoin, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, oxime-, methoxy-phenyl, phenol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, nonanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl. The present study has demonstrated that bacterial isolates BSS25, BSS21, and BSS16 display potent inhibitory effects against Candida albicans, while BSS25, BSS21, and BSS13 exhibit the ability to restrain the growth and activity of Candida krusei. Notably, BSS25 and BSS21 are the only isolates that demonstrate substantial inhibitory activity against Klebsiella aerogenes. This disparity in inhibitory effects could be attributed to the higher concentrations of acetoin in BSS25 and BSS21, whereas BSS16 and BSS13 have relatively elevated levels of butanoic acid, 2-methyl-. Certainly, the presence of acetoin and butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, contributes to the enhanced antibacterial potential of these bacterial strains, in conjunction with other organic volatile compounds and peptides, among other factors. The biology and physiology of Bacillus can be better understood using these results, which can also be used to create novel biotechnological procedures and applications. Moreover, because of its exceptional ability to synthesize and produce a variety of different antibacterial compounds, Bacillus species can serve as natural and universal carriers for antibiotic compounds in the form of probiotic cultures and strains to fight different pathogens, including mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moldir Koilybayeva
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (G.U.); (A.A.); (G.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Zhanserik Shynykul
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Gulbaram Ustenova
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (G.U.); (A.A.); (G.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Joanna Jońca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamilya Mustafina
- School of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (K.M.); (Y.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Akerke Amirkhanova
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (G.U.); (A.A.); (G.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yekaterina Koloskova
- School of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (K.M.); (Y.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Raushan Bayaliyeva
- School of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (K.M.); (Y.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Tamila Akhayeva
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Mereke Alimzhanova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Aknur Turgumbayeva
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (T.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Gulden Kurmangaliyeva
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (G.U.); (A.A.); (G.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Aigerim Kantureyeva
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (G.U.); (A.A.); (G.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Dinara Batyrbayeva
- Scientific Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zhazira Alibayeva
- Scientific Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (Z.A.)
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10
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Gu M, Fu J, Yan H, Yue X, Zhao S, Zhang Q, Li P. Approach for quick exploration of highly effective broad-spectrum biocontrol strains based on PO8 protein inhibition. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:45. [PMID: 37658048 PMCID: PMC10474023 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a group of strongly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and other Aspergillus species, which caused food contamination and food loss problems widely across the world especially in developing countries, thus threatening human health and sustainable development. So, it is important to develop new, green, and broad-spectrum biocontrol technology for the prevention of aflatoxin contamination sources. Previously, we found that the PO8 protein from aflatoxigenic A. flavus could be used as a biomarker to predict aflatoxin production in peanuts (so the PO8 is named as an early warning molecule), which infers that the PO8 is relative to aflatoxin production. Therefore, in the study, based on inhibiting the PO8, a new and quick strategy for screening aflatoxin biocontrol strains for developing control agents was presented. With the PO8 inhibition method, four biocontrol strains (2 strains were isolated from peanut kernels with sterilized surface and another 2 strains from peanut rhizosphere soil) were selected and combined to increase prevention wide-spectrum. As a result, the combination showed over 90% inhibition to all tested aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolated from three different peanut production areas (north, middle, and south areas of China), and better than any single strain. The field experiments located in five provinces of China showed that the practice prevention effects (inhibition of aflatoxigenic fungi on the surface of the peanuts) were from 50% to over 80%. The results indicated that the strategy of inhibiting the early warning molecule PO8 can be used to develop aflatoxin control agents well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Gu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Jiayun Fu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Honglin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Institute of Food Safety, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Wuhan, 430061, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, P. R. China.
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11
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Cardozo FA, Feitosa V, Mendonça CMN, da Silva FVS, Converti A, de Souza Oliveira RP, Pessoa A. Enhanced production of N-acetyl-glucosaminidase by marine Aeromonas caviae CHZ306 in bioreactor. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1533-1545. [PMID: 37610567 PMCID: PMC10485184 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetyl-glucosaminidases (GlcNAcases) are exoenzymes found in a wide range of living organisms, which have gained great attention in the treatment of disorders related to diabetes, Alzheimer's, Tay-Sachs', and Sandhoff's diseases; the control of phytopathogens; and the synthesis of bioactive GlcNAc-containing products. Aiming at future industrial applications, in this study, GlcNAcase production by marine Aeromonas caviae CHZ306 was enhanced first in shake flasks in terms of medium composition and then in bench-scale stirred-tank bioreactor in terms of physicochemical conditions. Stoichiometric balance between the bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen in the formulated culture medium, as well as the use of additional carbon and nitrogen sources, played a central role in improving the bioprocess, considerably increasing the enzyme productivity. The optimal cultivation medium was composed of colloidal α-chitin, corn steep liquor, peptone A, and mineral salts, in a 5.2 C:N ratio. Optimization of pH, temperature, colloidal α-chitin concentration, and kLa conditions further increased GlcNAcase productivity. Under optimized conditions in bioreactor (i.e., 34 °C, pH 8 and kLa 55.2 h-1), GlcNAcase activity achieved 173.4 U.L-1 after 12 h of cultivation, and productivity no less than 14.45 U.L-1.h-1 corresponding to a 370-fold enhancement compared to basal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Augusto Cardozo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Valker Feitosa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil
| | - Carlos Miguel Nóbrega Mendonça
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | | | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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12
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Chanworawit K, Wangsoonthorn P, Deevong P. Characterization of chitinolytic bacteria newly isolated from the termite Microcerotermes sp. and their biocontrol potential against plant pathogenic fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1077-1091. [PMID: 37328422 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from guts and shells of the termite Microcerotermes sp. Among the nineteen morphologically different chitinolytic isolates, three isolates with highest extracellular chitinase production ratio (≥2.26) were selected. Based on molecular identification of 16S rRNA gene sequences and biochemical characterizations using API test kits and MALDI-TOF MS, these isolates were closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Mc_E02) and Paenibacillus species (Mc_E07 and Mc_G06). Isolate Mc_E02 exhibited the highest chitinase-specific activity (2.45 U/mg protein) at 96 h of cultivation, and the enzyme activity was optimized at pH 7.0 and 45 °C. The isolate showed highest and broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against three phytopathogenic fungi (Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum capsici, and Fusarium oxysporum). Its 36-kDa chitinase exhibited the biomass reduction and mycelium inhibition against all fungi, with highest effects to Curvularia lunata. This research provides novel information about termite chitinolytic bacteria and their effective chitinase, with potential use as biocontrol tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Chanworawit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachara Wangsoonthorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinsurang Deevong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Arnold ND, Garbe D, Brück TB. Isolation, biochemical characterization, and genome sequencing of two high-quality genomes of a novel chitinolytic Jeongeupia species. