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Mooij P, Mortier D, Aartse A, Murad AB, Correia R, Roldão A, Alves PM, Fagrouch Z, Eggink D, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG, Verschoor EJ, van Gils MJ, Bogers WM, Carrondo MJT, Remarque EJ, Koopman G. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to seasonal influenza virus H1N1 strains are not enhanced during subsequent pandemic H1N1 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256094. [PMID: 37691927 PMCID: PMC10484506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The first exposure to influenza is presumed to shape the B-cell antibody repertoire, leading to preferential enhancement of the initially formed responses during subsequent exposure to viral variants. Here, we investigated whether this principle remains applicable when there are large genetic and antigenic differences between primary and secondary influenza virus antigens. Because humans usually have a complex history of influenza virus exposure, we conducted this investigation in influenza-naive cynomolgus macaques. Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. Four weeks after the final immunization, animals were challenged with pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09). Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. No reductions in viral load in the nose or throat were detected in either vaccine group. After infection, strong virus-neutralizing responses to H1N1pdm09 were induced. However, there were no increases in virus-neutralizing titers against four of the five H1N1 vaccine strains; and only a mild increase was observed in virus-neutralizing titer against the influenza A/Texas/36/91 vaccine strain. After H1N1pdm09 infection, both vaccine groups showed higher virus-neutralizing titers against two H1N1 strains of intermediate antigenic distance between the H1N1 vaccine strains and H1N1pdm09, compared with the naive control group. Furthermore, both vaccine groups had higher HA-stem antibodies early after infection than the control group. In conclusion, immunization with VLPs displaying HA from antigenically distinct H1N1 variants increased the breadth of the immune response during subsequent H1N1pdm09 challenge, although this phenomenon was limited to intermediate antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexandre B. Murad
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science, Research and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Jungbluth S, Depraetere H, Slezak M, Christensen D, Stockhofe N, Beloeil L. A gaps-and-needs analysis of vaccine R&D in Europe: Recommendations to improve the research infrastructure. Biologicals 2022; 76:15-23. [PMID: 35232629 PMCID: PMC8881975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into sharp focus the importance of strategies supporting vaccine development. During the pandemic, TRANSVAC, the European vaccine-research-infrastructure initiative, undertook an in-depth consultation of stakeholders to identify how best to position and sustain a European vaccine R&D infrastructure. The consultation included an online survey incorporating a gaps-and-needs analysis, follow-up interviews and focus-group meetings. Between October 2020 and June 2021, 53 organisations completed the online survey, including 24 research institutes and universities, and 9 pharmaceutical companies; 24 organisations participated in interviews, and 14 in focus-group meetings. The arising recommendations covered all aspects of the vaccine-development value chain: from preclinical development to financing and business development; and covered prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, for both human and veterinary indications. Overall, the recommendations supported the expansion and elaboration of services including training programmes, and improved or more extensive access to expertise, technologies, partnerships, curated databases, and-data analysis tools. Funding and financing featured as critical elements requiring support throughout the vaccine-development programmes, notably for academics and small companies, and for vaccine programmes that address medical and veterinary needs without a great potential for commercial gain. Centralizing the access to these research infrastructures via a single on-line portal was considered advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jungbluth
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author
| | | | - Monika Slezak
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Dept. Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen University/Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Genzel L, Adan R, Berns A, van den Beucken JJJP, Blokland A, Boddeke EHWGM, Bogers WM, Bontrop R, Bulthuis R, Bousema T, Clevers H, Coenen TCJJ, van Dam AM, Deen PMT, van Dijk KW, Eggen BJL, Elgersma Y, Erdogan I, Englitz B, Fentener van Vlissingen JM, la Fleur S, Fouchier R, Fitzsimons CP, Frieling W, Haagmans B, Heesters BA, Henckens MJAG, Herfst S, Hol E, van den Hove D, de Jonge MI, Jonkers J, Joosten LAB, Kalsbeek A, Kamermans M, Kampinga HH, Kas MJ, Keijer J, Kersten S, Kiliaan AJ, Kooij TWA, Kooijman S, Koopman WJH, Korosi A, Krugers HJ, Kuiken T, Kushner SA, Langermans JAM, Lesscher HMB, Lucassen PJ, Lutgens E, Netea MG, Noldus LPJJ, van der Meer JWM, Meye FJ, Mul JD, van Oers K, Olivier JDA, Pasterkamp RJ, Philippens IHCHM, Prickaerts J, Pollux BJA, Rensen PCN, van Rheenen J, van Rij RP, Ritsma L, Rockx BHG, Roozendaal B, van Schothorst EM, Stittelaar K, Stockhofe N, Swaab DF, de Swart RL, Vanderschuren LJMJ, de Vries TJ, de Vrij F, van Wezel R, Wierenga CJ, Wiesmann M, Willuhn I, de Zeeuw CI, Homberg JR. How the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the necessity of animal research. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4328. [PMID: 33142090 PMCID: PMC7605800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Genzel L, Adan R, Berns A, van den Beucken JJJP, Blokland A, Boddeke EHWGM, Bogers WM, Bontrop R, Bulthuis R, Bousema T, Clevers H, Coenen TCJJ, van Dam AM, Deen PMT, van Dijk KW, Eggen BJL, Elgersma Y, Erdogan I, Englitz B, Fentener van Vlissingen JM, la Fleur S, Fouchier R, Fitzsimons CP, Frieling W, Haagmans B, Heesters BA, Henckens MJAG, Herfst S, Hol E, van den Hove D, de Jonge MI, Jonkers J, Joosten LAB, Kalsbeek A, Kamermans M, Kampinga HH, Kas MJ, Keijer JA, Kersten S, Kiliaan AJ, Kooij TWA, Kooijman S, Koopman WJH, Korosi A, Krugers HJ, Kuiken T, Kushner SA, Langermans JAM, Lesscher HMB, Lucassen PJ, Lutgens E, Netea MG, Noldus LPJJ, van der Meer JWM, Meye FJ, Mul JD, van Oers K, Olivier JDA, Pasterkamp RJ, Philippens IHCHM, Prickaerts J, Pollux BJA, Rensen PCN, van Rheenen J, van Rij RP, Ritsma L, Rockx BHG, Roozendaal B, van Schothorst EM, Stittelaar K, Stockhofe N, Swaab DF, de Swart RL, Vanderschuren LJMJ, de Vries TJ, de Vrij F, van Wezel R, Wierenga CJ, Wiesmann M, Willuhn I, de Zeeuw CI, Homberg JR. How the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the necessity of animal research. