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Greve NB, Slotved HC, Olsen JE, Thomsen LE. Identification of antibiotic induced persister cells in Streptococcus agalactiae. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303271. [PMID: 38924011 PMCID: PMC11207178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic persistence is a phenomenon, where a small fraction of a bacterial population expresses a phenotypic variation that allows them to survive antibiotic treatment, which is lethal to the rest of the population. These cells are called persisters cells, and their occurrence has been associated with recurrent disease. Streptococcus agalactiae is a human pathobiont, able to cause invasive infections, and recurrent infections have been reported to occur in both newborns and adults. In this study, we demonstrated that S. agalactiae NEM316 can form persister cells when exposed to antibiotics from different classes. The frequency of persister cell formation was dependent on bacterial growth phase and the class of antibiotics. The ability to form persister cells in response to penicillin was shown to be a general trait among different clinical S. agalactiae isolates, independent of sero- and sequence-type. Taken together, this study shows the existence of antibiotic tolerant S. agalactiae persister cells, which may explain why this bacterial species frequently persists after treatment of invasive infection and can be associated with recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Boll Greve
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Division of Infectious Disease Preparedness, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line Elnif Thomsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Laskowska E. Intracellular Protective Functions and Therapeutical Potential of Trehalose. Molecules 2024; 29:2088. [PMID: 38731579 PMCID: PMC11085779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing saccharide widely distributed in nature. Over the years, research on trehalose has revealed that this initially thought simple storage molecule is a multifunctional and multitasking compound protecting cells against various stress factors. This review presents data on the role of trehalose in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions and in the virulence of bacteria and fungi. Numerous studies have demonstrated that trehalose acts in the cell as an osmoprotectant, chemical chaperone, free radical scavenger, carbon source, virulence factor, and metabolic regulator. The increasingly researched medical and therapeutic applications of trehalose are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.K.-W.); (K.S.-S.)
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Joseph I, Risener CJ, Falk K, Northington G, Quave CL. Bacterial Persistence in Urinary Tract Infection Among Postmenopausal Population. UROGYNECOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2024; 30:205-213. [PMID: 38484233 PMCID: PMC10947078 DOI: 10.1097/spv.0000000000001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in older-aged women. Our study examined bacterial persistence with commonly prescribed antibiotics. Bacterial growth was demonstrated despite antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to quantify the bacterial persister phenotype in urine collected from postmenopausal women with acute and recurrent UTI and to determine the capabilities of first-line antibiotics to effectively treat persister cells. STUDY DESIGN This was an institutional review board-approved cross-sectional analysis within a large academic referral center. Uropathogens were cultured from postmenopausal women with acute or recurrent UTI and screened for persister cells using persistence assays. Demographic and clinical variables were collected and analyzed. The entire experimental process was repeated in triplicate. Data were analyzed for significance (P < 0.05) between the persister culture and antibiotic treatments using a 1-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons in Prism 9.3.0. RESULTS Forty participants were included: 62.5% White, 22.5% Black, 3% Asian, and 2% Hispanic with a mean age of 72.3 ± 11.62 years. The persister phenotype was demonstrated in all of Escherichia coli isolates. Treatment with fosfomycin demonstrated reduced colony-forming units per milliliter compared with control (P < 0.01). Among recurrent isolates, there was a statistically significant decrease in colony-forming units per milliliter after antibiotic treatment with all 4 antibiotics (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated in vitro bacterial persistence in uropathogens from urogynecology patients despite treatment with commonly prescribed antibiotics. Fosfomycin generated the least amount of persister cells. Results suggest that persistence may be one bacterial defense mechanism involved in UTIs. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications.
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Yi J, Ahn J. Heterogeneous Phenotypic Responses of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium to Food Preservative-Related Stresses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1702. [PMID: 38136736 PMCID: PMC10740406 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the response of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium to food preservative-related stresses, such as lactic acid and sodium chloride (NaCl). S. Typhimurium cells were exposed to 1 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin (CIP), 0.2% lactic acid (LA), 6% NaCl, CIP followed by LA (CIP-LA), and CIP followed by NaCl (CIP-NaCl). The untreated S. Typhimurium cells were the control (CON). All treatments were as follows: CON, CIP, LA, NaCl, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl. The phenotypic heterogeneity was evaluated by measuring the antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial fluctuation, cell injury, persistence, and cross-resistance. The CIP, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl groups were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, showing MIC values of 0.70, 0.59, and 0.54 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the CON group (0.014 µg/mL). The susceptibility to lactic acid was not changed after exposure to NaCl, while that to NaCl was decreased after exposure to NaCl. The Eagle phenomenon was observed in the CIP, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl groups, showing Eagle effect concentrations (EECs) of more than 8 µg/mL. No changes in the MBCs of lactic acid and NaCl were observed in the CIP, LA, and CIP-LA groups, and the EECs of lactic acid and NaCl were not detected in all treatments. The bacterial fluctuation rates of the CIP-LA and CIP-NaCl groups were considerably increased to 33% and 41%, respectively, corresponding to the injured cell proportions of 82% and 89%. CIP-NaCl induced persister cells as high as 2 log cfu/mL. The LA and NaCl treatments decreased the fitness cost. The CIP-NaCl treatment showed positive cross-resistance to erythromycin (ERY) and tetracycline (TET), while the LA and NaCl treatments were collaterally susceptible to chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), piperacillin (PIP), and TET. The results provide new insight into the fate of antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium during food processing and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseok Yi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea;
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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Roy S, Kc HR, Roberts J, Hastings J, Gilmore DF, Shields RC, Alam MA. Development and Antibacterial Properties of 4-[4-(Anilinomethyl)-3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl]benzoic Acid Derivatives as Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13622-13645. [PMID: 37729113 PMCID: PMC10591900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A number of novel pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized, and several of these compounds are potent antibacterial agents with minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.5 μg/mL. Human cell lines were tolerant to these lead compounds, and they showed negligible hemolytic effects at high concentrations. These bactericidal compounds are very effective against bacterial growth in both planktonic and biofilm contexts. Various techniques were applied to show the inhibition of biofilm growth and eradication of preformed biofilms by lead compounds. Potent compounds are more effective against persisters than positive controls. In vivo studies revealed that lead compounds are effective in rescuing C. elegans from bacterial infections. Several methods were applied to determine the mode of action including membrane permeability assay and SEM micrograph studies. Furthermore, CRISPRi studies led to the determination of these compounds as fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Hansa Raj Kc