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1372. [PMID: 37642486 PMCID: PMC10404844 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide worldwide as part of arthropods' exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. Low concentrations in soils and sediments indicate rapid decomposition through chitinolytic organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The enacting enzymes, so-called chitinases, and their products, chitooligosaccharides, exhibit promising characteristics with applications ranging from crop protection to cosmetics, medical, textile, and wastewater industries. Exploring novel chitinolytic organisms is crucial to expand the enzymatical toolkit for biotechnological chitin utilization and to deepen our understanding of diverse catalytic mechanisms. In this study, we present two long-read sequencing-based genomes of highly similar Jeongeupia species, which have been screened, isolated, and biochemically characterized from chitin-amended soil samples. Through metabolic characterization, whole-genome alignments, and phylogenetic analysis, we could demonstrate how the investigated strains differ from the taxonomically closest strain Jeongeupia naejangsanensis BIO-TAS4-2T (DSM 24253). In silico analysis and sequence alignment revealed a multitude of highly conserved chitinolytic enzymes in the investigated Jeongeupia genomes. Based on these results, we suggest that the two strains represent a novel species within the genus of Jeongeupia, which may be useful for environmentally friendly N-acetylglucosamine production from crustacean shell or fungal biomass waste or as a crop protection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Arnold
- Department of ChemistryWerner‐Siemens Chair for Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Daniel Garbe
- Department of ChemistryWerner‐Siemens Chair for Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Department of ChemistryWerner‐Siemens Chair for Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
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14
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Dobrzyński J, Jakubowska Z, Kulkova I, Kowalczyk P, Kramkowski K. Biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens by Bacillus pumilus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1194606. [PMID: 37560520 PMCID: PMC10407110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria are one of the most interesting methods of controlling fungal phytopathogens. These bacteria can participate in biocontrol via a variety of mechanisms including lipopeptide production, hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., chitinase, cellulases, glucanase) production, microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) production, and induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggering. Among the bacterial genera most frequently studied in this aspect are Bacillus spp. including Bacillus pumilus. Due to the range of biocontrol traits, B. pumilus is one of the most interesting members of Bacillus spp. that can be used in the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens. So far, a number of B. pumilus strains that exhibit biocontrol properties against fungal phytopathogens have been described, e.g., B. pumilus HR10, PTB180, B. pumilus SS-10.7, B. pumilus MCB-7, B. pumilus INR7, B. pumilus SE52, SE34, SE49, B. pumilus RST25, B. pumilus JK-SX001, and B. pumilus KUDC1732. B. pumilus strains are capable of suppressing phytopathogens such as Arthrobotrys conoides, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Importantly, B. pumilus can promote plant growth regardless of whether it alters the native microbiota or not. However, in order to increase its efficacy, research is still needed to clarify the relationship between the native microbiota and B. pumilus. Despite that, it can already be concluded that B. pumilus strains are good candidates to be environmentally friendly and commercially effective biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dobrzyński
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Jakubowska
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Iryna Kulkova
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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15
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Pandey C, Prabha D, Negi YK, Maheshwari DK, Dheeman S, Gupta M. Macrolactin a mediated biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani infestation on Amaranthus hypochondriacus by Bacillus subtilis BS-58. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1105849. [PMID: 36970695 PMCID: PMC10032343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases are one of the main hurdles for successful crop production and sustainable agriculture development world-wide. Though several chemical measures are available to manage crop diseases, many of them have serious side effects on humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, the use of such chemicals must be limited by using effective and eco-friendly alternatives. In view of the same, we found a Bacillus subtilis BS-58 as a good antagonist towards the two most devastating phytopathogens, i.e., Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Both the pathogens attack several agricultural crops (including amaranth) and induce a variety of infections in them. The findings of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in this study suggested that B. subtilis BS-58 could inhibit the growth of both the pathogenic fungi by various means such as perforation, cell wall lysis, and cytoplasmic disintegration in the fungal hyphae. Thin-layer chromatography, LC–MS and FT-IR data revealed the antifungal metabolite to be macrolactin A with a molecular weight of 402 Da. Presence of the mln gene in the bacterial genome further endorsed that the antifungal metabolite produced by BS-58 was macrolactin A. Pot trial conducted in the present study showed that seed treatment by BS-58 effectively reduced seedling mortality (54.00 and 43.76%) in amaranth, when grown in pathogen infested soil (F. oxysporum and R. solani, respectively), when compared to their respective negative controls. Data also revealed that the disease suppression ability of BS-58 was almost equivalent to the recommended fungicide, carbendazim. SEM analysis of roots of the seedlings recovered from pathogenic attack substantiated the hyphal disintegration by BS-58 and prevention of amaranth crop. The findings of this study conclude that macrolactin A produced by B. subtilis BS-58 is responsible for the inhibition of both the phytopathogens and the suppression of the diseases caused by them. Being native and target specific, such strains under suitable conditions, may result in ample production of antibiotic and better suppression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Pandey
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry (VCSG UUHF), Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepti Prabha
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Negi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry (VCSG UUHF), Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
- *Correspondence: Yogesh Kumar Negi,
| | - Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Monika Gupta
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Dahiya D, Pilli A, Chirra PRR, Sreeramula V, Mogili NV, Ayothiraman S. Morphological and structural characterization of chitin as a substrate for the screening, production, and molecular characterization of chitinase by Bacillus velezensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86550-86561. [PMID: 35895172 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The processing of shellfishery industrial wastes is gaining much interest in recent times due to the presence of valuable components. Chitin is one of the valuable components and is insoluble in most common solvents including water. In this study, a novel gram-positive bacterial strain capable of solubilizing chitin was screened from a prawn shell dumping yard. The chitinolytic activity of the isolated strain was observed through the zone of hydrolysis plate assay. The hyper-producing isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis through the 16S rRNA sequencing technique. The structural and morphological characterization of raw and colloidal chitin preparation was carried out using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. The residual protein and mineral content, degree of polymerization, and degree of acetylation were reported for both raw and colloidal chitin preparations. There was a linear increase in the chitinase activity with an increase in the colloidal chitin concentration. The maximum activity of chitinase was observed as 38.98 U/mL for the initial colloidal chitin concentration of 1.5%. Supplement of additional carbon sources, viz., glucose and maltose, did not improve the production of chitinase and resulted in a diauxic growth pattern. The maximum chitinase activity was observed to be 33.10 and 30.28 U/mL in the colloidal chitin-containing medium with and without glucose as a secondary carbon source, respectively. Interestingly, the addition of complex nitrogen sources has increased the production of chitinase. A 1.95- and 2.14-fold increase in the enzyme activity was observed with peptone and yeast extract, respectively. The chitinase was confirmed using SDS-PAGE, native PAGE, and zymograms. The optimum pH and temperature for chitinase enzyme activity were found to be 7.0 and 44 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Dahiya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101
| | - Akhil Pilli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101
| | - Pratap Raja Reddy Chirra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101
| | - Vinay Sreeramula
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101
| | - Nitish Venkateswarlu Mogili
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101
| | - Seenivasan Ayothiraman
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India, 534101.