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R1014-R1018. [PMID: 32961149 PMCID: PMC7416712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a petition was offered to the European Commission calling for an immediate ban on animal testing. Although a Europe-wide moratorium on the use of animals in science is not yet possible, there has been a push by the non-scientific community and politicians for a rapid transition to animal-free innovations. Although there are benefits for both animal welfare and researchers, advances on alternative methods have not progressed enough to be able to replace animal research in the foreseeable future. This trend has led first and foremost to a substantial increase in the administrative burden and hurdles required to make timely advances in research and treatments for human and animal diseases. The current COVID-19 pandemic clearly highlights how much we actually rely on animal research. COVID-19 affects several organs and systems, and the various animal-free alternatives currently available do not come close to this complexity. In this Essay, we therefore argue that the use of animals is essential for the advancement of human and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roger Adan
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan Blokland
- Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H W G M Boddeke
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M Bogers
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Bontrop
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - R Bulthuis
- Metris BV, 2132 NG Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - K W van Dijk
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Izel Erdogan
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Susanne la Fleur
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Haagmans
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Herfst
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Hol
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J Kas
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Aap Keijer
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank J Meye
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram D Mul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Ecology(NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald P van Rij
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barry H G Rockx
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - K Stittelaar
- Viroclinics Xplore, 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Taco J de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke de Vrij
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ingo Willuhn
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I de Zeeuw
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M.J. Rebel
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - F.R.M. Balk
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J. Post
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - S. Van Hemert
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - B. Zekarias
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N. Stockhofe
- Animal Sciences Group, Division Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Within all cattle production systems, veal calves are the most severely affected by abomasal damage, with current prevalence at slaughter ranging from 70 to 93% of all animals affected. Although most damage is found in the pyloric region of the abomasum, fundic lesions are also found. Despite past research into the etiology of abomasal damage and the many risk factors that have been proposed, consensus on the causal factors of abomasal damage in veal calves has not yet been reached. The aim of this review was to integrate and analyze available information on the etiology of, and possible risk factors for, abomasal damage in veal calves. We describe various proposed pathways through which risk factors may contribute to damage formation and conclude that the etiology of abomasal damage is most likely multifactorial, with diet being a main contributor. Pyloric lesions, the most common type of damage in veal calves, are likely the result of large and infrequent milk and solid feed meals, whereas fundic lesions may be caused by stress, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. Providing calves with multiple smaller milk and solid feed meals (or ad libitum provision) may decrease abomasal damage. In future research, ulcers, erosions, and scars as well as fundic and pyloric lesions should be recorded separately, because etiologies of these may differ. Further research is required to understand the exact pathway(s) by which milk replacer causes abomasal damage in veal calves; that is, whether low abomasal pH, overloading, or composition are important. Further research is also required to elucidate whether rapid intake of milk replacer and solid feed, which is influenced by restricted amounts fed, inter-calf competition, and calf breed, increases abomasal damage. Research is also needed into the effect of medication and nutrient deficiencies other than iron. The types of experimental designs that can be used for future research could be enhanced if a means to assess abomasal damage antemortem is developed. We conclude that it is unlikely that abomasal or ruminal hairballs, iron deficiency, water provision, and various infections and diseases are significant contributors to abomasal damage in veal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bus
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - L E Webb
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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D'Alessio F, Koopman G, Houard S, Remarque EJ, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG. Workshop report: Experimental animal models for universal influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:6895-6901. [PMID: 30340885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response observed in humans. A workshop organised by the EDUFLUVAC consortium, a European Union funded project coordinated by the European Vaccine Initiative, brought together experts from the influenza vaccine community with the aim to discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives for testing broadly reactive influenza vaccines in animal models. The programme included a diversity of models from well-established and publicly accepted models to cutting edge, newly developed animal models as well as ex-vivo approaches and human models. The audience concluded that different vaccine approaches may require evaluation in different animal models, depending on the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Safety