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Stege PB, Schokker D, Harders F, Kar SK, Stockhofe N, Perricone V, Rebel JMJ, de Jong IC, Bossers A. Diet-induced changes in the jejunal microbiota of developing broilers reduce the abundance of Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus faecium. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:627. [PMID: 38910254 PMCID: PMC11193906 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern broiler breeds allow for high feed efficiency and rapid growth, which come at a cost of increased susceptibility to pathogens and disease. Broiler growth rate, feed efficiency, and health are affected by the composition of the gut microbiota, which in turn is influenced by diet. In this study, we therefore assessed how diet composition can affect the broiler jejunal gut microbiota. A total of 96 broiler chickens were divided into four diet groups: control, coated butyrate supplementation, medium-chain fatty acid supplementation, or a high-fibre low-protein content. Diet groups were sub-divided into age groups (4, 12 and 33 days of age) resulting in groups of 8 broilers per diet per age. The jejunum content was used for metagenomic shotgun sequencing to determine the microbiota taxonomic composition at species level. The composed diets resulted in a total of 104 differentially abundant bacterial species. Most notably were the butyrate-induced changes in the jejunal microbiota of broilers 4 days post-hatch, resulting in the reduced relative abundance of mainly Enterococcus faecium (-1.8 l2fc, Padj = 9.9E-05) and the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus hirae (-2.9 l2fc, Padj = 2.7E-08), when compared to the control diet. This effect takes place during early broiler development, which is critical for broiler health, thus exemplifying the importance of how diet can influence the microbiota composition in relation to broiler health. Future studies should therefore elucidate how diet can be used to promote a beneficial microbiota in the early stages of broiler development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Stege
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Frank Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Soumya K Kar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Vera Perricone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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2
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Wei Y, Palacios Araya D, Palmer KL. Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01058-6. [PMID: 38890478 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecium colonizes humans and a wide range of animals, endures numerous stresses, resists antibiotic treatment and stubbornly persists in clinical environments. The widespread application of antibiotics in hospitals and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, which causes many hospital-acquired infections. In this Review, we explore recent discoveries about the evolutionary history, the environmental adaptation and the colonization and dissemination mechanisms of E. faecium and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. These studies provide critical insights necessary for developing novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and also reveal the intricate interrelationships between the environment, the microorganism and the host, providing knowledge that is broadly relevant to how antibiotic-resistant pathogens emerge and endure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Wei
- School of Podiatric Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | - Dennise Palacios Araya
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Kelli L Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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3
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Lim S, Lee D, Jeong S, Park JW, Im J, Choi B, Gwak D, Yun CH, Seo HS, Han SH. Serotype-Dependent Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae Growth by Short-Chain Fatty Acids. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:47-55. [PMID: 38044707 PMCID: PMC10840490 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe infectious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Despite the availability of antibiotics and pneumococcal vaccines against some invasive serotypes, pneumococcal infection remains a tremendous clinical challenge due to the increasing frequency of infection by antimicrobial resistant, nonencapsulated, and/or non-vaccine serotype strains. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced at various mucosal sites in the body, have potent antimicrobial activity, including inhibition of pathogen growth and/or bacterial biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) against various serotypes pneumococci. Propionate generally inhibited the growth of S. pneumoniae serotypes included in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13, except for serotypes 3 and 7F, though butyrate and acetate showed no or low inhibition, depending on the serotypes. Of note, butyrate showed strong inhibition against serotype 3, the most prevalent invasive strain since the introduction of the PCV. No SCFAs showed inhibitory effects against serotype 7F. Remarkably, the nonencapsulated pneumococcal strain had more sensitivity to SCFAs than encapsulated parental strains. Taken together, these results suggest that propionate showing the most potent inhibition of pneumococcal growth may be used as an alternative treatment for pneumococcal infection, and that butyrate could be used against serotype 3, which is becoming a serious threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Lim
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokeum Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Gwak