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Justin Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Jared Hastings
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - David F Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Robert C Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
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Pizzolato-Cezar LR, Spira B, Machini MT. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100204. [PMID: 38024808 PMCID: PMC10643148 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise in hard-to-treat bacterial infections is of great concern to human health. Thus, the identification of molecular mechanisms that enable the survival and growth of pathogens is of utmost urgency for the development of more efficient antimicrobial therapies. In challenging environments, such as presence of antibiotics, or during host infection, metabolic adjustments are essential for microorganism survival and competitiveness. Toxin-antitoxin systems (TASs) consisting of a toxin with metabolic modulating activity and a cognate antitoxin that antagonizes that toxin are important elements in the arsenal of bacterial stress defense. However, the exact physiological function of TA systems is highly debatable and with the exception of stabilization of mobile genetic elements and phage inhibition, other proposed biological functions lack a broad consensus. This review aims at gaining new insights into the physiological effects of TASs in bacteria and exploring the experimental shortcomings that lead to discrepant results in TAS research. Distinct control mechanisms ensure that only subsets of cells within isogenic cultures transiently develop moderate levels of toxin activity. As a result, TASs cause phenotypic growth heterogeneity rather than cell stasis in the entire population. It is this feature that allows bacteria to thrive in diverse environments through the creation of subpopulations with different metabolic rates and stress tolerance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Pizzolato-Cezar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Teresa Machini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Miguelena Chamorro B, De Luca K, Swaminathan G, Longet S, Mundt E, Paul S. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0016422. [PMID: 37306571 PMCID: PMC10512794 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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Tarannum A, Rodríguez-Almonacid CC, Salazar-Bravo J, Karamysheva ZN. Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2248. [PMID: 37764092 PMCID: PMC10534552 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are known for their remarkable capacity to persist within the bodies of vertebrate hosts, which frequently results in prolonged infections and the recurrence of diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the event of persistence is of paramount significance to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, given that these pathways still need to be thoroughly elucidated. The present article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the investigation of protozoan persistence in vertebrate hosts. The focus is primarily on the function of persisters, their formation within the host, and the specific molecular interactions between host and parasite while they persist. Additionally, we examine the metabolomic, transcriptional, and translational changes that protozoan parasites undergo during persistence within vertebrate hosts, focusing on major parasites such as Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., and Toxoplasma spp. Key findings of our study suggest that protozoan parasites deploy several molecular and physiological strategies to evade the host immune surveillance and sustain their persistence. Furthermore, some parasites undergo stage differentiation, enabling them to acclimate to varying host environments and immune challenges. More often, stressors such as drug exposure were demonstrated to impact the formation of protozoan persisters significantly. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the persistence of protozoan parasites in vertebrate hosts can reinvigorate our current insights into host-parasite interactions and facilitate the development of more efficacious disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zemfira N. Karamysheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.T.); (C.C.R.-A.); (J.S.-B.)
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Saha P, Rafe MR. Cyclodextrin: A prospective nanocarrier for the delivery of antibacterial agents against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19287. [PMID: 37662769 PMCID: PMC10472013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry introduces us to the macrocyclic host cyclodextrin, which has a hydrophobic cavity. The hydrophobic cavity has a higher affinity for hydrophobic guest molecules and forms host-guest complexation with non-covalent interaction. Three significant cyclodextrin kinds are α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. The most often utilized is β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). An effective weapon against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics is cyclodextrin. Several different kinds of cyclodextrin nanocarriers (β-CD, HP-β-CD, Meth-β-CD, cationic CD, sugar-grafted CD) are utilized to enhance the solubility, stability, dissolution, absorption, bioavailability, and permeability of the antibiotics. Cyclodextrin also improves the effectiveness of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, metallic nanoparticles, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Again, cyclodextrin nanocarriers offer slow-release properties for sustained-release formulations where steady-state plasma antibiotic concentration is needed for an extended time. A novel strategy to combat bacterial resistance is a stimulus (pH, ROS)-responsive antibiotics released from cyclodextrin carrier. Once again, cyclodextrin traps autoinducer (AI), a crucial part of bacterial quorum sensing, and reduces virulence factors, including biofilm formation. Cyclodextrin helps to minimize MIC in particular bacterial strains, keep antibiotic concentrations above MIC in the infection site and minimize the possibility of antibiotic and biofilm resistance. Sessile bacteria trapped in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotic therapy than bacteria in a planktonic form. Cyclodextrin also involves delivering antibiotics to biofilm and resistant bacteria to combat bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoy Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rajdoula Rafe
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
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10
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Gonçalves ASC, Leitão MM, Simões M, Borges A. The action of phytochemicals in biofilm control. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:595-627. [PMID: 36537821 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2021Antimicrobial resistance is now rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world, threatening the treatment of an ever-increasing range of infectious diseases. This has becoming a serious public health problem, especially due to the emergence of multidrug-resistance among clinically important bacterial species and their ability to form biofilms. In addition, current anti-infective therapies have low efficacy in the treatment of biofilm-related infections, leading to recurrence, chronicity, and increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to search for innovative strategies/antibacterial agents capable of overcoming the limitations of conventional antibiotics. Natural compounds, in particular those obtained from plants, have been exhibiting promising properties in this field. Plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) can act as antibiofilm agents through different mechanisms of action from the available antibiotics (inhibition of quorum-sensing, motility, adhesion, and reactive oxygen species production, among others). The combination of different phytochemicals and antibiotics have revealed synergistic or additive effects in biofilm control. This review aims to bring together the most relevant reports on the antibiofilm properties of phytochemicals, as well as insights into their structure and mechanistic action against bacterial pathogens, spanning December 2008 to December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana S C Gonçalves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Leitão