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17
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Yang L, Yan C, Peng S, Chen L, Guo J, Lu Y, Li L, Ji Z. Broad-spectrum resistance mechanism of serine protease Sp1 in Bacillus licheniformis W10 via dual comparative transcriptome analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974473. [PMID: 36267189 PMCID: PMC9577198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic microorganisms are considered to be the most promising biological controls for plant disease. However, they are still not as popular as chemical pesticides due to complex environmental factors in the field. It is urgent to exploit their potential genetic characteristics and excellent properties to develop biopesticides with antimicrobial substances as the main components. Here, the serine protease Sp1 isolated from the Bacillus licheniformis W10 strain was confirmed to have a broad antifungal and antibacterial spectrum. Sp1 treatment significantly inhibited fungal vegetative growth and damaged the structure of hyphae, in accordance with that caused by W10 strain. Furthermore, Sp1 could activate the systemic resistance of peach twigs, fruits and tobacco. Dual comparative transcriptome analysis uncovered how Sp1 resisted the plant pathogenic fungus Phomopsis amygdali and the potential molecular resistance mechanisms of tobacco. In PSp1 vs. P. amygdali, RNA-seq identified 150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were upregulated and 209 DEGs that were downregulated. Further analysis found that Sp1 might act on the energy supply and cell wall structure to inhibit the development of P. amygdali. In TSp1 vs. Xanthi tobacco, RNA-seq identified that 5937 DEGs were upregulated and 2929 DEGs were downregulated. DEGs were enriched in the metabolic biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, plant–pathogen interactions, and MAPK signaling pathway–plant and further found that the genes of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways were highly expressed and the contents of SA and JA increased significantly, suggesting that systemic resistance induced by Sp1 shares features of SAR and ISR. In addition, Sp1 might induce the plant defense responses of tobacco. This study provides insights into the broad-spectrum resistance molecular mechanism of Sp1, which could be used as a potential biocontrol product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Peng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yihe Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaolin Ji,
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18
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Wang P, Yan S, Zhang W, Xie X, Li M, Ren T, Gu L, Zhang Z. Effect of soil management systems on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of tobacco: Continuous cropping vs. paddy-upland rotation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:996858. [PMID: 36204079 PMCID: PMC9530994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere bacteria play important role in soil nutrient cycling and plant growth, and their richness and diversity are influenced by soil management systems. However, the specific changes in tobacco rhizosphere bacterial community structure in continuous and tobacco-rice rotation cropping systems remain uninvestigated. In this study, soil properties and the composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community in tobacco monocropping and tobacco-rice rotation cropping systems were analyzed. Moreover, the comparison of rhizosphere bacterial community structure between tobacco continuous and tobacco-rice rotation cropping systems was performed via high-throughput sequencing. The changes in the composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community were investigated at different tobacco growth stages. The results showed that continuous tobacco cropping increased the soil soluble organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and the content of other nutrients (e.g., available phosphorus and available potassium) compared to tobacco-rice rotation cropping. However, monocropping decreased bacterial alpha-diversity and altered the community composition when compared to the rotation cropping system. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacteroidetes increased in the continuous cropping soil, while that of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria decreased. At the genera level, the average abundance of the dominant genus Bacillus varied from 12.96% in continuous cropping libraries to 6.33% in the rotation cropping libraries (p < 0.05). Additionally, several other taxa, such as o_Acidobacteriales and Candidatus_Solibacter decreased from 7.63 to 6.62% (p < 0.05) and 4.52 to 2.91% (p < 0.05), respectively. However, the relative abundance of f_Gemmatimonadaceae and c_Subgroup_6 showed an increase of 1.46% (p < 0.05) and 1.63% (p < 0.05) in the tobacco-rice rotation cropping system, respectively. The results of NMDS indicated that the rhizobacteria community structure differed in the two cropping systems. In tobacco, the rhizosphere bacterial community structure showed no significant changes in the prosperous long-term stage and topping stage, but the composition changed significantly in the mature stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shen Yan
- Staff Development Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaodan Xie
- Fujian Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Ren
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Rangel F, Santos RA, Monteiro M, Lavrador AS, Gasco L, Gai F, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Serra CR. Isolation of Chitinolytic Bacteria from European Sea Bass Gut Microbiota Fed Diets with Distinct Insect Meals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:964. [PMID: 36101344 PMCID: PMC9312007 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect meal (IM), recently authorized for use in aquafeeds, positions itself as a promising commodity for aquafeed inclusion. However, insects are also rich in chitin, a structural polysaccharide present in the exoskeleton, which is not digested by fish, resulting in lower fish performance. Through the application of a dietary pressure, this study aimed to modulate European sea bass gut microbiota towards the enrichment of chitinolytic bacteria to allow the isolation of novel probiotics capable of improving the use of IM-containing diets, overcoming chitin drawbacks. Five isoproteic (44%) and isolipidic (18%) diets were used: a fish meal (FM)-based diet (diet CTR), a chitin-supplemented diet (diet CHIT5), and three diets with either 25% of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor larvae meals (HM25 and TM25, respectively) or H. illucens exuviae meal (diet HEM25) as partial FM substitutes. After an 8-week feeding trial, the results showed a clear modulatory effect towards spore-forming bacteria by HM25 and HEM25 diets, with the latter being responsible for the majority of the chitinolytic fish isolates (FIs) obtained. Sequential evaluation of the FI hemolytic activity, antibiotic resistance, total chitinolytic activity, sporulation, and survival in gastrointestinal-like conditions identified FI645 and FI658 as the most promising chitinolytic probiotics for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rangel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rafaela A. Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Monteiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Lavrador
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy;
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy;
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R. Serra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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20
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Nilpa P, Chintan K, Sayyed RZ, El Enshasy H, El Adawi H, Alhazmi A, Almalki AH, Haque S. Formation of recombinant bifunctional fusion protein: A newer approach to combine the activities of two enzymes in a single protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265969. [PMID: 35363796 PMCID: PMC8975109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue of insects, pests, and fungi has a chitin layer followed by protein in the cell membrane. The complete biodegradation of chitin and protein-present in the waste requires the action of two enzymes, namely chitinase, and protease. Combining chitinase and protease in a single protein/enzyme will serve as a bifunctional enzyme that can efficiently degrade the chitin and protein-rich biomass. The present study was aimed to fuse these two enzymes to produce a single protein and study the kinetics of the recombinant fusion protein. A chitinase and alkaline protease genes were isolated, cloned, and expressed successfully as a fusion product in heterologous host Escherichia coli. The two native genes were successfully fused in E.coli by using flexible glycine–serine (G4S)2 linker (GGGGS, GS linker). The recombinant fusion protein in E.coli showed hydrolyzed chitin and protein on chitin and bovine serum albumin agar plates confirming the successful cloning and expression of chitinase and protease enzymes in a single fusion protein. The common pUC18-T7 mini vector with the ompA signal sequence helps the extracellular expression of fusion protein efficiently. The native gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular mass of purified protein as 92.0 kDa. The fusion protein’s maximal chitinase and protease activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 8.0 and 30 0C, respectively resembling the individual enzymes’. In the kinetic studies of the fusion protein, it was observed that the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+, Na2+, and Ca2+; significantly enhanced the enzyme activities while organic solvents oxidants and chemicals have drastically affected the activities of both the enzymes in the fusion protein. No such fusion protein has been produced in a heterologous host yet. The reports on fusion protein with biomass-degrading capacity are also scarce. This is probably the first report of a bifunctional chitinase/protease expressed in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Nilpa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Kapadia Chintan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s S. I. Patil Arts, G B Patel Science & STKVS Commerce College, Shahada, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Entomology, Asian PGPR Society for Sustainable Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - Hesham El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hala El Adawi
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Hawiah, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Nilüfer,Bursa, Turkey
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21
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Poria V, Rana A, Kumari A, Grewal J, Pranaw K, Singh S. Current Perspectives on Chitinolytic Enzymes and Their Agro-Industrial Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1319. [PMID: 34943233 PMCID: PMC8698876 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are a large and diversified category of enzymes that break down chitin, the world's second most prevalent polymer after cellulose. GH18 is the most studied family of chitinases, even though chitinolytic enzymes come from a variety of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families. Most of the distinct GH families, as well as the unique structural and catalytic features of various chitinolytic enzymes, have been thoroughly explored to demonstrate their use in the development of tailor-made chitinases by protein engineering. Although chitin-degrading enzymes may be found in plants and other organisms, such as arthropods, mollusks, protozoans, and nematodes, microbial chitinases are a promising and sustainable option for industrial production. Despite this, the inducible nature, low titer, high production expenses, and susceptibility to severe environments are barriers to upscaling microbial chitinase production. The goal of this study is to address all of the elements that influence microbial fermentation for chitinase production, as well as the purifying procedures for attaining high-quality yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Poria
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology (COBS & H), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Arti Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Jasneet Grewal
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kumar Pranaw
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
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22
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Bartholomai BM, Gladfelter AS, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC. Quantitative single molecule RNA-FISH and RNase-free cell wall digestion in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 156:103615. [PMID: 34425213 PMCID: PMC8463489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule RNA-FISH (smFISH) is a valuable tool for analysis of mRNA spatial patterning in fixed cells that is underutilized in filamentous fungi. A primary complication for fixed-cell imaging in filamentous fungi is the need for enzymatic cell wall permeabilization, which is compounded by considerable variability in cell wall composition between species. smFISH adds another layer of complexity due to a requirement for RNase free conditions. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and purification of a chitinase suitable for supplementation of a commercially available RNase-free enzyme preparation for efficient permeabilization of the Neurospora cell wall. We further provide a method for smFISH in Neurospora which includes a tool for generating numerical data from images that can be used in downstream customized analysis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Bartholomai
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- University of North Carolina, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA.