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yan JY, Lin TH, Jong YT, Hsueh JW, Wu SH, Lo HJ, Chen YC, Pan CH. Microbiota signatures associated with invasive Candida albicans infection in the gastrointestinal tract of immunodeficient mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1278600. [PMID: 38298919 PMCID: PMC10828038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1278600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal microorganism in the human gut but occasionally causes invasive C. albicans infection (ICA), especially in immunocompromised individuals. Early initiation of antifungal therapy is associated with reduced mortality of ICA, but rapid diagnosis remains a challenge. The ICA-associated changes in the gut microbiota can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic targets but have been poorly investigated. In this study, we utilized an immunodeficient Rag2γc (Rag2-/-il2γc-/-) mouse model to investigate the gut microbiota alterations caused by C. albicans throughout its cycle, from its introduction into the gastrointestinal tract to invasion, in the absence of antibiotics. We observed a significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes, particularly Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, as well as a significant decrease in the abundance of Candidatus Arthromitus in mice exposed to either the wild-type SC5314 strain or the filamentation-defective mutant (cph1/cph1 efg1/efg1) HLC54 strain of C. albicans. However, only the SC5314-infected mice developed ICA. A linear discriminate analysis of the temporal changes in the gut bacterial composition revealed Bacteroides vulgatus as a discriminative biomarker associated with SC5314-infected mice with ICA. Additionally, a positive correlation between the B. vulgatus abundance and fungal load was found, and the negative correlation between the Candidatus Arthromitus abundance and fungal load after exposure to C. albicans suggested that C. albicans might affect the differentiation of intestinal Th17 cells. Our findings reveal the influence of pathogenic C. albicans on the gut microbiota and identify the abundance of B. vulgatus as a microbiota signature associated with ICA in an immunodeficient mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Yan
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Jong
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wei Hsueh
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sze-Hsien Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Lo
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiung Pan
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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5
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Im J, Lee D, Park OJ, Natarajan S, Park J, Yun CH, Han SH. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition by propionate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1063650. [PMID: 36620009 PMCID: PMC9814166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes a variety of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and septic shock. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) evades virtually all available treatments, creating the need for an alternative control strategy. Although we previously demonstrated the inhibitory effect of sodium propionate (NaP) on MRSA, the regulatory mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of NaP on MRSA using RNA-Seq analysis. Total RNAs were isolated from non-treated and 50 mM NaP-treated S. aureus USA300 for 3 h and transcriptional profiling was conducted by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with log2 fold change ≥2 and p < 0.05 was identified in the NaP treatment group compared with the control group. Among the 171 genes, 131 were up-regulated and 40 were down-regulated. Upon gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis, total 26 specific GO terms in "Biological process," "Molecular function," and "Cellular component" were identified in MRSA treated with NaP for 3 h. "Purine metabolism"; "riboflavin metabolism"; and "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism" were identified as major altered metabolic pathways among the eight significantly enriched KEGG pathways in MRSA treated with NaP. Furthermore, the MRSA strains deficient in purF, ilvA, ribE, or ribA, which were the up-regulated DEGs in the metabolic pathways, were more susceptible to NaP than wild-type MRSA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NaP attenuates MRSA growth by altering its metabolic pathways, suggesting that NaP can be used as a potential bacteriostatic agent for prevention of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Seung Hyun Han,
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6
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Park T, Im J, Kim AR, Lee D, Jeong S, Yun CH, Han SH. Propionate Attenuates Growth of Oral Streptococci through Enhancing Methionine Biosynthesis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1234-1244. [PMID: 36198670 PMCID: PMC9668084 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral streptococci are considered as an opportunistic pathogen associated with initiation and progression of various oral diseases. However, since the currently-available treatments often accompany adverse effects, alternative strategy is demanded to control streptococci. In the current study, we investigated whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), and sodium butyrate (NaB), can inhibit the growth of oral streptococci. Among the tested SCFAs, NaP most potently inhibited the growth of laboratory and clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus gordonii under anaerobic culture conditions. However, the growth inhibitory effect of NaP on six different species of other oral streptococci was different depending on their culture conditions. Metabolic changes such as alteration of methionine biosynthesis can affect bacterial growth. Indeed, NaP enhanced intracellular methionine levels of oral streptococci as well as the mRNA expression level of methionine biosynthesis-related genes. Collectively, these results suggest that NaP has an inhibitory effect on the growth of oral streptococci, which might be due to alteration of methionine biosynthesis. Thus, NaP can be used an effective bacteriostatic agent for the prevention of oral infectious diseases caused by oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone +82-2-880-2310 Fax: +82-2-743-0311 E-mail:
