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Li F, Cao D, Gu W, Li D, Liu Z, Cui L. Folate-Targeted Nanocarriers Co-Deliver Ganciclovir and miR-34a-5p for Combined Anti-KSHV Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2932. [PMID: 38474177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause a variety of malignancies. Ganciclovir (GCV) is one of the most efficient drugs against KSHV, but its non-specificity can cause other side effects in patients. Nucleic acid miR-34a-5p can inhibit the transcription of KSHV RNA and has great potential in anti-KSHV therapy, but there are still problems such as easy degradation and low delivery efficiency. Here, we constructed a co-loaded dual-drug nanocomplex (GCV@ZIF-8/PEI-FA+miR-34a-5p) that contains GCV internally and adsorbs miR-34a-5p externally. The folic acid (FA)-coupled polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating layer (PEI-FA) was shown to increase the cellular uptake of the nanocomplex, which is conducive to the enrichment of drugs at the KSHV infection site. GCV and miR-34a-5p are released at the site of the KSHV infection through the acid hydrolysis characteristics of ZIF-8 and the "proton sponge effect" of PEI. The co-loaded dual-drug nanocomplex not only inhibits the proliferation and migration of KSHV-positive cells but also decreases the mRNA expression level of KSHV lytic and latent genes. In conclusion, this co-loaded dual-drug nanocomplex may provide an attractive strategy for antiviral drug delivery and anti-KSHV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Dongdong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland (UQ), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Lin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
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2
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Cancela F, Noceti O, Arbiza J, Mirazo S. Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2457-2481. [PMID: 36098802 PMCID: PMC9469829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is an enterically transmitted zoonotic disease that causes large waterborne epidemic outbreaks in developing countries and has become an increasing public-health concern in industrialized countries. In this setting, the infection is usually acute and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, although chronic cases in immunocompromised patients have been reported, frequently associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. Moreover, extrahepatic manifestations have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals with acute HEV infection. HEV belongs to the alphavirus-like supergroup III of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, and its genome contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein with eight domains, most of which have not been extensively characterized: methyltransferase, Y domain, papain-like cysteine protease, hypervariable region, proline-rich region, X domain, Hel domain, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode the capsid protein and a multifunctional protein believed to be involved in virion release, respectively. The novel ORF4 is only expressed in HEV genotype 1 under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, and its exact function has not yet been elucidated. Despite important advances in recent years, the biological and molecular processes underlying HEV replication remain poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of detailed information about the functions of the viral proteins and the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning HEV proteins and their biological properties, providing updated detailed data describing their function and focusing in detail on their structural characteristics. Furthermore, we review some unclear aspects of the four proteins encoded by the ORFs, highlighting the current key information gaps and discussing potential novel experimental strategies for shedding light on those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ofelia Noceti
- grid.414402.70000 0004 0469 0889Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático y Unidad Docente Asistencial Centro Nacional de Tratamiento Hepatobiliopancreatico. Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,grid.11630.350000000121657640Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, PC 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Dollery SJ, Maldonado TD, Brenner EA, Berger EA. iTIME.219: An Immortalized KSHV Infected Endothelial Cell Line Inducible by a KSHV-Specific Stimulus to Transition From Latency to Lytic Replication and Infectious Virus Release. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:654396. [PMID: 33937098 PMCID: PMC8080876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.654396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and two B cell lymphoproliferative disorders: primary effusion lymphoma and KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman's disease. These distinct pathologies involve different infected cell types. In Kaposi's sarcoma, the virus is harbored in spindle-like tumor cells of endothelial origin, in contrast with the two pathologies of B cells. These distinctions highlight the importance of elucidating potential differences in the mechanisms of infection for these alternate target cell types and in the properties of virus generated from each. To date there is no available chronically KSHV-infected cell line of endothelial phenotype that can be activated by the viral lytic switch protein to transition from latency to lytic replication and production of infectious virus. To advance these efforts, we engineered a novel KSHV chronically infected derivative of TIME (telomerase immortalized endothelial) cells harboring a previously reported recombinant virus (rKSHV.219) and the viral replication and transcription activator (RTA) gene under the control of a doxycycline-inducible system. The resulting cells (designated iTIME.219) maintained latent virus as indicated by expression of constitutively expressed (eGFP) but not a lytic phase (RFP) reporter gene and can be sustained under long term selection. When exposed to either sodium butyrate or doxycycline, the cells were activated to lytic replication as evidenced by the expression of RFP and KSHV lytic genes and release of large quantities of infectious virus. The identity of the iTIME.219 cells was confirmed both phenotypically (specific antigen expression) and genetically (short tandem repeat analysis), and cell stability was maintained following repeated serial passage. These results suggest the potential utility of the iTime.219 cells in future studies of the KSHV replication in endothelial cells, properties of virus generated from this biologically relevant cell type and mechanisms underlying KSHV tropism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Dollery