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23
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Choub V, Ajuna HB, Won SJ, Moon JH, Choi SI, Maung CEH, Kim CW, Ahn YS. Antifungal Activity of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 against Anthracnose Disease ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and Growth Promotion of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910438. [PMID: 34638782 PMCID: PMC8508943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a deleterious disease that severely affects the production of walnut (Juglans regia L.). The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal and growth promotion activities of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 as an alternative to chemical use in walnut production. The crude enzyme from B. velezensis CE 100 exhibited chitinase, protease, and β-l,3-glucanase activity and degraded the cell wall of C. gloeosporioides, causing the inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth by 99.3% and 33.6% at 100 µL/mL, respectively. The field application of B. velezensis CE 100 culture broth resulted in a 1.3-fold and 6.9-fold decrease in anthracnose disease severity compared to the conventional and control groups, respectively. Moreover, B. velezensis CE 100 produced indole-3-acetic acid (up to 1.4 µg/mL) and exhibited the potential for ammonium production and phosphate solubilization to enhance the availability of essential nutrients. Thus, field inoculation of B. velezensis CE 100 improved walnut root development, increased nutrient uptake, enhanced chlorophyll content, and consequently improved total biomass by 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold compared to the conventional and control groups, respectively. These results demonstrate that B. velezensis CE 100 is an effective biocontrol agent against anthracnose disease and a potential plant growth-promoting bacteria in walnut tree production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vantha Choub
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Henry B. Ajuna
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Sang-Jae Won
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Moon
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Su-In Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
| | - Chaw Ei Htwe Maung
- Division of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Division of Special-purpose Trees, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea;
| | - Young Sang Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.C.); (H.B.A.); (S.-J.W.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2081; Fax: +82-62-530-2089
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24
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Thakur N, Nath AK, Chauhan A, Gupta R. Purification, characterization, and antifungal activity of Bacillus cereus strain NK91 chitinase from rhizospheric soil samples of Himachal Pradesh, India. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1830-1842. [PMID: 34486170 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Newly isolated Bacillus cereus strain NK91 was characterized for extracellular chitinase production. Partially purified chitinase showed a molecular weight of 43.7 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis. The optimum pH and temperature for the partially purified enzyme were 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. The addition of Mn2+ resulted in a 21% increase in enzyme activity as compared to the control. The Vmax and Km of the enzyme were determined as 76.9 μmol/min and 0.07 mg/mL, respectively. This enzyme exhibited stronger antifungal activity towards Fusarium oxysporum (66.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (64.6%), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (63%), and transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis showed considerable changes in cell wall structure with the treatment of purified chitinase as compared to control. Therefore, this enzyme reveals its biocontrol potential against potent phytopathogens in agriculture that can be helpful in swapping harmful as well as expensive fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
| | - Amarjit K Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Soil Science and Water Management, College of Forestry, Dr Y r University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Rakesh Gupta
- Directorate of Research, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
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25
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Upadhyay A, Mohan S. Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis Isolated from Heterorhabditis indica Infected Apple Root Borer (Dorysthenes huegelii) Suppresses Nematode Production in Galleria mellonella. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:989-996. [PMID: 33768406 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterorhabdits indica successfully controlled apple root borer Dorysthenes huegelii in the orchards, but nematode-infected cadavers revealed the presence of non-symbiotic bacterial B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, and no subsequent generations of H. indica were produced (hampered recycling phenomenon). Intrigued, we tested the effect of the two Bacillus species on symbiotic association of H. indica-Photorhabdus luminescens. METHODS One-to-one competitive parallel line in vitro assays were carried out between P. luminescens and the two Bacillus spp., while in vivo H. indica development was studied on the test insect Galleria mellonella which were fed with Bacillus mixed diet, followed by nematode exposure. RESULTS Where P. luminescens was flanked by either of the two Bacillus species, only B. subtilis significantly suppressed its growth, while in reversed assays both the Bacillus growth was unaffected. Heterorhabditis indica was able to kill Galleria larvae pre-fed with the two Bacillus spp.; these cadavers did not develop the characteristic evenly distributed brick red coloration. Besides P. luminesecns, both Bacillus spp. were found to coexist in these cadavers. Development of hermaphrodites was not affected, but second-generation females, and final nematode progeny was reduced significantly. Monozenic lawns of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis did not support H. indica development. CONCLUSION These results show the reduced development of H. indica by the presence of the non-symbiotic bacteria in G. mellonella is likely to affect their ability to recycle in other insect larvae. Reduced recycling caused by non-symbiotic bacteria will reduce the overall long-term pest control benefits and have implications in the development of application strategies using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as insect control agents.
