1
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Wijnen K, Genzel L, van der Meij J. Rodent maze studies: from following simple rules to complex map learning. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:823-841. [PMID: 38488865 PMCID: PMC11004052 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
More than 100 years since the first maze designed for rodent research, researchers now have the choice of a variety of mazes that come in many different shapes and sizes. Still old designs get modified and new designs are introduced to fit new research questions. Yet, which maze is the most optimal to use or which training paradigm should be applied, remains up for debate. In this review, we not only provide a historical overview of maze designs and usages in rodent learning and memory research, but also discuss the possible navigational strategies the animals can use to solve each maze. Furthermore, we summarize the different phases of learning that take place when a maze is used as the experimental task. At last, we delve into how training and maze design can affect what the rodents are actually learning in a spatial task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Wijnen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Bevandić J, Chareyron LJ, Bachevalier J, Cacucci F, Genzel L, Newcombe NS, Vargha-Khadem F, Ólafsdóttir HF. Episodic memory development: Bridging animal and human research. Neuron 2024; 112:1060-1080. [PMID: 38359826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human episodic memory is not functionally evident until about 2 years of age and continues to develop into the school years. Behavioral studies have elucidated this developmental timeline and its constituent processes. In tandem, lesion and neurophysiological studies in non-human primates and rodents have identified key neural substrates and circuit mechanisms that may underlie episodic memory development. Despite this progress, collaborative efforts between psychologists and neuroscientists remain limited, hindering progress. Here, we seek to bridge human and non-human episodic memory development research by offering a comparative review of studies using humans, non-human primates, and rodents. We highlight critical theoretical and methodological issues that limit cross-fertilization and propose a common research framework, adaptable to different species, that may facilitate cross-species research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bevandić
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Loïc J Chareyron
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Faraneh Vargha-Khadem
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - H Freyja Ólafsdóttir
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Rayan A, Agarwal A, Samanta A, Severijnen E, van der Meij J, Genzel L. Sleep scoring in rodents: Criteria, automatic approaches and outstanding issues. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:526-553. [PMID: 36479908 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is nothing we spend as much time on in our lives as we do sleeping, which makes it even more surprising that we currently do not know why we need to sleep. Most of the research addressing this question is performed in rodents to allow for invasive, mechanistic approaches. However, in contrast to human sleep, we currently do not have shared and agreed upon standards on sleep states in rodents. In this article, we present an overview on sleep stages in humans and rodents and a historical perspective on the development of automatic sleep scoring systems in rodents. Further, we highlight specific issues in rodent sleep that also call into question some of the standards used in human sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Rayan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anjali Agarwal
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anumita Samanta
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Severijnen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Abstract
Sleep scoring plays a pivotal role both in sleep research and in clinical practice. Traditionally, this process has relied on manual scoring by human experts, but it is marred by time constraints, and inconsistencies between different scorers. Consequently, the quest for more efficient and reliable approaches has sparked a great interest in the realm of automatic sleep-scoring methods. In this article, we provide an exploration of the merits and drawbacks of automatic sleep scoring, alongside the pressing challenges and critical considerations that demand attention in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Rayan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna B Szabo
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA) and Brain and Cognition Research, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Samanta A, Aleman-Zapata A, Agarwal K, Özsezer P, Alonso A, van der Meij J, Rayan A, Navarro-Lobato I, Genzel L. CBD lengthens sleep but shortens ripples and leads to intact simple but worse cumulative memory. iScience 2023; 26:108327. [PMID: 38026151 PMCID: PMC10656268 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is on the rise as over-the-counter medication to treat sleep disturbances, anxiety, pain, and epilepsy due to its action on the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. However, it remains unclear if CBD also leads to adverse effects on memory via changes of sleep macro- and microarchitecture. To investigate the effect of CBD on sleep and memory consolidation, we performed two experiments using the object space task testing for both simple and cumulative memory in rats. We show that oral CBD administration extended the sleep period but changed the properties of rest and non-REM sleep oscillations (delta, spindle, ripples). Specifically, CBD also led to less long (>100 ms) ripples and, consequently, worse cumulative memory consolidation. In contrast, simple memories were not affected. In sum, we can confirm the beneficial effect of CBD on sleep; however, this comes with changes in oscillations that negatively impact memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Samanta