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Zhai X, Wu G, Tao X, Yang S, Lv L, Zhu Y, Dong D, Xiang H. Success stories of natural product-derived compounds from plants as multidrug resistance modulators in microorganisms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7798-7817. [PMID: 36909750 PMCID: PMC9994607 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms evolve resistance to antibiotics as a function of evolution. Antibiotics have accelerated bacterial resistance through mutations and acquired resistance through a combination of factors. In some cases, multiple antibiotic-resistant determinants are encoded in these genes, immediately making the recipient organism a "superbug". Current antimicrobials are no longer effective against infections caused by pathogens that have developed antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and the problem has become a crisis. Microorganisms that acquire resistance to chemotherapy (multidrug resistance) are a major obstacle for successful treatments. Pharmaceutical industries should be highly interested in natural product-derived compounds, as they offer new sources of chemical entities for the development of new drugs. Phytochemical research and recent experimental advances are discussed in this review in relation to the antimicrobial efficacy of selected natural product-derived compounds as well as details of synergistic mechanisms and structures. The present review recognizesand amplifies the importance of compounds with natural origins, which can be used to create safer and more effective antimicrobial drugs by combating microorganisms that are resistant to multiple types of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Guoyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
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Ospino K, Spira B. Glyphosate affects persistence and tolerance but not antibiotic resistance. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:61. [PMID: 36882692 PMCID: PMC9990207 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a herbicide widely used in food production that blocks the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and in microorganisms and also induces the accumulation of the alarmone (p)ppGpp. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether glyphosate affects the resistance, tolerance or persistence of bacteria towards three different classes of antibiotics and the possible role of (p)ppGpp in this activity. Glyphosate did not affect the minimum inhibitory concentration of the tested antibiotics, but enhanced bacterial tolerance and/or persistence towards them. The upshift in ciprofloxacin and kanamycin tolerance was partially dependent on the presence of relA that promotes (p)ppGpp accumulation in response to glyphosate. Conversely, the strong increase in ampicillin tolerance caused by glyphosate was independent of relA. We conclude that by inducing aromatic amino acid starvation glyphosate contributes to the temporary increase in E. coli tolerance or persistence, but does not affect antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ospino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Yee JX, Kim J, Yeom J. Membrane Proteins as a Regulator for Antibiotic Persistence in Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Microbiol 2023; 61:331-341. [PMID: 36800168 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment failure threatens our ability to control bacterial infections that can cause chronic diseases. Persister bacteria are a subpopulation of physiological variants that becomes highly tolerant to antibiotics. Membrane proteins play crucial roles in all living organisms to regulate cellular physiology. Although a diverse membrane component involved in persistence can result in antibiotic treatment failure, the regulations of antibiotic persistence by membrane proteins has not been fully understood. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding with regards to membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria as a regulator for antibiotic persistence, highlighting various physiological mechanisms in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin Yee
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Juhyun Kim
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Molotla-Torres DE, Drago-Serrano ME. Lactoferrin as a Component of Pharmaceutical Preparations: An Experimental Focus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:214. [PMID: 37259362 PMCID: PMC9961256 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that exhibits multitask activities. Lactoferrin properties are of interest in the pharmaceutical field for the design of products with therapeutic potential, including nanoparticles and liposomes, among many others. In antimicrobial preparations, lactoferrin has been included either as a main bioactive component or as an enhancer of the activity and potency of first-line antibiotics. In some proposals based on nanoparticles, lactoferrin has been included in delivery systems to transport and protect drugs from enzymatic degradation in the intestine, favoring the bioavailability for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Moreover, nanoparticles loaded with lactoferrin have been formulated as delivery systems to transport drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier to enter the central nervous system. This manuscript is focused on pharmaceutical products either containing lactoferrin as the bioactive component or formulated with lactoferrin as the carrier considering its interaction with receptors expressed in tissues as targets of drugs delivered via parenteral or mucosal administration. We hope that this manuscript provides insights about the therapeutic possibilities of pharmaceutical Lf preparations with a sustainable approach that contributes to decreasing the resistance of antimicrobials and enhancing the bioavailability of first-line drugs for intestinal chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Daniel Efrain Molotla-Torres
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
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15
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Cruz-López F, Martínez-Meléndez A, Garza-González E. How Does Hospital Microbiota Contribute to Healthcare-Associated Infections? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010192. [PMID: 36677484 PMCID: PMC9867428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are still a global public health concern, associated with high mortality and increased by the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance. Causative agents of HAIs are commonly found in the hospital environment and are monitored in epidemiological surveillance programs; however, the hospital environment is a potential reservoir for pathogenic microbial strains where microorganisms may persist on medical equipment surfaces, on the environment surrounding patients, and on corporal surfaces of patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). The characterization of hospital microbiota may provide knowledge regarding the relatedness between commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, their role in HAIs development, and the environmental conditions that favor its proliferation. This information may contribute to the effective control of the dissemination of pathogens and to improve infection control programs. In this review, we describe evidence of the contribution of hospital microbiota to HAI development and the role of environmental factors, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors of the microbial community in persistence on hospital surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Cruz-López
- Subdirección Académica de Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Subdirección Académica de Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Gonzalitos y Madero s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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16