is the main concern for transition to clinical development and influenza vaccine associated enhanced disease was specifically emphasised. An efficient animal model to evaluate this aspect of safety still needs to be identified. Working with animal models requires ethical compliance and consideration of the 3R principles. Development of alternative approaches such as ex-vivo techniques is progressing but is still at an early stage and these methods are not yet suitable for broader application for vaccine evaluation. The human challenge is the ultimate model to assess influenza vaccines. However this model is expensive and not largely applicable. The currently used pre-clinical models are not yet specifically focused on studying unique aspects of a universal influenza vaccine. Further collaboration, communication and effective networking are needed for success in establishment of harmonised and standardised pre-clinical models for evaluation of new influenza vaccines. This report does not provide a complete review of the field but discusses the data presented by the speakers and discussion points raised during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia D'Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Wageningen University & Re-search, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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de Santis B, Stockhofe N, Wal JM, Weesendorp E, Lallès JP, van Dijk J, Kok E, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Onori R, Brera C, Bikker P, van der Meulen J, Kleter G. Case studies on genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Potential risk scenarios and associated health indicators. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 117:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pavlova S, D'Alessio F, Houard S, Remarque EJ, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG. Workshop report: Immunoassay standardisation for "universal" influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:194-201. [PMID: 28146323 PMCID: PMC5410724 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of broadly reactive influenza vaccines raises the need to identify the most appropriate immunoassays that can be used for the evaluation of so-called universal influenza vaccines and to explore a path towards the standardisation of such assays. More than fifty experts from the global influenza vaccine research and development field met to initiate such discussion at a workshop co-organised by the EDUFLUVAC consortium, a European Union funded project coordinated by the European Vaccine Initiative, and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, USA. The workshop audience agreed that it was not possible to establish a single immunoassay for "universal" influenza vaccines because the current approaches differ in the vaccines' nature and immunogenicity properties. Therefore, different scientific rationales for the immunoassay selection are required. To avoid dilution of efforts, the choice of the primary evaluation criteria (eg serological assays or T-cell assays) should drive the effort of harmonisation. However, at an early phase of clinical development, more efforts on exploratory assessments should be undertaken to better define the immune profile in response to immunisation with new vaccines. The workshop concluded that each laboratory should aim towards validation of the appropriate immunoassays used during the entire process of vaccine development from antigen discovery up to establishment of correlates of protection, including the different steps of quality control (eg potency assays), animal studies and human clinical development. Standardisation of the immunoassays is the ultimate goal, and there is a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Pavlova
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Flavia D'Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Wageningen University & Re-search, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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Woelders H, de Wit A, Lourens A, Stockhofe N, Engel B, Hulsegge I, Schokker D, van Heijningen P, Vossen S, Bekers D, Zwamborn P. Study of potential health effects of electromagnetic fields of telephony and Wi-Fi, using chicken embryo development as animal model. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 38:186-203. [PMID: 28092407 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate possible biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) as used in modern wireless telecommunication in a well-controlled experimental environment using chicken embryo development as animal model. Chicken eggs were incubated under continuous experimental exposure to GSM (1.8 GHz), DECT (1.88 GHz), UMTS (2.1 GHz), and WLAN (5.6 GHz) radiation, with the appropriate modulation protocol, using a homogeneous field distribution at a field strength of approximately 3 V/m, representing the maximum field level in a normal living environment. Radiation-shielded exposure units/egg incubators were operating in parallel for exposed and control eggs in a climatized homogeneous environment, using 450 eggs per treatment in three successive rounds per treatment. Dosimetry of the exposure (field characteristics and specific absorption rate) were studied. Biological parameters studied included embryo death during incubation, hatching percentage, and various morphological and histological parameters of embryos and chicks and their organs, and gene expression profiles of embryos on day 7 and day 18 of incubation by microarray and qPCR. No conclusive evidence was found for induced embryonic mortality or malformations by exposure to the used EMFs, or for effects on the other measured parameters. Estimated differences between treatment groups were always small and the effect of treatment was not significant. In a statistical model that ignored possible interaction between rounds and exposure units, some of the many pairwise comparisons of exposed versus control had P-values lower than 0.05, but were not significant after correction for multiple testing. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:186-203, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Agnes de Wit
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bas Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ina Hulsegge