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Adrian Aleman-Zapata
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Kopal Agarwal
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Pelin Özsezer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Alejandra Alonso
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Abdelrahman Rayan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen
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6
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Alonso A, Samanta A, van der Meij J, van den Brand L, Negwer M, Navarro Lobato I, Genzel L. Defensive and offensive behaviours in a Kleefstra syndrome mouse model. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1131-1140. [PMID: 36877418 PMCID: PMC10345049 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome in humans is characterized by a general delay in development, intellectual disability and autistic features. The mouse model of this disease (Ehmt1±) expresses anxiety, autistic-like traits, and aberrant social interactions with non-cagemates. To investigate how Ehmt1± mice behave with unfamiliar conspecifics, we allowed adult, male animals to freely interact for 10 min in a neutral, novel environment within a host-visitor setting. In trials where the Ehmt1± mice were hosts, there were defensive and offensive behaviors. Our key finding was that Ehmt1± mice displayed defensive postures, attacking and biting; in contrast, wild-type (WT) interacting with other WT did not enact such behaviors. Further, if there was a fight between an Ehmt1± and a WT mouse, the Ehmt1± animal was the most aggressive and always initiated these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Alonso
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anumita Samanta
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz van den Brand
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Navarro Lobato
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Duszkiewicz AJ, Rossato JI, Moreno A, Takeuchi T, Yamasaki M, Genzel L, Spooner P, Canals S, Morris RGM. Execution of new trajectories toward a stable goal without a functional hippocampus. Hippocampus 2023; 33:769-786. [PMID: 36798045 PMCID: PMC10946713 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical component of a mammalian spatial navigation system, with the firing sequences of hippocampal place cells during sleep or immobility constituting a "replay" of an animal's past trajectories. A novel spatial navigation task recently revealed that such "replay" sequences of place fields can also prospectively map onto imminent new paths to a goal that occupies a stable location during each session. It was hypothesized that such "prospective replay" sequences may play a causal role in goal-directed navigation. In the present study, we query this putative causal role in finding only minimal effects of muscimol-induced inactivation of the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus on the same spatial navigation task. The concentration of muscimol used demonstrably inhibited hippocampal cell firing in vivo and caused a severe deficit in a hippocampal-dependent "episodic-like" spatial memory task in a watermaze. These findings call into question whether "prospective replay" of an imminent and direct path is actually necessary for its execution in certain navigational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J. Duszkiewicz
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Janine I. Rossato
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteRio Grande do NorteBrazil
| | - Andrea Moreno
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC‐UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)Aarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)Aarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud University and RadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spooner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC‐UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
| | - Richard G. M. Morris
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh NeuroscienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC‐UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
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8
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Navarro Lobato I, Aleman-Zapata A, Samanta A, Bogers M, Narayanan S, Rayan A, Alonso A, van der Meij J, Khamassi M, Khan ZU, Genzel L. Increased cortical plasticity leads to memory interference and enhanced hippocampal-cortical interactions. eLife 2023; 12:84911. [PMID: 37252780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our brain is continuously challenged by daily experiences. Thus, how to avoid systematic erasing of previously encoded memories? While it has been proposed that a dual-learning system with 'slow' learning in the cortex and 'fast' learning in the hippocampus could protect previous knowledge from interference, this has never been observed in the living organism. Here, we report that increasing plasticity via the viral-induced overexpression of RGS14414 in the prelimbic cortex leads to better one-trial memory, but that this comes at the price of increased interference in semantic-like memory. Indeed, electrophysiological recordings showed that this manipulation also resulted in shorter NonREM-sleep bouts, smaller delta-waves and decreased neuronal firing rates. In contrast, hippocampal-cortical interactions in form of theta coherence during wake and REM-sleep as well as oscillatory coupling during NonREM-sleep were enhanced. Thus, we provide the first experimental evidence for the long-standing and unproven fundamental idea that high thresholds for plasticity in the cortex protect preexisting memories and modulating these thresholds affects both memory encoding and consolidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro Lobato