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26
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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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27
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Cd D, Lb V, Ma M, Md B. Extracellular Antifungal Activity of Chitinase-Producing Bacteria Isolated From Guano of Insectivorous Bats. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2787-2798. [PMID: 34086077 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in the use of agrochemicals requires the development of either alternatives or complementary control methods in order to limit their dangerousness. An alternative is the biological control of fungi by bacteria. The fungal cell wall is a unique structure of the fungi, composed of glucan, chitin, and glycoproteins. Therefore, bacteria producing mycolytic enzymes, like chitinases, are of great interest to degrade fungal cell-wall components. The objectives of this work were to isolate chitinolytic bacteria from the guano of insectivorous bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) and to verify the presence of antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi. From the guano samples, 28 bacterial isolates were obtained, 70% of which presented chitinolytic activity. Four isolates were selected since they showed the highest values of chitinase activity, and they were characterized as belonging to Bacillus genus, by analyzing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Cell-free supernatants of bacterial cultures were used in inhibition tests on 16 fungi: Alternaria and Colletotrichum acutatum were the most affected. Chitinase and antifungal activities were observed in the cell-free supernatant regardless of the culture medium used. Both activities were stable to heat and proteinase K treatments. Finally, when the culture medium was supplemented with 1 ml of cell-free supernatants (0.33%) and incubated for 120 h, the inhibition of hyphae formation and germination spores of reporter fungus were observed under light microscopy. These results suggest the feasibility of using cell-free supernatants as eco-friendly fungicides. The use of them may contribute to reducing the dose of toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfini Cd
- INQUISAL, CONICET. FQByF, UNSL, Chacabuco 917 (D5700BWS), 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Villegas Lb
- INQUISAL, CONICET. FQByF, UNSL, Chacabuco 917 (D5700BWS), 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Martínez Ma
- PROIMI, CONICET, Av. Belgrano Y Pje. Caseros, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Baigorí Md
- PROIMI, CONICET, Av. Belgrano Y Pje. Caseros, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química, Farmacia y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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28
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Belousova ME, Malovichko YV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Dissecting the Environmental Consequences of Bacillus thuringiensis Application for Natural Ecosystems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050355. [PMID: 34065665 PMCID: PMC8155924 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a natural pathogen of different invertebrates, primarily insects, is widely used as a biological control agent. While Bt-based preparations are claimed to be safe for non-target organisms due to the immense host specificity of the bacterium, the growing evidence witnesses the distant consequences of their application for natural communities. For instance, upon introduction to soil habitats, Bt strains can affect indigenous microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, and further establish complex relationships with local plants, ranging from a mostly beneficial demeanor, to pathogenesis-like plant colonization. By exerting a direct effect on target insects, Bt can indirectly affect other organisms in the food chain. Furthermore, they can also exert an off-target activity on various soil and terrestrial invertebrates, and the frequent acquisition of virulence factors unrelated to major insecticidal toxins can extend the Bt host range to vertebrates, including humans. Even in the absence of direct detrimental effects, the exposure to Bt treatment may affect non-target organisms by reducing prey base and its nutritional value, resulting in delayed alleviation of their viability. The immense phenotypic plasticity of Bt strains, coupled with the complexity of ecological relationships they can engage in, indicates that further assessment of future Bt-based pesticides' safety should consider multiple levels of ecosystem organization and extend to a wide variety of their inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Belousova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Prasad JK, Pandey P, Anand R, Raghuwanshi R. Drought Exposed Burkholderia seminalis JRBHU6 Exhibits Antimicrobial Potential Through Pyrazine-1,4-Dione Derivatives Targeting Multiple Bacterial and Fungal Proteins. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633036. [PMID: 33935993 PMCID: PMC8079638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the antimicrobial potentials of soil bacteria and identify the bioactive compounds and their likely targets through in silico studies. A total 53 bacterial isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential of which the strain JRBHU6 showing highest antimicrobial activity was identified as Burkholderia seminalis (GenBank accession no. MK500868) based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. B. seminalis JRBHU6 also produced hydrolytic enzymes chitinases and cellulase of significance in accrediting its antimicrobial nature. The bioactive metabolites produced by the isolate were extracted in different organic solvents among which methanolic extract showed best growth-suppressing activities toward multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and fungal strains, viz Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichoderma harzianum. The antimicrobial compounds were purified using silica gel thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, the bioactive metabolites were identified as pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro (PPDH) and pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3(2-methylpropyl) (PPDHMP). In silico molecular docking studies showed the bioactive compounds targeting fungal and bacterial proteins, among which PPDHMP was multitargeting in nature as reported for the first time through this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Kishor Prasad
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Priyanka Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Richa Anand
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Richa Raghuwanshi
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Bacillus licheniformis PR2 Controls Fungal Diseases and Increases Production of Jujube Fruit under Field Conditions. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using biocontrol agents to control fungal diseases and increase the production of jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujua Miller var. inermis Rehder). The purpose of this study was to use Bacillus licheniformis PR2 to inhibit fungal diseases and promote fruit production in jujube orchards. B. licheniformis PR2 secreted 92.4 unit/mL of chitinase, which inhibited fungal phytopathogens through hyphal alterations with swelling and bulbous structures. B. licheniformis PR2 also inhibited mycelial growths of fruit fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Phytophthora nicotianae by 81.3%, 60.1%, and 67.0%, respectively. B. licheniformis PR2 increased jujube fruit yield by 17.9 kg/tree by reducing rotting damage caused by fungal pathogens, with a yield 3.2 times higher than that achieved by the control without PR2 treatment. In addition, B. licheniformis PR2 produced auxin, which promoted cell division after flower fertilization, thus increasing fruit length and diameter by 1.2-fold compared to those of the control. These results confirmed that eco-friendly B. licheniformis PR2 could effectively control fungal diseases in jujube orchards and improve its fruit size and yield.
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Zhang J, Yu X, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Zhu H, Tang C. Pectin lyase enhances cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt by inducing cell apoptosis of Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124029. [PMID: 33068990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a major disease in cotton. We found that pectin lyase can enhance cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt and induce cell apoptosis of V. dahliae strain Vd080. The biocontrol effect of pectin lyase on Vd080 reached 61.9%. Pectin lyase increased ERG4 (Delta (24 (24 (1)))-sterol reductase) expression, the ergosterol content of the cell membrane, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, hydrogen peroxide content, metacaspase activity, and Ca2+ content in the cytoplasm in the Vd080 strain and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Pectin lyase also increased the expression levels of the ER molecular chaperone glucose regulating protein Grp78 (BiP), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and calnexin (CNX), reduced the expression levels of the protein Hsp40. When the PDI and BiP genes of Vd080 were knocked out, the mutants △BiP and △PDI had reduced sensitivity to pectin lyase. In the absence of external stress, ER stress appeared in mutant △BiP cells. Pectin lyase affects the ergosterol content of the Vd080 cell membrane, which causes ER stress and increases the level of BiP to induce Vd080 cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate that pectin lyase can be used to control Verticillium wilt in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, China.
| | - Canming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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A novel anti-dipteran Bacillus thuringiensis strain: Unusual Cry toxin genes in a highly dynamic plasmid environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02294-20. [PMID: 33310715 PMCID: PMC8090892 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02294-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis emerged as a major bioinsecticide on the global market. It offers a valuable alternative to chemical products classically utilized to control pest insects. Despite the efficiency of several strains and products available on the market, the scientific community is always on the lookout for novel toxins that can replace or supplement the existing products. In this study, H3, a novel B. thuringiensis strain showing mosquitocidal activity, was isolated from Lebanese soil and characterized at an in vivo, genomic and proteomic levels. H3 parasporal crystal is toxic on its own but displays an unusual killing profile with a higher LC50 than the reference B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis crystal proteins. In addition, H3 has a different toxicity order: it is more toxic to Aedes albopictus and Anopheles gambiae than to Culex pipiens Whole genome sequencing and crystal analysis revealed that H3 can produce eleven novel Cry proteins, eight of which are assembled in genes with an orf1-gap-orf2 organization, where orf2 is a potential Cry4-type crystallization domain. Moreover, pH3-180, the toxin-carrying plasmid, holds a wide repertoire of mobile genetic elements that amount to ca 22% of its size., including novel insertion sequences and class II transposable elements Two other large plasmids present in H3 carry genetic determinants for the production of many interesting molecules - such as chitinase, cellulase and bacitracin - that may add up to H3 bioactive properties. This study therefore reports a novel mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis strain with unusual Cry toxin genes in a rich mobile DNA environment.IMPORTANCE Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil entomopathogenic bacteria, is at the base of many sustainable eco-friendly bio-insecticides. Hence stems the need to continually characterize insecticidal toxins. H3 is an anti-dipteran B. thuringiensis strain, isolated from Lebanese soil, whose parasporal crystal contains eleven novel Cry toxins and no Cyt toxins. In addition to its individual activity, H3 showed potential as a co-formulant with classic commercialized B. thuringiensis products, to delay the emergence of resistance and to shorten the time required for killing. On a genomic level, H3 holds three large plasmids, one of which carries the toxin-coding genes, with four occurrences of the distinct orf1-gap-orf2 organization. Moreover, this plasmid is extremely rich in mobile genetic elements, unlike its two co-residents. This highlights the important underlying evolutionary traits between toxin-carrying plasmids and the adaptation of a B. thuringiensis strain to its environment and insect host spectrum.