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paula van Heijningen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Dekker A, Chénard G, Stockhofe N, Eblé PL. Proper Timing of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination of Piglets with Maternally Derived Antibodies Will Maximize Expected Protection Levels. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:52. [PMID: 27446940 PMCID: PMC4927624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated to what extent maternally derived antibodies interfere with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in order to determine the factors that influence the correct vaccination for piglets. Groups of piglets with maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated at different time points following birth, and the antibody titers to FMD virus (FMDV) were measured using virus neutralization tests (VNT). We used 50 piglets from 5 sows that had been vaccinated 3 times intramuscularly in the neck during pregnancy with FMD vaccine containing strains of FMDV serotypes O, A, and Asia-1. Four groups of 10 piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly in the neck at 3, 5, 7, or 9 weeks of age using a monovalent Cedivac-FMD vaccine (serotype A TUR/14/98). One group of 10 piglets with maternally derived antibodies was not vaccinated, and another group of 10 piglets without maternally derived antibodies was vaccinated at 3 weeks of age and served as a control group. Sera samples were collected, and antibody titers were determined using VNT. In our study, the antibody responses of piglets with maternally derived antibodies vaccinated at 7 or 9 weeks of age were similar to the responses of piglets without maternally derived antibodies vaccinated at 3 weeks of age. The maternally derived antibody levels in piglets depended very strongly on the antibody titer in the sow, so the optimal time for vaccination of piglets will depend on the vaccination scheme and quality of vaccine used in the sows and should, therefore, be monitored and reviewed on regular basis in countries that use FMD prophylactic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Dekker
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute Lelystad, Wageningen UR , Lelystad , Netherlands
| | - Gilles Chénard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Operations BV , Weesp , Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute Lelystad, Wageningen UR , Lelystad , Netherlands
| | - Phaedra L Eblé
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute Lelystad, Wageningen UR , Lelystad , Netherlands
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Dekker A, Eblé P, Stockhofe N, Chénard G. Intratypic heterologous vaccination of calves can induce an antibody response in presence of maternal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:127. [PMID: 24906852 PMCID: PMC4055936 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal antibodies can interfere with foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. In this study we determined whether intratypic heterologous vaccination could help to improve herd immunity. RESULTS In unvaccinated calves, a half-life of maternal antibodies of 21 days was determined. At two weeks of age, calves without maternal antibodies showed a good antibody response against both vaccines used in the trial, while in calves with maternal antibodies no antibody response to homologous vaccination (A Turkey 14/98) but a limited antibody response to intratypic heterologous vaccination (A22 Iraq) was observed. CONCLUSION Two weeks old calves without maternal antibodies respond well to vaccination, but when emergency vaccination is carried out in a region that uses prophylactic vaccination, using an intratypic heterologous vaccine strain may improve the immunity in calves with maternal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P,O, Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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13
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14
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Hulst M, Kortekaas J, Hakze-van der Honing R, Vastenhouw S, Cornellissen J, van Maanen K, Bossers A, Harders F, Stockhofe N, van der Poel W. Genetic characterization of an atypical Schmallenberg virus isolated from the brain of a malformed lamb. Virus Genes 2013; 47:505-14. [PMID: 23996608 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel orthobunyavirus, named "Schmallenberg virus" (SBV), was first detected in the blood of cattle at the end of the summer in Germany in 2011, and subsequently in late autumn from the brain of a stillborn malformed lamb in The Netherlands. Full genome sequences, including 5' and 3' terminal "panhandle" sequences of the L, M, and S segments of the SBV isolated from lamb brain tissue (named HL1) were determined. In addition, a second SBV strain was isolated from the blood of a dairy cow (named F6) also in The Netherlands. This isolate was passaged on Vero cells, and its genome sequence was determined by next-generation sequencing. Alignments of the two genome sequences revealed 4, 12, and 2 amino acid differences in the open reading frames of the L, M, and S segments, respectively. Eleven of a total of 12 amino acid differences were detected in the M segment encoding the ectodomain of the putative structural glycoprotein Gc. Notably, in the HL1 isolate, positions 737-739 are occupied by isoleucine, arginine, and leucine (IRL), whereas in the majority of other sequenced SBV isolates these positions are occupied by threonine, histidine, and proline, respectively. Moreover, in all sheep, goat, and cattle SBV isolates sequenced and published so far, an IRL sequence was never found. This has brought us to the conclusion that the M segment of the HL1 isolate differed markedly from that of other lamb and cow isolates. Whether this atypical variant resulted from adaptation to the ewe, fetus, or insect vector remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Livestock Research of Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands,
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15
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Antonis AFG, Kortekaas J, Kant J, Vloet RPM, Vogel-Brink A, Stockhofe N, Moormann RJM. Vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus without detectable maternal viremia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:601-6. [PMID: 23682700 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic bunyavirus that causes abortions in domesticated ruminants. Sheep breeds exotic to endemic areas are reportedly the most susceptible to RVFV infection. Within the scope of a risk assessment program of The Netherlands, we investigated the susceptibility of a native breed of gestating sheep to RVFV infection. Ewes were infected experimentally during the first, second, or third trimester of gestation. Mortality was high among ewes that developed viremia. Four of 11 inoculated ewes, however, did not develop detectable viremia nor clinical signs and did not seroconvert for immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibodies. Surprisingly, these ewes were found to contain viral RNA in maternal and fetal organs, and the presence of live virus in fetal organs was demonstrated by virus isolation. We demonstrate that RVFV can be transmitted vertically in the absence of detectable maternal viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F G Antonis