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Aleman-Zapata
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anumita Samanta
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Milan Bogers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Shekhar Narayanan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Abdelrahman Rayan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Alonso
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Khamassi
- Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zafar U Khan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Picard-Deland C, Bernardi G, Genzel L, Dresler M, Schoch SF. Memory reactivations during sleep: a neural basis of dream experiences? Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:568-582. [PMID: 36959079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Newly encoded memory traces are spontaneously reactivated during sleep. Since their discovery in the 1990s, these memory reactivations have been discussed as a potential neural basis for dream experiences. New results from animal and human research, as well as from the rapidly growing field of sleep and dream engineering, provide essential insights into this question, and reveal both strong parallels and disparities between the two phenomena. We suggest that, although memory reactivations may contribute to subjective experiences across different states of consciousness, they are not likely to be the primary neural basis of dreaming. We identify important limitations in current research paradigms and suggest novel strategies to address this question empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Picard-Deland
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- Institutions, Markets, Technologies (IMT) School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Aleman‐Zapata A, van der Meij J, Genzel L. Disrupting ripples: Methods, results, and caveats in closed-loop approaches in rodents. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13532. [PMID: 34913214 PMCID: PMC9787779 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal ripple oscillations have been associated with memory reactivations during wake and sleep. These reactivations should contribute to working memory and memory consolidation respectively. In the past decade studies have moved from being observational to actively disrupting ripple-related activity in closed-loop approaches to enable causal investigations into their function. All together these studies have been able to provide evidence that wake, task-related ripple activity is important for working memory and planning but less important for stabilisation of spatial representations. Rest and sleep-related ripple activity, in contrast, is important for long-term memory performance and thus memory consolidation. In this review, we summarise results from different closed-loop approaches in rodents. Further, we highlight differences in detection and stimulation methods as well as controls and discuss how these differences could influence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Aleman‐Zapata
- Donders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | | | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
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11
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Bastian L, Samanta A, Ribeiro de Paula D, Weber FD, Schoenfeld R, Dresler M, Genzel L. Spindle-slow oscillation coupling correlates with memory performance and connectivity changes in a hippocampal network after sleep. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:3923-3943. [PMID: 35488512 PMCID: PMC9374888 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After experiences are encoded, post‐encoding reactivations during sleep have been proposed to mediate long‐term memory consolidation. Spindle–slow oscillation coupling during NREM sleep is a candidate mechanism through which a hippocampal‐cortical dialogue may strengthen a newly formed memory engram. Here, we investigated the role of fast spindle‐ and slow spindle–slow oscillation coupling in the consolidation of spatial memory in humans with a virtual watermaze task involving allocentric and egocentric learning strategies. Furthermore, we analyzed how resting‐state functional connectivity evolved across learning, consolidation, and retrieval of this task using a data‐driven approach. Our results show task‐related connectivity changes in the executive control network, the default mode network, and the hippocampal network at post‐task rest. The hippocampal network could further be divided into two subnetworks of which only one showed modulation by sleep. Decreased functional connectivity in this subnetwork was associated with higher spindle–slow oscillation coupling power, which was also related to better memory performance at test. Overall, this study contributes to a more holistic understanding of the functional resting‐state networks and the mechanisms during sleep associated to spatial memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bastian
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anumita Samanta
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Demetrius Ribeiro de Paula
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik D Weber