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Geerts N, De Vooght L, Passaris I, Delputte P, Van den Bergh B, Cos P. Antibiotic Tolerance Indicative of Persistence Is Pervasive among Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates and Shows Strong Condition Dependence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0270122. [PMID: 36374111 PMCID: PMC9769776 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02701-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, being one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia and otitis media. Antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae is an emerging problem, as it depletes our arsenal of effective drugs. In addition, persistence also contributes to the antibiotic crisis in many other pathogens, yet for S. pneumoniae, little is known about antibiotic-tolerant persisters and robust experimental means are lacking. Persister cells are phenotypic variants that exist as a subpopulation within a clonal culture. Being tolerant to lethal antibiotics, they underly the chronic nature of a variety of infections and even help in acquiring genetic resistance. In this study, we set out to identify and characterize persistence in S. pneumoniae. Specifically, we followed different strategies to overcome the self-limiting nature of S. pneumoniae as a confounding factor in the prolonged monitoring of antibiotic survival needed to study persistence. Under optimized conditions, we identified genuine persisters in various growth phases and for four relevant antibiotics through biphasic survival dynamics and heritability assays. Finally, we detected a high variety in antibiotic survival levels across a diverse collection of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates, which assumes that a high natural diversity in persistence is widely present in S. pneumoniae. Collectively, this proof of concept significantly progresses the understanding of the importance of antibiotic persistence in S. pneumoniae infections, which will set the stage for characterizing its relevance to clinical outcomes and advocates for increased attention to the phenotype in both fundamental and clinical research. IMPORTANCE S. pneumoniae is considered a serious threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because of rising antibiotic resistance. In addition to resistance, bacteria can also survive lethal antibiotic treatment by developing antibiotic tolerance, more specifically, antibiotic tolerance through persistence. This phenotypic variation seems omnipresent among bacterial life, is linked to therapy failure, and acts as a catalyst for resistance development. This study gives the first proof of the presence of persister cells in S. pneumoniae and shows a high variety in persistence levels among diverse strains, suggesting that persistence is a general trait in S. pneumoniae cultures. Our work advocates for higher interest for persistence in S. pneumoniae as a contributing factor for therapy failure and resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Geerts
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Van den Bergh
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
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17
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Costa LV, Moreira JMAR, de Godoy Menezes I, Dutra V, de Almeida ADBPF. Antibiotic resistance profiles and activity of clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated of canine otitis. Vet World 2022; 15:2499-2505. [PMID: 36425137 PMCID: PMC9682390 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2499-2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often isolated from acute and chronic otitis and deep pyoderma in dogs. The increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics induced the need for alternative therapies to treat infections, with an emphasis on essential oils (EOs). This study aimed to investigate clove oil’s in vitro bactericidal action as a therapeutic alternative against strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of clove oil was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution technique in 96-well plates. Serial concentrations of 10–0.31% of the oil were used, equivalent to 104.5–3.26 mg/mL. The susceptibility of isolates to different classes of antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion technique using 20 antibiotics belonging to eight classes. Isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic of three different classes were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). Results: A high occurrence of resistance was observed for three antibiotics belonging to the cephalosporin classes (cefadroxil, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone), namely, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprime, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin. The lowest resistance rates were observed for meropenem (4.88%), amikacin (12.20%), and tobramycin (12.2%). All isolates were susceptible to clove oil with an equivalent MIC and MBC from 3.26 to 6.53 mg/mL. Eugenol was the major component of the oil. Conclusion: Clove EO was effective against MDR strains of P. aeruginosa, indicating an alternative for developing an efficient and low-cost antimicrobial agent to treat canine otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vieira Costa
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá – Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Dutra
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá – Mato Grosso, Brazil
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18
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Bu F, Liu M, Xie Z, Chen X, Li G, Wang X. Targeted Anti-Biofilm Therapy: Dissecting Targets in the Biofilm Life Cycle. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1253. [PMID: 36297365 PMCID: PMC9611117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a crucial virulence factor for microorganisms that causes chronic infection. After biofilm formation, the bacteria present improve drug tolerance and multifactorial defense mechanisms, which impose significant challenges for the use of antimicrobials. This indicates the urgent need for new targeted technologies and emerging therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on the current biofilm-targeting strategies and those under development, including targeting persistent cells, quorum quenching, and phage therapy. We emphasize biofilm-targeting technologies that are supported by blocking the biofilm life cycle, providing a theoretical basis for design of targeting technology that disrupts the biofilm and promotes practical application of antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfin-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Baines SD, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Analysis of biofilm production and expression of adhesion structures of circulating Clostridioides difficile strains from Mexico. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:445-448. [PMID: 36195408 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridioides difficile biofilms are believed to protect the pathogen from antibiotics, in addition to potentially contributing to recurrent infections. METHODOLOGY Biofilm production of 102 C. difficile isolates was determined using the crystal violet staining technique, and detachment assays were performed. The expression levels of cwp84 and slpA genes were evaluated by real-time PCR on selected isolates. RESULTS More than 70% of isolates (75/102) were strong biofilm producers, and the highest detachment of biofilm was achieved with the proteinase K treatment (>90%). The overall mean expression of cwp84 was higher in RT027 than in RT001 (p=0.003); among strong biofilm-producing strains, the slpA expression was lower in RT027 than in RT001 (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS Proteins seem to have an important role in the biofilm's initial adherence and maturation. slpA and cwp84 are differentially expressed by C. difficile ribotype and biofilm production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Simon D Baines
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Sciences, Hatfield, UK
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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20
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Kaushik V, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Interaction of RecA mediated SOS response with bacterial persistence, biofilm formation, and host response. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:931-943. [PMID: 35905765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have a primary mode of actions, and most of them have a common secondary mode of action via reactive species (ROS and RNS) mediated DNA damage. Bacteria have been able to tolerate this DNA damage by SOS (Save-Our-Soul) response. RecA is the universal essential key protein of the DNA damage mediated SOS repair in various bacteria including ESKAPE pathogens. In addition, antibiotics also triggers activation of various other bacterial mechanisms such as biofilm formation, host dependent responses, persister subpopulation formation. These supporting the survival of bacteria in unfriendly natural conditions i.e. antibiotic presence. This review highlights the detailed mechanism of RecA mediated SOS response as well as role of RecA-LexA interaction in SOS response. The review also focuses on inter-connection between DNA damage repair pathway (like SOS response) with other survival mechanisms of bacteria such as host mediated RecA induction, persister-SOS interplay, and biofilm-SOS interplay. This understanding of inter-connection of SOS response with different other survival mechanisms will prove beneficial in targeting the SOS response for prevention and development of therapeutics against recalcitrant bacterial infections. The review also covers the significance of RecA as a promising potent therapeutic target for hindering bacterial SOS response in prevailing successful treatments of bacterial infections and enhancing the conventional antibiotic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India.