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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16
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Brscic M, Leruste H, Heutinck LFM, Bokkers EAM, Wolthuis-Fillerup M, Stockhofe N, Gottardo F, Lensink BJ, Cozzi G, Van Reenen CG. Prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and potential risk factors. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2753-64. [PMID: 22541506 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the in vivo and postmortem prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and investigate risk factors associated with them. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 174 farms in the 3 major veal meat-producing countries in Europe (50 in France, 100 in the Netherlands, and 24 in Italy). Trained veterinarians visually evaluated individual calves of 1 batch per farm at 3 and 13 wk after arrival and at 2 wk before slaughter to assess the prevalence of hampered respiration, nasal discharge, and coughing. A random sample of lungs belonging to calves of the same batch was monitored at the slaughterhouse for mild to moderate or severe signs of pneumonia, and presence of pleuritis. Data regarding veal calf housing, feeding, and management and specific characteristics of the batch were collected through an interview with the stockperson, and the potential of these as respiratory disease risk factors was assessed. Regardless of the stage of fattening, the prevalence of in vivo signs of respiratory disorders in calves was always <7%. This low prevalence was likely the outcome of the general implementation by veal producers of standardized practices such as prophylaxis, all-in/all-out, and individual daily checks of the calves, which are recognized tools for effective disease prevention and management. However, at postmortem inspection, 13.9% and 7.7% of lungs showed mild to moderate and severe signs of pneumonia, respectively, and 21.4% of the inspected lungs had pleuritis. Thus, even mild clinical signs of respiratory disorder in calves at specific time points during the fattening period may be associated with high prevalence of lungs with lesions at slaughter. Alternatively, clinical symptoms recorded during routine visual inspections of veal calves on-farm may be poor predictors of the true prevalence of respiratory disease in calves. Among all potential risk factors considered, those concerning the characteristics of the batch were predominant but factors related to housing, management and feeding equipment were also relevant. Different risk factors were involved at different stages of the fattening period. Therefore, to overcome respiratory disorders in veal calves, different solutions may apply to different stages of the fattening period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brscic
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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17
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Loeffen W, Stockhofe N, Weesendorp E, van Zoelen-Bos D, Heutink R, Quak S, Goovaerts D, Heldens J, Maas R, Moormann R, Koch G. Efficacy of a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus vaccine in pigs against the pandemic influenza virus is superior to commercially available swine influenza vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:304-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Brscic M, Heutinck LFM, Wolthuis-Fillerup M, Stockhofe N, Engel B, Visser EK, Gottardo F, Bokkers EAM, Lensink BJ, Cozzi G, Van Reenen CG. Prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders recorded at postmortem inspection in white veal calves and associated risk factors. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:853-63. [PMID: 21257054 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of poor rumen development, presence of rumen plaques, rumen papillae hyperkeratinization, and abomasal lesions in veal calves and to investigate risk factors for their occurrence at the farm level. Within a wide cross-sectional study, a sample of 170 veal farms representative of the European veal meat production systems was considered in the 3 major producing countries (99 in the Netherlands, 47 in France, and 24 in Italy). An average of 59 ± 10 (SD) rumens and abomasa belonging to calves from a single batch per farm were inspected at the abattoir by trained observers to assess the incidence of these gastrointestinal disorders. Potential risk factors for their occurrence related to farm management, housing, and to the feeding plan were obtained by a questionnaire submitted to the stockperson. Prevalence of poor rumen development (almost no papillae present), rumen plaques, and hyperkeratinization were 60.4, 31.4, and 6.1% of rumens, respectively, whereas abomasal lesions in the pyloric area were recorded in 74.1% of abomasa. Independent variables related to the feeding system confirmed to be the main risk factors for the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders in veal calves. However, additional risk sources for each given problem were identified among housing and management variables. The provision of a low amount of solid feed (≤ 50kg of dry matter/head per cycle) was a relevant risk for rumen underdevelopment. Rumen wall alterations (plaques and hyperkeratinization) and abomasal lesions were instead associated with the administration of large quantities of solids (151-300 kg of dry matter/head per cycle) in calves receiving milk replacer during the entire fattening cycle. Among the types of solid feed, cereal grain acted as a preventive measure for low rumen development, whereas it was a risk factor for the occurrence of rumen plaques, papillae hyperkeratinization, and abomasal lesions. Some housing and management options adopted to improve veal calf welfare (i.e., higher space allowance and use of heating) were associated with lower risk for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brscic