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tania D Maldonado
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric A Brenner
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Edward A Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Aalam F, Totonchy J. Molecular Virology of KSHV in the Lymphocyte Compartment-Insights From Patient Samples and De Novo Infection Models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:607663. [PMID: 33344267 PMCID: PMC7746649 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated Kaposi Sarcoma has declined precipitously in the present era of effective HIV treatment. However, KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders although rare, have not seen a similar decline. Lymphoma is now a leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLWH), indicating that the immune reconstitution provided by antiretroviral therapy is not sufficient to fully correct the lymphomagenic immune dysregulation perpetrated by HIV infection. As such, novel insights into the mechanisms of KSHV-mediated pathogenesis in the immune compartment are urgently needed in order to develop novel therapeutics aimed at prevention and treatment of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferations. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of KSHV molecular virology in the lymphocyte compartment, concentrating on studies which explore mechanisms unique to infection in B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farizeh Aalam
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States
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5
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Aalam F, Nabiee R, Castano JR, Totonchy J. Analysis of KSHV B lymphocyte lineage tropism in human tonsil reveals efficient infection of CD138+ plasma cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008968. [PMID: 33075105 PMCID: PMC7595638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 25 years of research, the basic virology of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesviruses (KSHV) in B lymphocytes remains poorly understood. This study seeks to fill critical gaps in our understanding by characterizing the B lymphocyte lineage-specific tropism of KSHV. Here, we use lymphocytes derived from 40 human tonsil specimens to determine the B lymphocyte lineages targeted by KSHV early during de novo infection in our ex vivo model system. We characterize the immunological diversity of our tonsil specimens and determine that overall susceptibility of tonsil lymphocytes to KSHV infection varies substantially between donors. We demonstrate that a variety of B lymphocyte subtypes are susceptible to KSHV infection and identify CD138+ plasma cells as a highly targeted cell type for de novo KSHV infection. We determine that infection of tonsil B cell lineages is primarily latent with few lineages contributing to lytic replication. We explore the use of CD138 and heparin sulfate proteoglycans as attachment factors for the infection of B lymphocytes and conclude that they do not play a substantial role. Finally, we determine that the host T cell microenvironment influences the course of de novo infection in B lymphocytes. These results improve our understanding of KSHV transmission and the biology of early KSHV infection in a naïve human host, and lay a foundation for further characterization of KSHV molecular virology in B lymphocyte lineages. KSHV infection is associated with cancer in B cells and endothelial cells, particularly in the context of immune suppression. Very little is known about how KSHV is transmitted and how it initially establishes infection in a new host. Saliva is thought to be the primary route of person-to-person transmission for KSHV, making the tonsil a likely first site for KSHV replication in a new human host. Our study examines KSHV infection in B cells extracted from the tonsils of 40 human donors in order to determine what types of B cells are initially targeted for infection and examine how the presence (or absence) of other immune cells influence the initial stages of KSHV infection. We found that a variety of B cell subtypes derived from tonsils can be infected with KSHV. Interestingly, plasma cells (mature antibody-secreting B cells) were a highly targeted cell type. These results lay the foundation for further studies into the specific biology of KSHV in different types of B cells, an effort that may help us ultimately discover how to prevent the establishment of infection in these cells or reveal new ways to halt the progression of B cell cancers associated with KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farizeh Aalam
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Romina Nabiee
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Ramirez Castano
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Myoung J, Lee JY, Min KS. Methyltransferase of a cell culture-adapted hepatitis E inhibits the MDA5 receptor signaling pathway. J Microbiol 2019; 57:1126-1131. [PMID: 31758397 PMCID: PMC7090864 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis and jaundice. The number of human infections is approximated to be over 20 million cases per year. The transmission is mainly via the fecal-oral route and contaminated water and food are considered to be a major source of infection. As a mouse model is not available, a recent development of a cell culture-adapted HEV strain (47832c) is considered as a very important tools for molecular analysis of HEV pathogenesis in cells. Previously, we demonstrated that HEV-encoded methyltransferase (MeT) encoded by the 47832c strain inhibits MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated activation of interferon β (IFN-β) promoter. Here, we report that MeT impairs the phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the MeT encoded by the 47832c, but not that of HEV clinical or field isolates (SAR-55, Mex-14, KC-1, and ZJ-1), displays the inhibitory effect. A deeper understanding of MeTmediated suppression of IFN-β expression would provide basis of the cell culture adaptation of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute and Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute and Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Sang Min