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Madan K, Madan M, Sharma S, Paliwal S. Chitinases: Therapeutic Scaffolds for Allergy and Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 14:46-57. [PMID: 31934842 PMCID: PMC7509760 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x14666200114184054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Chitinases are the evolutionary conserved glycosidic enzymes that are characterized by their ability to cleave the naturally abundant polysaccharide chitin. The potential role of chitinases has been identified in the manifestation of various allergies and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, chitinases inhibitors are emerging as an alluring area of interest for the researchers and scientists and there is a dire need for the development of potential and safe chitinase antagonists for the prophylaxis and treatment of several diseases. Objective: The present review expedites the role of chitinases and their inhibitors in inflammation and related disorders. Methods: At first, an exhaustive survey of literature and various patents available related to chitinases were carried out. Useful information on chitinases and their inhibitor was gathered from the authentic scientific databases namely SCOPUS, EMBASE, PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, WEB OF SCIENCE, etc. This information was further analyzed and compiled up to prepare the framework of the review article. The search strategy was conducted by using queries with key terms “ chitin”, “chitinase”, “chitotrisidase”, “acidic mammalian chitinase”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “asthma” and “chitinases associated inflammatory disorders”, etc. The patents were searched using the key terms “chitinases and uses thereof”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “chitin-chitinase associated pathological disorders” etc. from www.google.com/patents, www.freepatentsonline.com, and www.scopus.com. Results: The present review provides a vision for apprehending human chitinases and their participation in several diseases. The patents available also signify the extended role and effectiveness of chitinase inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of various diseases viz. asthma, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, dental diseases, neurologic diseases, metabolic diseases, liver diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer. In this regard, extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigations are required to develop some novel, potent and selective drug molecules for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, allergies and cancers in the foreseeable future. Conclusion: In conclusion, chitinases can be used as potential biomarkers in prognosis and diagnosis of several inflammatory diseases and allergies and the design of novel chitinase inhibitors may act as key and rational scaffolds in designing some novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtika Madan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
| | - Mansi Madan
- Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon- 425309, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
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Curing piglets from diarrhea and preparation of a healthy microbiome with Bacillus treatment for industrial animal breeding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19476. [PMID: 33173074 PMCID: PMC7656456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput farming of animals for an essential purpose such as large scale health and production of hogs is a challenge for the food industry in the modern world. The problem is that the breeding of livestock for fast growth or high yields of meat is often associated with illness and microbial infection that develop under the breeding conditions. Piglet diarrhea is most common pig disease, leading to heavy mortality and thereby economic loss. We proved that chemical drugs can relieve the symptoms of diarrhea in ill piglets, but they do not treat the underlying cause, i.e. significantly altered bacterial gut flora. Using Illumina sequencing of fecal DNA, we showed that the bacterial gut flora of piglets treated with antibiotics remain close to the ill conditions. However, using Illumina sequencing of fecal DNA from piglets treated with a specific Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis Y-15, B. amyloliquefaciens DN6502 and B. licheniformis SDZD02) demonstrated the efficiency of natural bioproducts not only on curing diarrhea, but also on beneficial bacteria to re-establish in the piglet gut. We therefore propose a new natural “medicine” to be explored by the world farm animal agriculture industry, particularly for sustainable improvement of swine livestock production and health.
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Goswami M, Deka S. Isolation of a novel rhizobacteria having multiple plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity against certain phytopathogens. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Suganthi M, Arvinth S, Senthilkumar P. Comparative bioefficacy of Bacillus and Pseudomonas chitinase against Helopeltis theivora in tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2053-2060. [PMID: 33088049 PMCID: PMC7548272 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze) is an industry-oriented economical crop in India. Among the sap sucking pests, tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora) is one of the most serious pests causing heavy crop loss in tea plantation. Continuous use of chemical pesticides causes environmental pollution and health hazards besides developing pesticide residues in tea powder. The control of pests by bacterial metabolite is an alternative that may contribute to reduce or eliminate the chemical pesticide use. The use of chitinase as a biological control is an emerging field of research. In the present study, Chitinase (~ 25 kDa) was purified from Bacillus cereus C-13 strain using gel-filtration chromatography and further characterized for its optimum pH, temperature and substrate specificity. Bioefficacy of chitinase from B. cereus C-13 was compared with our previously reported Pseudomonas fluorescens MP-13 chitinase against H. theivora. Result concluded that, 100% and 78% mortality was observed by using P. fluorescens MP-13 chitinase and B. cereus C-13 chitinase, respectively. In future, bacterial chitinase can be utilized in eco-friendly pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Suganthi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, UPASI Tea Research Institute, Valparai, Tamilnadu 642 127 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 117 India
| | - S. Arvinth
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, UPASI Tea Research Institute, Valparai, Tamilnadu 642 127 India
- Department of Botany, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641 004 India
| | - P. Senthilkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu 603 203 India
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Habibi A, Karami S, Varmira K, Hadadi M. Key parameters optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus terreus using apple waste extract as sole carbon source. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 44:283-295. [PMID: 32959145 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is commonly obtained from shrimp and crab shell chitin by deacetylation; however, such supplies appear limitation. An alternative source of chitosan is cell wall in certain fungi. In this study, chitosan production through submerged fermentation of Aspergillus terreus on apple waste extract as sole carbon source was investigated. Monod equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.083 h-1 and half-saturation constant of 6.67 w/v% was best described the kinetic of growth. Results of response surface methodology showed the highest chitosan to substrate yield of 49.32 mg gsubstrate-1, chitosan to fungal biomass yield of 140.9 mg gcell-1, and fungal biomass to substrate yield of 0.387 gcell gsubstrate-1 were simultaneously obtained at temperature 30.0 °C, initial pH 5.98, and ammonium nitrate concentration 5.0 g L-1. The chitosan produced at the optimum condition was characterized by FTIR, TGA, and DSC analysis, and degree of deacetylation was 88.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Habibi
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Salar Karami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kambiz Varmira
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Malihe Hadadi
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Saad MMG, Kandil M, Mohammed YMM. Isolation and Identification of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Highly Effective in Suppressing Root Rot in Fava Beans. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2155-2165. [PMID: 32372106 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 18 plant growth-promoting bacterial (PGPB) strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both Red silk-cotton tree (Bombax malabaricum) and Chinese banyan (Ficus retusa). Culture morphology was observed and genotypic characterization was accomplished by sequencing partial 16S rRNA gene. Plant growth promotion traits and antagonistic activities of the strains against phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated. Among all strains, Bacillus thuringiensis (MN419208) exert the highest indole acetic acid (38 µg/ml), produced exopolysaccharides (587.2 µg/ml), and fixed nitrogen which in turn increased both fresh and dry weights of bean plants by 41.5% and 18.8%, respectively. In another greenhouse experiment studying the antifungal activities of seven strains and their co-culture against Rhizoctonia solani (LN735538), B. sonorensis MN419205, B. wiedmannii MN419207, B. subtilis MN419218, and the mixture of (MN419207) and (MN419208) reduced total damping off from 81.7% in control to 30%, 35%, 35%, and 38.3%, respectively, and reduced disease severity index from 33.3% to 20.5%, 22.5%, 14.2%, and 19.3% as well. Our data indicate that these strains are effective in promoting plant growth and in inhibiting R. solani infection nonetheless field experiments are needed to examine their effectiveness as a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers and conventional pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M G Saad
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mahrous Kandil