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21
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Link Between Antibiotic Persistence and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900848. [PMID: 35928205 PMCID: PMC9343593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both, antibiotic persistence and antibiotic resistance characterize phenotypes of survival in which a bacterial cell becomes insensitive to one (or even) more antibiotic(s). However, the molecular basis for these two antibiotic-tolerant phenotypes is fundamentally different. Whereas antibiotic resistance is genetically determined and hence represents a rather stable phenotype, antibiotic persistence marks a transient physiological state triggered by various stress-inducing conditions that switches back to the original antibiotic sensitive state once the environmental situation improves. The molecular basics of antibiotic resistance are in principle well understood. This is not the case for antibiotic persistence. Under all culture conditions, there is a stochastically formed, subpopulation of persister cells in bacterial populations, the size of which depends on the culture conditions. The proportion of persisters in a bacterial population increases under different stress conditions, including treatment with bactericidal antibiotics (BCAs). Various models have been proposed to explain the formation of persistence in bacteria. We recently hypothesized that all physiological culture conditions leading to persistence converge in the inability of the bacteria to re-initiate a new round of DNA replication caused by an insufficient level of the initiator complex ATP-DnaA and hence by the lack of formation of a functional orisome. Here, we extend this hypothesis by proposing that in this persistence state the bacteria become more susceptible to mutation-based antibiotic resistance provided they are equipped with error-prone DNA repair functions. This is - in our opinion - in particular the case when such bacterial populations are exposed to BCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center – Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Eisenreich,
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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22
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Sivaranjani M, McCarthy MC, Sniatynski MK, Wu L, Dillon JAR, Rubin JE, White AP. Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of E. coli Associated With Colibacillosis Outbreaks in Broiler Chickens From Saskatchewan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841516. [PMID: 35783405 PMCID: PMC9247541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global poultry industry has grown to the extent that the number of chickens now well exceeds the number of humans on Earth. Escherichia coli infections in poultry cause significant morbidity and economic losses for producers each year. We obtained 94 E. coli isolates from 12 colibacillosis outbreaks on Saskatchewan farms and screened them for antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Fifty-six isolates were from broilers with confirmed colibacillosis, and 38 isolates were from healthy broilers in the same flocks (cecal E. coli). Resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides was common in isolates from all 12 outbreaks, while cephalosporin resistance varied by outbreak. Most E. coli were able to form biofilms in at least one of three growth media (1/2 TSB, M63, and BHI broth). There was an overall trend that disease-causing E. coli had more antibiotic resistance and were more likely to form biofilms in nutrient-rich media (BHI) as compared to cecal strains. However, on an individual strain basis, there was no correlation between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. The 21 strongest biofilm forming strains consisted of both disease-causing and cecal isolates that were either drug resistant or susceptible. Draft whole genome sequencing indicated that many known antimicrobial resistance genes were present on plasmids, with disease-causing E. coli having more plasmids on average than their cecal counterparts. We tested four common disinfectants for their ability to kill 12 of the best biofilm forming strains. All disinfectants killed single cells effectively, but biofilm cells were more resistant, although the difference was less pronounced for the disinfectants that have multiple modes of action. Our results indicate that there is significant diversity and complexity in E. coli poultry isolates, with different lifestyle pressures affecting disease-causing and cecal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sivaranjani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Madeline C. McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michelle K. Sniatynski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne R. Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Aaron P. White,
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23
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Tantoso E, Eisenhaber B, Kirsch M, Shitov V, Zhao Z, Eisenhaber F. To kill or to be killed: pangenome analysis of Escherichia coli strains reveals a tailocin specific for pandemic ST131. BMC Biol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35710371 PMCID: PMC9205054 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been one of the most studied model organisms in the history of life sciences. Initially thought just to be commensal bacteria, E. coli has shown wide phenotypic diversity including pathogenic isolates with great relevance to public health. Though pangenome analysis has been attempted several times, there is no systematic functional characterization of the E. coli subgroups according to the gene profile. RESULTS Systematically scanning for optimal parametrization, we have built the E. coli pangenome from 1324 complete genomes. The pangenome size is estimated to be ~25,000 gene families (GFs). Whereas the core genome diminishes as more genomes are added, the softcore genome (≥95% of strains) is stable with ~3000 GFs regardless of the total number of genomes. Apparently, the softcore genome (with a 92% or 95% generation threshold) can define the genome of a bacterial species listing the critically relevant, evolutionarily most conserved or important classes of GFs. Unsupervised clustering of common E. coli sequence types using the presence/absence GF matrix reveals distinct characteristics of E. coli phylogroups B1, B2, and E. We highlight the bi-lineage nature of B1, the variation of the secretion and of the iron acquisition systems in ST11 (E), and the incorporation of a highly conserved prophage into the genome of ST131 (B2). The tail structure of the prophage is evolutionarily related to R2-pyocin (a tailocin) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. We hypothesize that this molecular machinery is highly likely to play an important role in protecting its own colonies; thus, contributing towards the rapid rise of pandemic E. coli ST131. CONCLUSIONS This study has explored the optimized pangenome development in E. coli. We provide complete GF lists and the pangenome matrix as supplementary data for further studies. We identified biological characteristics of different E. coli subtypes, specifically for phylogroups B1, B2, and E. We found an operon-like genome region coding for a tailocin specific for ST131 strains. The latter is a potential killer weapon providing pandemic E. coli ST131 with an advantage in inter-bacterial competition and, suggestively, explains their dominance as human pathogen among E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Tantoso
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Miles Kirsch
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,Present address: Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Vladimir Shitov
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhiya Zhao
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,Present address: The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore. .,Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix Building, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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24
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Mathé-Hubert H, Amia R, Martin M, Gaffé J, Schneider D. Evolution of Bacterial Persistence to Antibiotics during a 50,000-Generation Experiment in an Antibiotic-Free Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040451. [PMID: 35453204 PMCID: PMC9028194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of antibiotic therapies causes > 700,000 deaths yearly and involves both bacterial resistance and persistence. Persistence results in the relapse of infections by producing a tiny fraction of pathogen survivors that stay dormant during antibiotic exposure. From an evolutionary perspective, persistence is either a ‘bet-hedging strategy’ that helps to cope with stochastically changing environments or an unavoidable minimal rate of ‘cellular errors’ that lock the cells in a low activity state. Here, we analyzed the evolution of persistence over 50,000 bacterial generations in a stable environment by improving a published method that estimates the number of persister cells based on the growth of the reviving population. Our results challenged our understanding of the factors underlying persistence evolution. In one case, we observed a substantial decrease in persistence proportion, suggesting that the naturally observed persistence level is not an unavoidable minimal rate of ‘cellular errors’. However, although there was no obvious environmental stochasticity, in 11 of the 12 investigated populations, the persistence level was maintained during 50,000 bacterial generations.