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Loeffen WLA, de Vries RP, Stockhofe N, van Zoelen-Bos D, Maas R, Koch G, Moormann RJ, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM. Vaccination with a soluble recombinant hemagglutinin trimer protects pigs against a challenge with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. Vaccine 2011; 29:1545-50. [PMID: 21219983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2009 a new influenza A/H1N1 virus strain ("pandemic (H1N1) 2009", H1N1v) emerged that rapidly spread around the world. The virus is suspected to have originated in swine through reassortment and to have subsequently crossed the species-barrier towards humans. Several cases of reintroduction into pigs have since been reported, which could possibly create a reservoir for human exposure or ultimately become endemic in the pig population with similar clinical disease problems as current swine influenza strains. A soluble trimer of hemagglutinin (HA), derived from the H1N1v, was used as a vaccine in pigs to investigate the extent to which this vaccine would be able to protect pigs against infection with the H1N1v influenza strain, especially with respect to reducing virus replication and excretion. In a group of unvaccinated control pigs, no clinical symptoms were observed, but (histo)pathological changes consistent with an influenza infection were found on days 1 and 3 after inoculation. Live virus was isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract, with titres up to 10(6) TCID(50) per gram of tissue. Furthermore, live virus was detected in brain samples. Control pigs were shedding live virus for up to 6 days after infection, with titres of up to 10(5) TCID(50) per nasal or oropharyngeal swab. The soluble H1N1v HA trimer diminished virus replication and excretion after a double vaccination and subsequent challenge. Live virus could not be detected in any of the samples taken from the vaccinated pigs. Vaccines based on soluble HA trimers provide an attractive alternative to the current inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L A Loeffen
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Virology Department, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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20
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Suárez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Gerrits WJJ, Stockhofe N, van Vuuren AM, Dijkstra J. Effects of supplementing concentrates differing in carbohydrate composition in veal calf diets: II. Rumen development. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4376-86. [PMID: 17033025 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of concentrates in feed, differing in carbohydrate source, on the rumen development of veal calves. For this purpose, 160 male Holstein Friesian x Dutch Friesian crossbred calves were used in a complete randomized block design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) a milk replacer control, 2) a pectin-based concentrate, 3) a neutral detergent fiber-based concentrate, 4) a starch-based concentrate, and 5) a mixed concentrate (equal amounts of the concentrates in treatments 2, 3, and 4). Concentrate diets were provided as pellets in addition to a commercial milk replacer. Calves were euthanized at either 8 or 12 wk of age. Plasma acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were measured as indicators of rumen development. Empty rumen weight was determined, and wall samples were taken at slaughter. In most calves, a poorly developed rumen mucosa was observed. Coalescing rumen papillae with embedded hair, feed particles, and cell debris were found in all calves fed the concentrate diets. Calves fed concentrates had significantly heavier rumens than calves fed the control diet. In the dorsal location of the rumen, calves fed concentrate diets showed an increased ratio of mucosa to serosa length compared with calves fed the control diet, whereas in the ventral location only, calves fed the pectin and mixed diets showed larger ratios of mucosa to serosa length. Mucosa thickness and muscle thickness were greater in the ventral and dorsal locations of the rumen, respectively. In both locations, the NDF diet resulted numerically in the lowest mucosa thickness and highest muscle thickness among the concentrate treatments. At 8 wk, calves fed the concentrate diets had higher plasma acetate concentrations than calves on the control treatment. However, at 12 wk, only NDF-fed calves showed significantly higher plasma acetate concentrations. The plasma BHBA concentrations of calves at 8 wk of age fed the pectin and mixed diets were higher than those of the control diet-fed calves. At 12 wk, no differences in BHBA concentrations were observed among treatments. Results of a principal component analysis indicated that, in addition to rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, other factors were likely to affect rumen development, and that the relationships between rumen development and individual types of volatile fatty acids present in the rumen liquor were similar. Also, variations in rumen development coincided with variations in plasma acetate and BHBA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Suárez
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Suárez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe N, Dijkstra J, Gerrits WJJ. Effect of Roughage Source and Roughage to Concentrate Ratio on Animal Performance and Rumen Development in Veal Calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2390-403. [PMID: 17430943 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-four male Holstein-Friesian x Dutch Friesian veal calves (46 +/- 3.0 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels and sources of dietary roughage on animal performance and rumen development. Treatments consisted of 1) C100 = concentrate only; 2) C70-S30 = concentrate (70%) with straw (30%), 3) C70-G30 = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (30%), 4) C70-G15-S15 = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (15%) and straw (15%), 5) C70-CS30 = concentrate (70%) with corn silage (30%), 6) C40-CS60 = concentrate (40%) with corn silage (60%), 7) C70-CS30-AL = concentrate (70%) with corn silage (30%) ad libitum, 8) C70-G15-S15-AL = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (15%) and straw (15%) ad libitum. All dietary treatments were provided in addition to a commercial milk replacer. Concentrate was provided as pellets and roughage was chopped. The dietary treatments 1 to 6 were supplied restrictedly to a maximum of 750 g of dry matter (DM) per day, whereas treatments 7 and 8 were offered ad libitum in combination with a reduced amount of milk replacer. Calves were euthanized after 10 wk. Straw supplementation (C70-S30 vs. C70-G30 and C70-CS30) reduced DM intake, and ad libitum supply of concentrate and roughage increased DM intake. Roughage addition did not affect growth performance. Rumen fermentation was characterized by low pH and high total volatile fatty acids and reducing sugar concentrations. Calves fed ad libitum showed lower ruminal lactate concentrations than calves fed restrictedly. Ammonia concentrations were highest in calves fed C-100 and lowest in calves fed ad libitum. The recovery of CoEDTA (added to milk replacer) varied between 20.5 and 34.9%, indicating that significant amounts of milk entered the rumen. Roughage addition decreased the incidence of plaque formation (rumen mucosa containing focal or multifocal patches with coalescing and adhering papillae covered by a sticky mass of feed, hair and cell debris) and the incidence of calves with poorly developed rumen mucosa. However, morphometric parameters of the rumen wall were hardly influenced by the type and level of roughage. Ruminal polysaccharide-degrading enzyme activities reflected the adaptation of the microorganisms to the dietary concentrate and roughage source. Results indicated that in veal calves, the addition of roughage to concentrate diets did not affect growth performance and positively influenced the macroscopic appearance of the rumen wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Suárez