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Youssef M M Mohammed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Fontana JD, Ferreira RL, Zuccolotto T, de Borba Dallagassa C, Wielewski LP, Chalcoski BMS, da Silva MAN, Richardi VS, Golart J, de Melo Rodovalho C. Accelerating the Morphogenetic Cycle of the Viral Vector Aedes aegypti Larvae for Faster Larvicidal Bioassays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7405421. [PMID: 32908910 PMCID: PMC7475756 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7405421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Any bioassay to test new chemically synthesized larvicides or phytolarvicides against Culicidae and more harmful mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which specifically transmit dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya viral fevers as well as Zika virus, or Anopheles gambiae, a vector for malaria and philariasis, requires thousands of well-developed larvae, preferably at the fourth instar stage. The natural morphogenetic cycle of Aedes spp., in the field or in the laboratory, may extend to 19 days at room temperature (e.g., 25°C) from the first permanent contact between viable eggs and water and the last stage of larval growth or metamorphosis into flying adults. Thus, accelerated sequential molting is desirable for swifter bioassays of larvicides. We achieved this goal in Aedes aegypti with very limited strategic and low-cost additions to food, such as coconut water, milk or its casein, yeast extract, and to a lesser extent, glycerol. The naturally rich coconut water was excellent for quickly attaining the population of instar IV larvae, the most advanced one before pupation, saving about a week, for subsequent larvicidal bioassays. Diluted milk, as another food source, allowed an even faster final ecdysis and adults are useful for mosquito taxonomical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Domingos Fontana
- Master Program on Urban and Industrial Environments, Federal University of Paraná (MAUI-UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lopes Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Zuccolotto
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Pellizzari Wielewski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maria Santano Chalcoski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mario Antonio Navarro da Silva
- Culicidae and Chironomidae Morphology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Sobrinho Richardi
- Culicidae and Chironomidae Morphology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jonas Golart
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cynara de Melo Rodovalho
- Arthropod Vectors Control and Physiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Current Insights on Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) as Next Generation Pest Killers. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080522. [PMID: 32823872 PMCID: PMC7472478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram negative soil bacterium. This bacterium secretes various proteins during different growth phases with an insecticidal potential against many economically important crop pests. One of the important families of Bt proteins is vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip), which are secreted into the growth medium during vegetative growth. There are three subfamilies of Vip proteins. Vip1 and Vip2 heterodimer toxins have an insecticidal activity against many Coleopteran and Hemipteran pests. Vip3, the most extensively studied family of Vip toxins, is effective against Lepidopteron. Vip proteins do not share homology in sequence and binding sites with Cry proteins, but share similarities at some points in their mechanism of action. Vip3 proteins are expressed as pyramids alongside Cry proteins in crops like maize and cotton, so as to control resistant pests and delay the evolution of resistance. Biotechnological- and in silico-based analyses are promising for the generation of mutant Vip proteins with an enhanced insecticidal activity and broader spectrum of target insects.
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Sharma S, Kumar S, Khajuria A, Ohri P, Kaur R, Kaur R. Biocontrol potential of chitinases produced by newly isolated Chitinophaga sp. S167. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:90. [PMID: 32524202 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A chitinolytic bacterium Chitinophaga sp. S167 producing extracellular chitinases was isolated from a soil sample in India. The extracellular chitinases produced by S167 were concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation (AS70) and seven bands corresponding to chitinases were observed by zymography. Optimum temperature and pH of AS70 were between 40 and 45 °C and pH 6.0 respectively with high stability at 20-40 °C and pH 5-7. AS70 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium sp. in vitro. The culture conditions for the high level production of extracellular chitinases were optimized resulting in 48-folds higher chitinase production. As the combination of chitinases could be more potent in biocontrol of plant diseases, it was checked if AS70 could control postharvest fungal infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum on tomatoes. AS70 treated tomatoes showed significant lower incidence of infection (11%) by F. oxysporum as compared with 100% in the control at 5 days post inoculation. Further, AS70 caused significant mortality in second stage juveniles of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, a major agriculture pest responsible for economic losses in agriculture. This study highlights the antifungal and nematicidal activity of chitinases produced by Chitinophaga sp. S167. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the biocontrol potential of the chitinases produced by Chitinophaga sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anjali Khajuria
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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43
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Partial purification and characterization of chitinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis B307. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03858. [PMID: 32395650 PMCID: PMC7205749 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal conditions required for chitinase production from Bacillus licheniformis B307 strain, obtained from Syrian soil, were studied. Optimization experiments were carried out under submerged fermentation conditions, and colloidal chitin was the source of carbon. Luria broth medium supplied with 0.5% colloidal chitin was the optimum medium for chitinase production. The maximum chitinase yield was obtained at 30 °C, pH6, incubation time 14 days, and 150 rpm. The optimum chitinase activity was achieved at 60 °C and pH6. The chitinase activity with unmodified medium was 1.9 U/mL which then enhanced about eight folds to reach 14.2 U/mL under optimized submerged fermentation conditions. An extracellular chitinase of Bacillus licheniformis B307 was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by concentration with various sizes of concentrator tubes. The chitinase was partially purified 8.24 fold and specific enzyme activity increased 2.08 fold (2 U/mg). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of partial purified chitinase exhibited a molecular weight (Mr) near to 36 and 42kDa. These results make it possible to invest in this strain to produce chitinase to be used as antifungal, food additives and other applications.
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44
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Chen M, Liu H, Yu S, Wang M, Pan L, Chen N, Wang T, Chi X, Du B. Long-term continuously monocropped peanut significantly changed the abundance and composition of soil bacterial communities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9024. [PMID: 32377450 PMCID: PMC7194089 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil sickness is the progressive loss of soil quality due to continuous monocropping. The bacterial populations are critical to sustaining agroecosystems, but their responses to long-term peanut monocropping have not been determined. In this study, based on a previously constructed gradient of continuous monocropped plots, we tracked the detailed feedback responses of soil bacteria to short- and long-term continuous monocropping of four different peanut varieties using high-throughput sequencing techniques. The analyses showed that soil samples from 1- and 2-year monocropped plots were grouped into one class, and samples from the 11- and 12-year plots were grouped into another. Long-term consecutive monocropping could lead to a general loss in bacterial diversity and remarkable changes in bacterial abundance and composition. At the genera level, the dominant genus Bacillus changed in average abundance from 1.49% in short-term monocropping libraries to 2.96% in the long-term libraries. The dominant species Bacillus aryabhattai and Bacillus funiculus and the relatively abundant species Bacillus luciferensis and Bacillus decolorationis all showed increased abundance with long-term monocropping. Additionally, several other taxa at the genus and species level also presented increased abundance with long-term peanut monocropping; however, several taxa showed decreased abundance. Comparing analyses of predicted bacterial community functions showed significant changes at different KEGG pathway levels with long-term peanut monocropping. Combined with our previous study, this study indicated that bacterial communities were obviously influenced by the monocropping period, but less influenced by peanut variety and growth stage. Some bacterial taxa with increased abundance have functions of promoting plant growth or degrading potential soil allelochemicals, and should be closely related with soil remediation and may have potential application to relieve peanut soil sickness. A decrease in diversity and abundance of bacterial communities, especially beneficial communities, and simplification of bacterial community function with long-term peanut monocropping could be the main cause of peanut soil sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shanlin Yu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Pan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Chen
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chi
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Binghai Du
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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45