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Khabibullina NF, Kutuzova DM, Burmistrova IA, Lyadova IV. The Biological and Clinical Aspects of a Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7030048. [PMID: 35324595 PMCID: PMC8955876 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by bacilli from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, remains a serious global public health problem, representing one of the main causes of death from infectious diseases. About one quarter of the world’s population is infected with Mtb and has a latent TB infection (LTBI). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an LTBI is characterized by a lasting immune response to Mtb antigens without any TB symptoms. Current LTBI diagnoses and treatments are based on this simplified definition, although an LTBI involves a broad range of conditions, including when Mtb remains in the body in a persistent form and the immune response cannot be detected. The study of LTBIs has progressed in recent years; however, many biological and medical aspects of an LTBI are still under discussion. This review focuses on an LTBI as a broad spectrum of states, both of the human body, and of Mtb cells. The problems of phenotypic insusceptibility, diagnoses, chemoprophylaxis, and the necessity of treatment are discussed. We emphasize the complexity of an LTBI diagnosis and its treatment due to its ambiguous nature. We consider alternative ways of differentiating an LTBI from active TB, as well as predicting TB reactivation based on using mycobacterial “latency antigens” for interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) tests and the transcriptomic analysis of human blood cells.
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Steiner TM, Lettl C, Schindele F, Goebel W, Haas R, Fischer W, Eisenreich W. Substrate usage determines carbon flux via the citrate cycle in Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:841-860. [PMID: 34164854 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori displays a worldwide infection rate of about 50%. The Gram-negative bacterium is the main reason for gastric cancer and other severe diseases. Despite considerable knowledge about the metabolic inventory of H. pylori, carbon fluxes through the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) remained enigmatic. In this study, different 13 C-labeled substrates were supplied as carbon sources to H. pylori during microaerophilic growth in a complex medium. After growth, 13 C-excess and 13 C-distribution were determined in multiple metabolites using GC-MS analysis. [U-13 C6 ]Glucose was efficiently converted into glyceraldehyde but only less into TCA cycle-related metabolites. In contrast, [U-13 C5 ]glutamate, [U-13 C4 ]succinate, and [U-13 C4 ]aspartate were incorporated at high levels into intermediates of the TCA cycle. The comparative analysis of the 13 C-distributions indicated an adaptive TCA cycle fully operating in the closed oxidative direction with rapid equilibrium fluxes between oxaloacetate-succinate and α-ketoglutarate-citrate. 13 C-Profiles of the four-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle, especially of malate, together with the observation of an isocitrate lyase activity by in vitro assays, suggested carbon fluxes via a glyoxylate bypass. In conjunction with the lack of enzymes for anaplerotic CO2 fixation, the glyoxylate bypass could be relevant to fill up the TCA cycle with carbon atoms derived from acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Steiner
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Clara Lettl
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Park JH, Shim D, Kim KES, Lee W, Shin SJ. Understanding Metabolic Regulation Between Host and Pathogens: New Opportunities for the Development of Improved Therapeutic Strategies Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:635335. [PMID: 33796480 PMCID: PMC8007978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.635335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes chronic granulomatous lung disease in humans. Recently, novel strategies such as host-directed therapeutics and adjunctive therapies that enhance the effect of existing antibiotics have emerged to better control Mtb infection. Recent advances in understanding the metabolic interplay between host immune cells and pathogens have provided new insights into how their interactions ultimately influence disease outcomes and antibiotic-treatment efficacy. In this review, we describe how metabolic cascades in immune environments and relevant metabolites produced from immune cells during Mtb infection play critical roles in the progression of diseases and induction of anti-Mtb protective immunity. In addition, we introduce how metabolic alterations in Mtb itself can lead to the development of persister cells that are resistant to host immunity and can eventually evade antibiotic attacks. Further understanding of the metabolic link between host cells and Mtb may contribute to not only the prevention of Mtb persister development but also the optimization of host anti-Mtb immunity together with enhanced efficacy of existing antibiotics. Overall, this review highlights novel approaches to improve and develop host-mediated therapeutic strategies against Mtb infection by restoring and switching pathogen-favoring metabolic conditions with host-favoring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keu Eun San Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfin-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Baines SD, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Analysis of biofilm production and expression of adhesion structures of circulating Clostridioides difficile strains from Mexico. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2021; 40:S0213-005X(21)00042-2. [PMID: 33714640 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridioides difficile biofilms are believed to protect the pathogen from antibiotics, in addition to potentially contributing to recurrent infections. METHODOLOGY Biofilm production of 102 C. difficile isolates was determined using the crystal violet staining technique, and detachment assays were performed. The expression levels of cwp84 and slpA genes were evaluated by real-time PCR on selected isolates. RESULTS More than 70% of isolates (75/102) were strong biofilm producers, and the highest detachment of biofilm was achieved with the proteinase K treatment (>90%). The overall mean expression of cwp84 was higher in RT027 than in RT001 (p=0.003); among strong biofilm-producing strains, the slpA expression was lower in RT027 than in RT001 (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS Proteins seem to have an important role in the biofilm's initial adherence and maturation. slpA and cwp84 are differentially expressed by C. difficile ribotype and biofilm production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Simon D Baines
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Sciences, Hatfield, UK
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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30