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Antonis AFG, Schrijver RS, Daus F, Steverink PJGM, Stockhofe N, Hensen EJ, Langedijk JPM, van der Most RG. Vaccine-induced immunopathology during bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection: exploring the parameters of pathogenesis. J Virol 2003; 77:12067-73. [PMID: 14581543 PMCID: PMC254282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.12067-12073.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses cause severe lower respiratory tract infections. Effective vaccines against the respiratory syncytial viruses have been lacking since vaccine failures in the 1960s and 1970s. In this report, we describe a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV) challenge model in which both classical bRSV respiratory infection and vaccine-enhanced immune pathology were reproduced. The classical, formalin-inactivated (FI) bRSV vaccine that has been associated with vaccine failure was efficient in inducing high antibody titers and reducing viral loads but also primed calves for a far more serious enhanced respiratory disease after a bRSV challenge, thereby mimicking the enhanced clinical situation in FI human RSV (hRSV)-immunized and hRSV-infected infants in the 1960s. We show that immunization with FI-bRSV mainly primes a Th2-like inflammatory response that is characterized by a significant eosinophilic influx in the bronchial alveolar lung fluid and lung tissues and high levels of immunoglobulin E serum antibodies. The current model may be useful in the evaluation of new bRSV candidate vaccines for potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan F G Antonis
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This paper describes a methodology to quantify the transmission of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae from subclinically infected carrier pigs to susceptible contact pigs, and to test the effect of possible interventions on the transmission. The methodology includes the design of a transmission experiment, and a method with which A. pleuropneumoniae transmission can be quantified and with which the effect of an intervention on the transmission can be tested. The experimental design consists of two parts. First, subclinically infected carrier pigs are created by contact exposure of specific-pathogen-free pigs to endobronchially inoculated pigs. Second, transmission is observed from the group of carrier pigs to a second group of susceptible contact pigs after replacing the inoculated pigs by new contact pigs. The presented analytical method is a generalised linear model (GLM) with which the effect of an intervention on the susceptibility and infectivity can be tested separately, if the transmission is observed in heterogeneous populations. The concept of the experimental transmission model is illustrated by describing an A. pleuropneumoniae transmission experiment in which the effect of vaccination on the susceptibility is quantified. Although it could not be demonstrated that vaccination has an effect on the susceptibility of pigs, it was demonstrated that nasal excretion of A. pleuropneumoniae is related to the infectivity of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G J Velthuis
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Wageningen University and University Utrecht, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Velthuis AGJ, DE Jong MCM, Stockhofe N, Vermeulen TMM, Kamp EM. Transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs is characterized by variation in infectivity. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 129:203-14. [PMID: 12211589 PMCID: PMC2869867 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268802007252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten transmission trials with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were carried out. The observed transmission was highly variable, which was surprising since the design of the trials was very similar. We investigated whether the variable transmission could be explained by variation in infectivity of A. pleuropneumoniae infected pigs. We looked for measurable characteristics, which could be indicative for infectious pigs or for the level of infectivity. The characteristic that appeared to be most indicative for a pig being infectious was an A. pleuropneumoniae positive tonsil at necropsy. The characteristic that was correlated to the level of infectivity was the number of A. pleuropneumoniae colonies isolated from the nasal swab, i.e. the probability for an infectious pig to infect a susceptible pig was tenfold higher on days where at least ten colonies were isolated. In this study it is shown that it is possible to measure the bacterial transmission of A. pleuropneumoniae under controlled circumstances if variation in infectivity is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G J Velthuis
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Edelhertweg, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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25
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Jorritsma R, Antonis AFG, Stockhofe N, Kruip TAM. [Case report of a granulosa-theca tumor in a cow]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2002; 127:286-8. [PMID: 12046447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A 2 year-old cow with abnormal behaviour was observed during a farm visit. Rectal palpation of the cow revealed the presence of a mass of at least 12 cm in diameter. After further examination, it appeared that 'ovarian tumour' was the most likely differential diagnosis. In order to confirm this diagnosis, blood samples were drawn and analysed for plasma progesterone and plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentrations. Also, the gross pathology and histology of the mass were evaluated. The combination of the clinical presentation of the cow, the hormone concentrations, and the histological appearance of the mass confirmed the diagnosis ovarian tumour. The tumour was classified as granulosa-theca cell tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jorritsma
- Afdeling Gezondheidszorg Herkauwers, Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Utrecht, Postbus 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht