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Tang A, Haruna AO, Majid NMA, Jalloh MB. Potential PGPR Properties of Cellulolytic, Nitrogen-Fixing, Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria in Rehabilitated Tropical Forest Soil. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030442. [PMID: 32245141 DOI: 10.1101/351916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the midst of the major soil degradation and erosion faced by tropical ecosystems, rehabilitated forests are being established to avoid the further deterioration of forest lands. In this context, cellulolytic, nitrogen-fixing (N-fixing), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are very important functional groups in regulating the elemental cycle and plant nutrition, hence replenishing the nutrient content in forest soils. As is the case for other potential plant growth-promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria, these functional bacteria could have cross-functional abilities or beneficial traits that are essential for plants and can improve their growth. This study was conducted to isolate, identify, and characterize selected PGP properties of these three functional groups of bacteria from tropical rehabilitated forest soils at Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Malaysia. The bacteria were isolated based on their colonial growth on respective functional media, identified using both molecular and selected biochemical properties, and were assessed for their functional quantitative activities as well as PGP properties based on seed germination tests and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. Out of the 15 identified bacterial isolates that exhibited beneficial phenotypic traits, a third belong to the genus Burkholderia and a fifth to Stenotrophomonas sp., with both genera consisting of members from two different functional groups. The results of the experiments confirm the multiple PGP traits of some selected bacterial isolates based on their respective high functional activities, root and shoot lengths, and seedling vigor improvements when bacterized on mung bean seeds, as well as significant IAA production. The results of this study suggest that these functional bacterial strains could potentially be included in bio-fertilizer formulations for crop growth on acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Tang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Osumanu Haruna
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Muhamad Ab Majid
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan Branch, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Sabah, Malaysia
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Zhou J, Yin L, Wu C, Wu S, Lu J, Fang H, Qian Y. Screening of an Alkaline CMCase-Producing Strain and the Optimization of its Fermentation Condition. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1304-1315. [PMID: 31995003 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200129123818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alkaline Carboxymethyl Cellulase (CMCase) is an attractive enzyme for the textile, laundry, pulp, and paper industries; however, commercial preparations with sufficient activity at alkaline conditions are scarce. METHODS High CMCase-producing bacterial isolate, SX9-4, was screened out from soil bacteria, which was identified as Flavobacterium sp. on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS The optimum pH and temperature for CMCase reaction were 8.0 and 55°C, respectively. Alkaline CMCase was stable over wide pH (3.0-10.6) and temperature (25-55°C) ranges. Enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by the bivalent cations Mn2+ and Cu2+, and was activated by Fe2+. To improve the alkaline CMCase production of SX9-4, fermentation parameters were selected through onefactor- at-a-time and further carried out by response surface methodologies based on a central composite design. CONCLUSION High CMCase production (57.18 U/mL) was achieved under the optimal conditions: 10.53 g/L carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 7.74 g/L glucose, 13.71 g/L peptone, and 5.27 g/L ammonium oxalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhou
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chenbin Wu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jidong Lu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongchang Qian
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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47
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Martínez-Zavala SA, Barboza-Pérez UE, Hernández-Guzmán G, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Chitinases of Bacillus thuringiensis: Phylogeny, Modular Structure, and Applied Potentials. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 31993038 PMCID: PMC6971178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important bioinsecticide used worldwide is Bacillus thuringiensis and its hallmark is a rich variety of insecticidal Cry protein, many of which have been genetically engineered for expression in transgenic crops. Over the past 20 years, the discovery of other insecticidal proteins and metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis, including chitinases, antimicrobial peptides, vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), and siderophores, has expanded the applied value of this bacterium for use as an antibacterial, fungicidal, and nematicidal resource. These properties allow us to view B. thuringiensis not only as an entity for the production of a particular metabolite, but also as a multifaceted microbial factory. In particular, chitinases of B. thuringiensis are secreted enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, an abundant molecule in the biosphere, second only to cellulose. The observation that chitinases increase the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins has stimulated further study of these enzymes produced by B. thuringiensis. Here, we provide a review of a subset of our knowledge of B. thuringiensis chitinases as it relates to their phylogenetic relationships, regulation of expression, biotechnological potential for controlling entomopathogens, fungi, and nematodes, and their use in generating chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOGs) that possess antibacterial activities against a number of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Recent advances in the structural organization of these enzymes are also discussed, as are our perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Uriel E Barboza-Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
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48
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Malovichko YV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Repertoire of the Bacillus thuringiensis Virulence Factors Unrelated to Major Classes of Protein Toxins and Its Role in Specificity of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E347. [PMID: 31212976 PMCID: PMC6628457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive soil bacteria that infects invertebrates, predominantly of Arthropoda phylum. Due to its immense host range Bt has become a leading producer of biopesticides applied both in biotechnology and agriculture. Cytotoxic effect of Bt, as well as its host specificity, are commonly attributed either to proteinaceous crystal parasporal toxins (Cry and Cyt) produced by bacteria in a stationary phase or to soluble toxins of Vip and Sip families secreted by vegetative cells. At the same time, numerous non-toxin virulence factors of Bt have been discovered, including metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics and nucleotide-mimicking moieties. These agents act at each stage of the B. thuringiensis invasion and contribute to cytotoxic properties of Bt strains enhancing toxin activity, ensuring host immune response evasion and participating in extracellular matrix degeneration. In this review we attempt to classify Bt virulence factors unrelated to major groups of protein toxins and discuss their putative role in the establishment of Bt specificity to various groups of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anton A Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Kirill S Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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49
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Horak I, Engelbrecht G, Rensburg PJ, Claassens S. Microbial metabolomics: essential definitions and the importance of cultivation conditions for utilizingBacillusspecies as bionematicides. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:326-343. [PMID: 30739384 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Horak
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - G. Engelbrecht
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | | | - S. Claassens
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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50
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Hazarika DJ, Goswami G, Gautom T, Parveen A, Das P, Barooah M, Boro RC. Lipopeptide mediated biocontrol activity of endophytic Bacillus subtilis against fungal phytopathogens. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:71. [PMID: 30940070 PMCID: PMC6444643 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of chemical fungicides against fungal pathogens adversely affects soil and plant health thereby resulting in overall environmental hazards. Therefore, biological source for obtaining antifungal agents is considered as an environment-friendly alternative for controlling fungal pathogens. Results In this study, seven endophytic bacteria were isolated from sugarcane leaves and screened for its antifungal activity against 10 fungal isolates belonging to the genera Alternaria, Cochliobolus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Neodeightonia, Phomopsis and Saccharicola isolated from diseased leaves of sugarcane. Among the seven bacterial isolates, SCB-1 showed potent antagonistic activity against the tested fungi. Based on the phenotypic data, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate SCB-1 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The bacterial isolate was screened negative for chitinase production; however, chloroform and methanol extracts of the bacterial culture caused significant inhibition in the growth of the fungal isolates on semisolid media. Volatile component assay showed highest inhibitory activity against Saccharicola bicolor (SC1.4). A PCR based study detected the presence of the genes involved in biosynthesis of surfactin, bacillaene, difficidin, macrolactins and fengycin. Mass spectrometric analysis of the bacterial extract detected the presence of antifungal lipopeptide surfactin, but other metabolites were not detected. The biocontrol activity of the bacterial isolate was established when bacterial pretreated mung bean seeds were able to resist Fusarium infection, however, the untreated seeds failed to germinate. Conclusion The antifungal potential of isolate Bacillus subtilis SCB-1 was established against taxonomically diverse fungal pathogens including the genera Saccharicola, Cochliobolus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The potent antifungal compound surfactin as well as volatiles produced by the bacterial isolate could be responsible for its bio-control activity against fungal infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1440-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Jyoti Hazarika
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Gunajit Goswami
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Trishnamoni Gautom
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Assma Parveen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Pompi Das
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India
| | - Robin Chandra Boro
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, 785013, Jorhat, India.
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