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7
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Yue F, Xu J, Zhang S, Hu X, Wang X, Lü X. Structural features and anticancer mechanisms of pectic polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:825-839. [PMID: 35447258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of pectic polysaccharides (PPs) was proved by numerous studies, and which also indicated that the bioactivity of PPs was closely related to its complicated structures. Based on the summary and analysis about structure characteristics and corresponding enzymatic process of the reported PPs, the anticancer mechanism and related structural features were systematically clarified. It was found that not only the direct effects on the cancer cells by proliferation inhibition or apoptosis, but also the regulation of immune system, gut microbiota and gut metabolism as indirect effects, jointly played important roles in the anticancer of PPs. Nevertheless, during the study of PPs as promising anticancer components, the exact structure-function relationship, digestion process in vivo, and comprehensive action mechanism are still not well understanding. With the unveiling of the proposed issues, it is believed that PPs are promising to be exploited as effective cancer therapy/adjunctive therapy drugs or functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sitan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Mirzaei R, Dehkhodaie E, Bouzari B, Rahimi M, Gholestani A, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Teimoori A, Karampoor S. Dual role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on host and pathogen. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112352. [PMID: 34840032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of documents shows microbiota produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence the host and bacterial pathogens. The production of SCFAs depends on the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora and is also affected by dietary changes. SCFAs play important roles in maintaining colonic health as an energy source, as a regulator of gene expression and cell differentiation, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Additionally, the regulated expression of virulence genes is critical for successful infection by an intestinal pathogen. Bacteria rely on sensing environmental signals to find preferable niches and reach the infectious state. This review will present data supporting the diverse functional roles of microbiota-derived butyrate, propionate, and acetate on host cellular activities such as immune modulation, energy metabolism, nervous system, inflammation, cellular differentiation, and anti-tumor effects, among others. On the other hand, we will discuss and summarize data about the role of these SCFAs on the virulence factor of bacterial pathogens. In this regard, receptors and signaling routes for SCFAs metabolites in host and pathogens will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elahe Dehkhodaie
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Gholestani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Lorine D, Céline D, Caroline LM, Frédéric B, Lorette H, Julie B, Laure M, Christine Z, Typhaine P, Sandra R, Emmanuelle H, Rabab SZ, Jeanne C, Anne-Marie P. Influence of operating conditions on the persistence of E. coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic reactors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:32-41. [PMID: 34403994 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the combined effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and heat pretreatment of manure (70 °C, 1 h) on the fate of E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens, C. difficile, and on chemical parameters (volatile fatty acids and ammonia) that may inactivate pathogens. Semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic reactors were fed with pig manure and horse feed. The operating conditions were 2, 3, 4 COD.L-1.d-1 (OLR), 24, 35, 46 days (HRT) and use or not of a thermal pretreatment. The levels of the chemical parameters did not reach concentrations capable of inactivating the four bacteria. Anaerobic digestion led to a Log10 removal > 3 (E. coli), 0.9-2.1 (enterococci), 0.1-0.6 (C. perfringens) and 0-1 (C. difficile). Increasing HRT only reduced the concentration of E. coli in the digestate. Increasing OLR reduced the Log10 removal of enterococci and C. difficile. The heat pretreatment led to non-detection of E. coli in the digestate, reduced the concentration of C. perfringens by 0.8-1.3 Log10 and increased the concentration of C. difficile by 0.04-0.7 Log10. Enterococci, not detected in the heated manure, were present in the digestate. The distribution of genes encoding virulence factors of C. difficile (tcdA and tcdB) and C. perfringens (cpa, cpb2 and cpb) was not impacted by anaerobic digestion or by the heat pretreatment. Enterococci, C. perfringens, C. difficile were present in the digestate at relatively stable concentrations regardless of the operating conditions, indicating that even with heat pretreatment, the biosafety of digestate cannot be guaranteed in mesophilic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derongs Lorine