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute and Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gallo A, Miele M, Badami E, Conaldi PG. Molecular and cellular interplay in virus-induced tumors in solid organ recipients. Cell Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Lee JY, Bae S, Myoung J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-encoded ORF8b strongly antagonizes IFN-β promoter activation: its implication for vaccine design. J Microbiol 2019; 57:803-811. [PMID: 31452044 PMCID: PMC7091237 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a causative agent of severe-to-fatal pneumonia especially in patients with pre-existing conditions, such as smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MERS-CoV transmission continues to be reported in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula since its discovery in 2012. However, it has rarely been epidemic outside the area except one large outbreak in South Korea in May 2015. The genome of the epidemic MERS-CoV isolated from a Korean patient revealed its homology to previously reported strains. MERS-CoV encodes 5 accessory proteins and generally, they do not participate in the genome transcription and replication but rather are involved in viral evasion of the host innate immune responses. Here we report that ORF8b, an accessory protein of MERS-CoV, strongly inhibits both MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated activation of interferon beta promoter activity while downstream signaling molecules were left largely unaffected. Of note, MDA5 protein levels were significantly down-regulated by ORF8b and co-expression of ORF4a and ORF4b. These novel findings will facilitate elucidation of mechanisms of virus-encoded evasion strategies, thus helping design rationale antiviral countermeasures against deadly MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yoon Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute & Department of Bioactive Material Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Bae
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute & Department of Bioactive Material Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Genetic Engineering Research Institute & Department of Bioactive Material Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54531, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Comment on primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas (Journal of Microbiology 2017, 55(5): 319-329). J Microbiol 2019; 55:592-593. [PMID: 28664522 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Park MK, Cho H, Roh SW, Kim SJ, Myoung J. Cell Type-Specific Interferon-γ-mediated Antagonism of KSHV Lytic Replication. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2372. [PMID: 30787356 PMCID: PMC6382833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causally associated with several malignant tumors: Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). KS remains the most common AIDS-related malignancy since the AIDS epidemic and thus has been extensively studied. KS is characterized as an angioproliferative disease with massive immune cell infiltration at the early stage. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors are found in KS lesions, and their involvement in the survival and growth of tumor cells has been well characterized. However, little is known about the role of the inflammatory microenvironment in the regulation of KSHV gene expression and/or viral replication. In the present study, we demonstrated that IFN-γ and TNF-α profoundly inhibited KSHV progeny production in primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) as well as induced KSHV-producer cells (iSLK.219) with doxycycline. Of note, IFN-γ inhibited overall KSHV gene expression, while the effects of TNF-α were confined to a selected set of genes, which were also downregulated by IFN-γ. The addition of IFN-γ up to 36 hr after induction of viral lytic replication was effective in terms of the inhibition of infectious virion production, suggesting that its inhibitory effect is exerted at the early stages of KSHV life cycle. We believe these data have potentially important implications for rationalizing a therapeutic agent to treat KSHV-induced tumors in which lytic replication plays a critical role in their pathogenesis: KS and MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Cho
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-Si, Chollabuk-do, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-Si, Chollabuk-do, 54531, Republic of Korea.
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The Roles of Matricellular Proteins in Oncogenic Virus-Induced Cancers and Their Potential Utilities as Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102198. [PMID: 29065446 PMCID: PMC5666879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins differ from other classical extracellular matrix proteins; for instance, they are transiently expressed as soluble proteins rather than being constitutively expressed in pathological conditions, such as acute viral infections. Accumulating studies have revealed that matricellular proteins, including osteopontin and tenascin-C, both of which interact with integrin heterodimers, are involved in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. The concentrations of these matricellular proteins are elevated in the plasma of patients with certain types of cancers, indicating that they play important roles in oncogenesis. Chronic viral infections are associated with certain cancers, which are distinct from non-viral cancers. Viral oncogenes play critical roles in the development and progression of such cancers. It is vital to investigate the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and, particularly, the mechanism by which viral proteins induce tumor progression. Viral proteins have been shown to influence not only the viral-infected cancer cells, but also the stromal cells and matricellular proteins that constitute the extracellular matrix that surrounds tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the involvement of matricellular proteins in oncogenic virus-induced cancers to elucidate the mechanism of oncogenesis and consider the possible role of matricellular proteins as therapeutic targets in virus-induced cancers.
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12
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Lipids, lipid metabolism and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:369-375. [PMID: 29019168 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential for mammalian cells to maintain many physiological functions. Emerging evidence has shown that cancer cells can develop specific alterations in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism to facilitate their survival and various malignant behaviors. To date, the precise role of cellular lipids and lipid metabolism in viral oncogenesis is still largely unclear with only a handful of literature covering this topic to implicate lipid metabolism in oncogenic virus associated pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the pathogenesis of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a common causative factor for cancers arising in the immunocompromised settings.
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