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Bódizs R, Horváth CG, Szalárdy O, Ujma PP, Simor P, Gombos F, Kovács I, Genzel L, Dresler M. Sleep-spindle frequency: Overnight dynamics, afternoon nap effects, and possible circadian modulation. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13514. [PMID: 34761463 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic and circadian processes play a pivotal role in determining sleep structure, timing, and quality. In sharp contrast with the wide accessibility of the electroencephalogram (EEG) index of sleep homeostasis, an electrophysiological measure of the circadian modulation of sleep is still unavailable. Evidence suggests that sleep-spindle frequencies decelerate during biological night. In order to test the feasibility of measuring this marker in common polysomnographic protocols, the Budapest-Munich database of sleep records (N = 251 healthy subjects, 122 females, age range: 4-69 years), as well as an afternoon nap sleep record database (N = 112 healthy subjects, 30 females, age range: 18-30 years) were analysed by the individual adjustment method of sleep-spindle analysis. Slow and fast sleep-spindle frequencies were characterised by U-shaped overnight dynamics, with highest values in the first and the fourth-to-fifth sleep cycle and the lowest values in the middle of the sleeping period (cycles two to three). Age-related attenuation of sleep-spindle deceleration was evident. Estimated phases of the nadirs in sleep-spindle frequencies were advanced in children as compared to other age groups. Additionally, nap sleep spindles were faster than night sleep spindles (0.57 and 0.39 Hz difference for slow and fast types, respectively). The fine frequency resolution analysis of sleep spindles is a feasible method of measuring the assumed circadian modulation of sleep. Moreover, age-related attenuation of circadian sleep modulation might be measurable by assessing the overnight dynamics in sleep-spindle frequency. Phase of the minimal sleep-spindle frequency is a putative biomarker of chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge G Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Samanta A, van Rongen LS, Rossato JI, Jacobse J, Schoenfeld R, Genzel L. Sleep Leads to Brain-Wide Neural Changes Independent of Allocentric and Egocentric Spatial Training in Humans and Rats. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4970-4985. [PMID: 34037203 PMCID: PMC8491695 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is important for memory consolidation and systems consolidation in particular, which is thought to occur during sleep. While there has been a significant amount of research regarding the effect of sleep on behavior and certain mechanisms during sleep, evidence that sleep leads to consolidation across the system has been lacking until now. We investigated the role of sleep in the consolidation of spatial memory in both rats and humans using a watermaze task involving allocentric- and egocentric-based training. Analysis of immediate early gene expression in rodents, combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, elucidated similar behavioral and neural effects in both species. Sleep had a beneficial effect on behavior in rats and a marginally significant effect in humans. Interestingly, sleep led to changes across multiple brain regions at the time of retrieval in both species and in both training conditions. In rats, sleep led to increased gene expression in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. In the humans, sleep led to an activity increase in brain regions belonging to the executive control network and a decrease in activity in regions belonging to the default mode network. Thus, we provide cross-species evidence for system-level memory consolidation occurring during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Samanta
- Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, Netherlands
| | - Laurens S van Rongen
- Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, Netherlands
| | - Janine I Rossato
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Jacobse
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robby Schoenfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, Netherlands.,Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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14
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Vallianatou CA, Alonso A, Aleman AZ, Genzel L, Stella F. Learning-Induced Shifts in Mice Navigational Strategies Are Unveiled by a Minimal Behavioral Model of Spatial Exploration. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0553-20.2021. [PMID: 34330819 PMCID: PMC8489025 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0553-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifts in spatial patterns produced during the execution of a navigational task can be used to track the effects of the accumulation of knowledge and the acquisition of structured information about the environment. Here, we provide a quantitative analysis of mice behavior while performing a novel goal localization task in a large, modular arena, the HexMaze. To demonstrate the effects of different forms of previous knowledge we first obtain a precise statistical characterization of animals' paths with sub-trial resolution and over different phases of learning. The emergence of a flexible representation of the task is accompanied by a progressive improvement of performance, mediated by multiple, multiplexed time scales. We then use a generative mathematical model of the animal behavior to isolate the specific contributions to the final navigational strategy. We find that animal behavior can be accurately reproduced by the combined effect of a goal-oriented component, becoming stronger with the progression of learning, and of a random walk component, producing choices unrelated to the task and only partially weakened in time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Alonso