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:615450. [PMID: 33520740 PMCID: PMC7841308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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Nguyen TK, Peyrusson F, Dodémont M, Pham NH, Nguyen HA, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. The Persister Character of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Contributes to Faster Evolution to Resistance and Higher Survival in THP-1 Monocytes: A Study With Moxifloxacin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587364. [PMID: 33329458 PMCID: PMC7719683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus may cause relapsing infections. We previously showed that S. aureus SH1000 surviving intracellularly to bactericidal antibiotics are persisters. Here, we used 54 non-duplicate clinical isolates to assess links between persistence, resistance evolution, and intracellular survival, using moxifloxacin throughout as test bactericidal antibiotic. The relative persister fraction (RPF: percentage of inoculum surviving to 100× MIC moxifloxacin in stationary phase culture for each isolate relative to ATCC 25923) was determined to categorize isolates with low (≤10) or high (>10) RPF. Evolution to resistance (moxifloxacin MIC ≥ 0.5 mg/L) was triggered by serial passages at 0.5× MIC (with daily concentration readjustments). Intracellular moxifloxacin maximal efficacy (Emax) was determined by 24 h concentration-response experiments [pharmacodynamic model (Hill-Langmuir)] with infected THP-1 monocytes exposed to moxifloxacin (0.01 to 100× MIC) after phagocytosis. Division of intracellular survivors was followed by green fluorescence protein dilution (FACS). Most (30/36) moxifloxacin-susceptible isolates showed low RPF but all moxifloxacin-resistant (n = 18) isolates harbored high RPF. Evolution to resistance of susceptible isolates was faster for those with high vs. low RPF (with SOS response and topoisomerase-encoding genes overexpression). Intracellularly, moxifloxacin Emax was decreased (less negative) for isolates with high vs. low RPF, independently from resistance. Moxifloxacin intracellular survivors were non-dividing. The data demonstrate and quantitate persisters in clinical isolates of S. aureus, and show that this phenotype accelerates resistance evolution and is associated with intracellular survival in spite of high antibiotic concentrations. Isolates with high RPF may represent a possible cause of treatment failure not directly related to resistance in patients receiving active antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiep K Nguyen
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical Industry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Frédéric Peyrusson
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Dodémont
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme - Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nhung H Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Microbiology Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang A Nguyen
- The National Center for Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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Khan F, Pham DTN, Tabassum N, Oloketuyi SF, Kim YM. Treatment strategies targeting persister cell formation in bacterial pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:665-688. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1822278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Young-Mog Kim
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Peptidoglycan Sensing Prevents Quiescence and Promotes Quorum-Independent Colony Growth of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00157-20. [PMID: 32778561 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00157-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of human urinary tract infections (UTIs), and many patients experience recurrent infection after successful antibiotic treatment. The source of recurrent infections may be persistent bacterial reservoirs in vivo that are in a quiescent state and thus are not susceptible to antibiotics. Here, we show that multiple UPEC strains require a quorum to proliferate in vitro with glucose as the carbon source. At low cell density, the bacteria remain viable but enter a quiescent, nonproliferative state. Of the clinical UPEC isolates tested to date, 35% (51/145) enter this quiescent state, including isolates from the recently emerged, multidrug-resistant pandemic lineage ST131 (i.e., strain JJ1886) and isolates from the classic endemic lineage ST73 (i.e., strain CFT073). Moreover, quorum-dependent UPEC quiescence is prevented and reversed by small-molecule proliferants that stimulate colony formation. These proliferation cues include d-amino acid-containing peptidoglycan (PG) tetra- and pentapeptides, as well as high local concentrations of l-lysine and l-methionine. Peptidoglycan fragments originate from the peptidoglycan layer that supports the bacterial cell wall but are released as bacteria grow. These fragments are detected by a variety of organisms, including human cells, other diverse bacteria, and, as we show here for the first time, UPEC. Together, these results show that for UPEC, (i) sensing of PG stem peptide and uptake of l-lysine modulate the quorum-regulated decision to proliferate and (ii) quiescence can be prevented by both intra- and interspecies PG peptide signaling.IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). During pathogenesis, UPEC cells adhere to and infiltrate bladder epithelial cells, where they may form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) or enter a nongrowing or slowly growing quiescent state. Here, we show in vitro that UPEC strains at low population density enter a reversible, quiescent state by halting division. Quiescent cells resume proliferation in response to sensing a quorum and detecting external signals, or cues, including peptidoglycan tetra- and pentapeptides.
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Characterization of the Bacterial Biofilm Communities Present in Reverse-Osmosis Water Systems for Haemodialysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091418. [PMID: 32942620 PMCID: PMC7564833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is a common problem in water treatment at haemodialysis facilities. Bacteria adhere and proliferate on RO membranes, forming biofilms, obstructing and damaging the membranes and allowing the transfer of bacteria and/or cellular components potentially harmful to the health of haemodialysis patients. Our aim was to characterize the bacterial community associated to biofilm of RO membranes and to identify potentially pathogenic bacteria present in the haemodialysis systems of two dialysis centres in Chile. The diversity of the bacterial communities present on RO membranes and potable and osmosed water samples was evaluated using Illumina sequencing. Additionally, bacteria from potable water, osmosed water and RO membrane samples were isolated, characterized and identified by Sanger’s sequencing. The molecular analyses of metagenomics showed that the phyla having a greater relative abundance in both dialysis centres were Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Agrobacterium, Pigmentiphaga, Ralstonia, Arthrobacter, Bacteroides and Staphylococcus were bacterial genera isolated from the different samples obtained at both haemodialysis centres. Pseudomonas spp. was a bacterial genus with greater frequency in all samples. Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus showed higher levels of resistance to the antibiotics tested. Results demonstrated the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, showing resistance to antimicrobials on RO membranes and in osmosed water in both dialysis centres studied.