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26
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Pol JM, van Leengoed LA, Stockhofe N, Kok G, Wensvoort G. Dual infections of PRRSV/influenza or PRRSV/Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol 1997; 55:259-64. [PMID: 9220621 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of a previous porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome-infection (PRRS) of the respiratory tract on influenza virus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) infections, 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) piglets were intranasally infected with PRRS virus. One week later, when the lung alveolar macrophages of PRRSV infected pigs were lowest in number, a second infection was applied by intranasal aerosol of influenza virus H3N2 or by endobronchial instillation of a mildly virulent App. The first experiment consisted of two groups (only influenza infection or dual PRRSV/influenza infection). A second experiment consisted of 4 groups (only influenza infection, only PRRSV infection, dual PRRSV/influenza infection and uninfected controls). At day 2, 4, 14 and 21 after influenza infection, two pigs were killed and sampled for virological and histopathological examination. Influenza H3N2 virus caused only a mild inflammation of the smaller bronchioli. Previous PRRSV infection did not influence clinical signs during influenza infection. Next, we studied in two experiments the effect of dual PRRSV/App infection during the acute stage at two days after App infection. In a third experiment, the influence of PRRSV on more chronic stages of App infection was studied at two weeks after the App infection. At the end of the experiments, the pigs were killed. Lungs were ranked according to size and kind of the lesions. Lesions were cut and measured, samples were taken for virological and histopathological examination. Statistical analysis of the ranked lung-lesions in the first experiment showed a distinct but small effect of previous PRRSV infection on the development of App-lesions. In PRRSV infected pigs. App produced a more severe disease. The second and third experiment however failed to show any influence of the previous PRRSV infection on the App infection. We conclude that previous PRRSV infection of the respiratory tract of spf pigs does not necessarily enhance the severity of secondary infections of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pol
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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27
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Ganter M, Bickhardt K, Stockhofe N, Kamphues J. [The diagnostic significance of different blood parameters and liver biopsy in chronic copper poisoning of sheep]. Tierarztl Prax 1991; 19:141-6. [PMID: 2068709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a flock of sheep to which food with excess copper (= Cu) had been fed for some months 39 animals died of chronic copper toxicosis. In 5 sheep of this flock the plasma concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), aspartate-amino-transferase (ASAT) and copper were measured several times over a period of 100 days. At day 23, 58 and 97 needle biopsies of the liver were taken. The biopsies were used for histological examination and Cu-analysis. After 100 days the sheep were slaughtered and chronic copper poisoning was diagnosed by raised Cu concentration and typical histological alterations in the liver. The activities of GLDH and SDH in the plasma of the 5 sheep were consistently above normal, ASAT activity and the plasma Cu level were raised only occasionally. The results of Cu determination in biopsy samples were of little predictive value compared with post mortem Cu analysis of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ganter
- Klinik für kleine Klauentiere und forensische Medizin der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover
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28
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Abstract
A method has been developed for the isolation of bovine type II pneumocytes by enzymatic tissue dissociation and subsequent density gradient centrifugation. After mechanical defibrination, the crude cell suspension contains 71.9 +/- 26.6 X 10(7) cells (viability greater than 95%) with a type II cell purity of 39.4 +/- 10.9%. Due to their low buoyant density, bovine type II pneumocytes can be purified in a single step to 95.7 +/- 1.7% by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation on a 1.040 g/ml Percoll gradient. Isolated cells are identified by light and fluorescence microscopy that show their characteristic intracytoplasmatic surfactant granules. The fine structure of the surfactant lamellar bodies is examined in ultra thin sectioned and freeze-fractured type II pneumocytes. Isolation of bovine type II pneumocytes for the in vitro study of the surfactant system offers an alternative to the use of laboratory animals and provides an ideal system for the isolation of any desired cell number from one animal by simply increasing the size of the lung segment to be trypsinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Augustin-Voss
- Institute of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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Waldmann KH, Kikovic D, Stockhofe N. [Clinical and hematological changes after olaquindox poisoning in fattening pigs]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1989; 36:676-86. [PMID: 2514527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A pig grower ration containing olaquindox at a concentration of 778 mg/kg was accidentally fed to 10 respectively 16 weeks old weaner pigs. The subsequent intoxication was characterized by poor growth and long-term disturbances of renal function and electrolyte metabolism. A deficiency of aldosterone, produced by a selective degeneration of the arcuate zone of the adrenal cortex, is probably the cause of the hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hemoconcentration observed. Simultaneously plasma levels of urea and creatinine were elevated five- to eightfold. Due to hyperkalemia episodes with collapse, paralysis and severe electrocardiographic changes occurred several times. Two pigs died in the course of such attacks. Individuals, which transiently showed distinct clinical symptoms of intoxication, did not show any signs of disease 15 or 18 weeks later. Therefore it may be assumed, that the lesions of the adrenals, heart and skeletal muscle caused by olaquindox intoxication are reversible in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Klein
- Equine Clinic, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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