- Donders Institute for Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Stella
- Donders Institute for Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500GL, The Netherlands
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15
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Homberg JR, Adan RAH, Alenina N, Asiminas A, Bader M, Beckers T, Begg DP, Blokland A, Burger ME, van Dijk G, Eisel ULM, Elgersma Y, Englitz B, Fernandez-Ruiz A, Fitzsimons CP, van Dam AM, Gass P, Grandjean J, Havekes R, Henckens MJAG, Herden C, Hut RA, Jarrett W, Jeffrey K, Jezova D, Kalsbeek A, Kamermans M, Kas MJ, Kasri NN, Kiliaan AJ, Kolk SM, Korosi A, Korte SM, Kozicz T, Kushner SA, Leech K, Lesch KP, Lesscher H, Lucassen PJ, Luthi A, Ma L, Mallien AS, Meerlo P, Mejias JF, Meye FJ, Mitchell AS, Mul JD, Olcese U, González AO, Olivier JDA, Pasqualetti M, Pennartz CMA, Popik P, Prickaerts J, de la Prida LM, Ribeiro S, Roozendaal B, Rossato JI, Salari AA, Schoemaker RG, Smit AB, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Takeuchi T, van der Veen R, Smidt MP, Vyazovskiy VV, Wiesmann M, Wierenga CJ, Williams B, Willuhn I, Wöhr M, Wolvekamp M, van der Zee EA, Genzel L. The continued need for animals to advance brain research. Neuron 2021; 109:2374-2379. [PMID: 34352213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Policymakers aim to move toward animal-free alternatives for scientific research and have introduced very strict regulations for animal research. We argue that, for neuroscience research, until viable and translational alternatives become available and the value of these alternatives has been proven, the use of animals should not be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A H Adan
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Alenina
- The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonis Asiminas
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bader
- The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Beckers
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute and Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denovan P Begg
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim Faculty, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Robbert Havekes
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Gießen, Gießen, Germany; Center of Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kate Jeffrey
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martien J Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Mechiel Korte
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kirk Leech
- European Animal Research Association, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychiatry, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lesscher
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Luthi
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liya Ma
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne S Mallien
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim Faculty, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorge F Mejias
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J Meye
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joram D Mul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Umberto Olcese
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jocelien D A Olivier
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piotr Popik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | | | - Liset M de la Prida
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sidarta Ribeiro
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Janine I Rossato
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rixt van der Veen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Corette J Wierenga
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ingo Willuhn
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Center of Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Marburg, Germany; Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Marburg, Germany; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute and Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Bevandić J, Genzel L, Ólafsdóttir HF. Shining a light on hippocampal remapping. Neuron 2021; 109:913-915. [PMID: 33735613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, McKenzie et al. (2021) test the degree to which pre-existing biases in hippocampal circuits constrict the encoding of new information via artificial induction of place cell remapping. Their results suggest that the hippocampal spatial map encodes new information via pre-existing latent place fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bevandić
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - H Freyja Ólafsdóttir
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Purposes of Review
This review highlights the effect of sex differences in sleep mediated memory consolidation and cognitive performance. In addition, the role of menstrual cycle and the fluctuating level of sexual hormones (mainly oestrogen and progesterone) are stressed.
Recent Findings
The literature indicates that sex hormones mediate and orchestrate the differences observed in performance of females in comparison with males in a variety of tasks and can also be related to how sleep benefits cognition. Although the exact mechanism of such influence is not clear, it most likely involves differential activation of brain areas, sensitivity to neuromodulators (mainly oestrogen), circadian regulation of sleep and temperature, as well as modification of strategies to solve tasks across the menstrual cycle.
Summary
With the evidence presented here, we hope to encourage researchers to develop appropriate paradigms to study the complex relationship between menstrual cycle, sleep (its regulation, architecture and electrophysiological hallmarks) and performance in memory and other cognitive tasks.