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Pang X, Li D, Zhu J, Cheng J, Liu G. Beyond Antibiotics: Photo/Sonodynamic Approaches for Bacterial Theranostics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:144. [PMID: 34138184 PMCID: PMC7770670 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution and propagation of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens are outpacing the development of new antibiotics, but antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) provides an excellent alternative. This treatment depends on the interaction between light and photoactivated sensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly cytotoxic to induce apoptosis in virtually all microorganisms without resistance concern. When replacing light with low-frequency ultrasonic wave to activate sensitizer, a novel ultrasound-driven treatment emerges as antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT). Recent advances in aPDT and aSDT reveal golden opportunities for the management of multidrug resistant bacterial infections, especially in the theranostic application where imaging diagnosis can be accomplished facilely with the inherent optical characteristics of sensitizers, and the generated ROS by aPDT/SDT cause broad-spectrum oxidative damage for sterilization. In this review, we systemically outline the mechanisms, targets, and current progress of aPDT/SDT for bacterial theranostic application. Furthermore, potential limitations and future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Amoy Hopeful Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 361027, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging, Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang D, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Huang J, Chen Y. Proteomic interrogation of antibiotic resistance and persistence in Escherichia coli - progress and potential for medical research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:393-409. [PMID: 32567419 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1784731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Escherichia coli strains possess two survival strategies to endure lethal antibiotic exposure including antibiotic resistance and persistence, in which persistence can contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increasing the risk of multidrug resistance. Using high-throughput proteomics for the comprehensive understanding of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and persistence is an effective strategy for development of target-based anti-bacterial therapies. Areas covered In this review, we summarize a comprehensive proteomic perspective of antibiotic resistance and persistence in E. coli, and overview of anti-antibiotic resistance and anti-persister molecules and strategies for the development of potential therapies. Expert opinion Proteomics allows us to globally identify the critical proteins and pathways involved in antibiotic resistance and persistence. Advancements in methodologies of proteomics and multi-omic strategies are required to overcome the limitations of proteomics and better understand mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and persistence in E. coli, and to open the possibility for identification of new targets for alternative strategies in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Hu
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqiang Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jiafu Huang
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, China.,Engineering Technological Center of Mushroom Industry , Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, China
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Sundar S, Battistoni C, McNulty R, Morales F, Gorky J, Foley H, Dhurjati P. An agent-based model to investigate microbial initiation of Alzheimer's via the olfactory system. Theor Biol Med Model 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 32290858 PMCID: PMC7158140 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-020-00123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease. A novel agent-based modelling framework was developed in NetLogo 3D to provide fundamental insights into the potential mechanisms by which a microbe (eg. Chlamydia pneumoniae) may play a role in late-onset AD. The objective of our initial model is to simulate one possible spatial and temporal pathway of bacterial propagation via the olfactory system, which may then lead to AD symptoms. The model maps the bacteria infecting cells from the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, through the olfactory bulb and into the olfactory cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain. RESULTS Based on the set of biological rules, simulated randomized infection by the microbe led to the formation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary (NF) tangles as well as caused immune responses. Our initial simulations demonstrated that breathing in C. pneumoniae can result in infection propagation and significant buildup of Aβ plaque and NF tangles in the olfactory cortex and hippocampus. Our model also indicated how mucosal and neural immunity can play a significant role in the pathway considered. Lower immunities, correlated with elderly individuals, had quicker and more Aβ plaque and NF tangle formation counts. In contrast, higher immunities, correlated with younger individuals, demonstrated little to no such formation. CONCLUSION The modelling framework provides an organized visual representation of how AD progression may occur via the olfactory system to better understand disease pathogenesis. The model confirms current conclusions in available research but can be easily adjusted to match future evidence and be used by researchers for their own individual purposes. The goal of our initial model is to ultimately guide further hypothesis refinement and experimental testing to better understand the dynamic system interactions present in the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Carly Battistoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ryan McNulty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Fernando Morales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jonathan Gorky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Foley
- New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad Dhurjati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Controlled phage therapy by photothermal ablation of specific bacterial species using gold nanorods targeted by chimeric phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1951-1961. [PMID: 31932441 PMCID: PMC6994977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913234117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods for detecting and killing antibiotic-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria are of prime interest for a wide variety of applications. While phages have long been considered as potential antibacterial agents, many concerns about phage therapy stem from the fact that phages are replicating, evolvable entities whose biology is poorly understood in most cases. These concerns could be addressed by destroying the phage immediately upon use. We accomplish this by conjugating phages to gold nanorods, whose excitation by near-infrared light causes localized heating that essentially cooks nearby bacteria. Thus, the phages deliver gold nanorods to the targeted bacteria, and the nanorods destroy both bacteria and phages simultaneously. This strategy transforms phages from an evolving biological entity into a controlled, drug-like reagent. The use of bacteriophages (phages) for antibacterial therapy is under increasing consideration to treat antimicrobial-resistant infections. Phages have evolved multiple mechanisms to target their bacterial hosts, such as high-affinity, environmentally hardy receptor-binding proteins. However, traditional phage therapy suffers from multiple challenges stemming from the use of an exponentially replicating, evolving entity whose biology is not fully characterized (e.g., potential gene transduction). To address this problem, we conjugate the phages to gold nanorods, creating a reagent that can be destroyed upon use (termed “phanorods”). Chimeric phages were engineered to attach specifically to several Gram-negative organisms, including the human pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris. The bioconjugated phanorods could selectively target and kill specific bacterial cells using photothermal ablation. Following excitation by near-infrared light, gold nanorods release energy through nonradiative decay pathways, locally generating heat that efficiently kills targeted bacterial cells. Specificity was highlighted in the context of a P. aeruginosa biofilm, in which phanorod irradiation killed bacterial cells while causing minimal damage to epithelial cells. Local temperature and viscosity measurements revealed highly localized and selective ablation of the bacteria. Irradiation of the phanorods also destroyed the phages, preventing replication and reducing potential risks of traditional phage therapy while enabling control over dosing. The phanorod strategy integrates the highly evolved targeting strategies of phages with the photothermal properties of gold nanorods, creating a well-controlled platform for systematic killing of bacterial cells.
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