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Druilhe Céline
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Le Maréchal Caroline
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Barbut Frédéric
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | | | - Buffet Julie
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Martin Laure
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Poezevara Typhaine
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Rouxel Sandra
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Houard Emmanuelle
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Syed Zaidi Rabab
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | - Couturier Jeanne
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
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10
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Cookson TA. Bacterial-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: Mechanisms for the Treatment of Hypertension via the Gut. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:721393. [PMID: 34485420 PMCID: PMC8414577 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.721393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. As more research into the gut microbiome emerges, we are finding increasing evidence to support that these microbes may have significant positive and negative effects on blood pressure and associated disorders. The bacterial-derived metabolites that are produced in the gut are capable of widespread effects to several tissue types and organs in the body. It is clear that the extensive metabolic function that is lost with gut dysbiosis is unlikely to be replenished with a single metabolite or bacterial strain. Instead, combinations of bacteria and concomitant therapies will provide a more well-rounded solution to manage hypertension. The bioactive molecules that are recognized in this review will inform on ideal characteristics of candidate bacteria and provide direction for future research on the gut microbiome in hypertension.
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Machado MG, Sencio V, Trottein F. Short-Chain Fatty Acids as a Potential Treatment for Infections: a Closer Look at the Lungs. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0018821. [PMID: 34097474 PMCID: PMC8370681 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00188-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the gut microbiota via the fermentation of complex carbohydrates and fibers. Evidence suggests that SCFAs play a role in the control of infections through direct action both on microorganisms and on host signaling. This review summarizes the main microbicidal effects of SCFAs and discusses studies highlighting the effect of SCFAs in the virulence and viability of microorganisms. We also describe the diverse and complex modes of action of the SCFAs on the immune system in the face of infections with a specific focus on bacterial and viral respiratory infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that SCFAs protect against lung infections. Finally, we present potential strategies that may be leveraged to exploit the biological properties of SCFAs for increasing effectiveness and optimizing patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gomes Machado
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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12
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The lung-gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:296-304. [PMID: 33500564 PMCID: PMC7835650 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host's defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota's composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota's composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung-gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.
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Park OJ, Jung S, Park T, Kim AR, Lee D, Jung Ji H, Seong Seo H, Yun CH, Hyun Han S. Enhanced biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii with lipoprotein deficiency. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:271-278. [PMID: 33063478 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal Gram-positive bacterium that acts as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause apical periodontitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Biofilm formation of bacteria is important for the initiation and progression of such diseases. Although lipoproteins play key roles in physiological functions, the role of lipoproteins of S. gordonii in its biofilm formation has not been clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of lipoproteins of S. gordonii in the bacterial biofilm formation using its lipoprotein-deficient strain (Δlgt). The S. gordonii Δlgt exhibited increased biofilm formation on the human dentin slices or on the polystyrene surfaces compared to the wild-type strain, while its growth rate did not differ from that of the wild-type. In addition, the S. gordonii Δlgt strain exhibited the enhanced LuxS mRNA expression and AI-2 production, which is known to be a positive regulator of biofilm formation, compared to the wild-type. Concordantly, the augmented biofilm formation of S. gordonii Δlgt was attenuated by an AI-2 inhibitor, D-ribose. In addition, lipoproteins from purified S. gordonii inhibited the biofilm formation of S. gordonii wild-type and Δlgt. Taken together, these results suggest that lipoprotein-deficient S. gordonii form biofilms more effectively than the wild-type strain, which might be related to the AI-2 quorum-sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Solmin Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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