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18
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Genzel L, Adan R, Berns A, van den Beucken JJJP, Blokland A, Boddeke EHWGM, Bogers WM, Bontrop R, Bulthuis R, Bousema T, Clevers H, Coenen TCJJ, van Dam AM, Deen PMT, van Dijk KW, Eggen BJL, Elgersma Y, Erdogan I, Englitz B, Fentener van Vlissingen JM, la Fleur S, Fouchier R, Fitzsimons CP, Frieling W, Haagmans B, Heesters BA, Henckens MJAG, Herfst S, Hol E, van den Hove D, de Jonge MI, Jonkers J, Joosten LAB, Kalsbeek A, Kamermans M, Kampinga HH, Kas MJ, Keijer J, Kersten S, Kiliaan AJ, Kooij TWA, Kooijman S, Koopman WJH, Korosi A, Krugers HJ, Kuiken T, Kushner SA, Langermans JAM, Lesscher HMB, Lucassen PJ, Lutgens E, Netea MG, Noldus LPJJ, van der Meer JWM, Meye FJ, Mul JD, van Oers K, Olivier JDA, Pasterkamp RJ, Philippens IHCHM, Prickaerts J, Pollux BJA, Rensen PCN, van Rheenen J, van Rij RP, Ritsma L, Rockx BHG, Roozendaal B, van Schothorst EM, Stittelaar K, Stockhofe N, Swaab DF, de Swart RL, Vanderschuren LJMJ, de Vries TJ, de Vrij F, van Wezel R, Wierenga CJ, Wiesmann M, Willuhn I, de Zeeuw CI, Homberg JR. How the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the necessity of animal research. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4328. [PMID: 33142090 PMCID: PMC7605800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Genzel L, Adan R, Berns A, van den Beucken JJJP, Blokland A, Boddeke EHWGM, Bogers WM, Bontrop R, Bulthuis R, Bousema T, Clevers H, Coenen TCJJ, van Dam AM, Deen PMT, van Dijk KW, Eggen BJL, Elgersma Y, Erdogan I, Englitz B, Fentener van Vlissingen JM, la Fleur S, Fouchier R, Fitzsimons CP, Frieling W, Haagmans B, Heesters BA, Henckens MJAG, Herfst S, Hol E, van den Hove D, de Jonge MI, Jonkers J, Joosten LAB, Kalsbeek A, Kamermans M, Kampinga HH, Kas MJ, Keijer JA, Kersten S, Kiliaan AJ, Kooij TWA, Kooijman S, Koopman WJH, Korosi A, Krugers HJ, Kuiken T, Kushner SA, Langermans JAM, Lesscher HMB, Lucassen PJ, Lutgens E, Netea MG, Noldus LPJJ, van der Meer JWM, Meye FJ, Mul JD, van Oers K, Olivier JDA, Pasterkamp RJ, Philippens IHCHM, Prickaerts J, Pollux BJA, Rensen PCN, van Rheenen J, van Rij RP, Ritsma L, Rockx BHG, Roozendaal B, van Schothorst EM, Stittelaar K, Stockhofe N, Swaab DF, de Swart RL, Vanderschuren LJMJ, de Vries TJ, de Vrij F, van Wezel R, Wierenga CJ, Wiesmann M, Willuhn I, de Zeeuw CI, Homberg JR. How the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the necessity of animal research. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R1014-R1018. [PMID: 32961149 PMCID: PMC7416712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a petition was offered to the European Commission calling for an immediate ban on animal testing. Although a Europe-wide moratorium on the use of animals in science is not yet possible, there has been a push by the non-scientific community and politicians for a rapid transition to animal-free innovations. Although there are benefits for both animal welfare and researchers, advances on alternative methods have not progressed enough to be able to replace animal research in the foreseeable future. This trend has led first and foremost to a substantial increase in the administrative burden and hurdles required to make timely advances in research and treatments for human and animal diseases. The current COVID-19 pandemic clearly highlights how much we actually rely on animal research. COVID-19 affects several organs and systems, and the various animal-free alternatives currently available do not come close to this complexity. In this Essay, we therefore argue that the use of animals is essential for the advancement of human and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roger Adan
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan Blokland
- Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H W G M Boddeke
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M Bogers
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Bontrop
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - R Bulthuis
- Metris BV, 2132 NG Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - K W van Dijk
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Izel Erdogan
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Susanne la Fleur
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Haagmans
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Herfst
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Hol
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J Kas
- University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Aap Keijer
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank J Meye
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram D Mul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Ecology(NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- University Medical Center, Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald P van Rij
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barry H G Rockx
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - K Stittelaar
- Viroclinics Xplore, 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Taco J de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke de Vrij
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ingo Willuhn
- Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I de Zeeuw
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Schut EHS, Alonso A, Smits S, Khamassi M, Samanta A, Negwer M, Kasri NN, Navarro Lobato I, Genzel L. The Object Space Task reveals increased expression of cumulative memory in a mouse model of Kleefstra syndrome. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107265. [PMID: 32531423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome is a disorder caused by a mutation in the EHMT1 gene characterized in humans by general developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability and autism. Here, we characterized cumulative memory in the Ehmt1+/- mouse model using the Object Space Task. We combined conventional behavioral analysis with automated analysis by deep-learning networks, a session-based computational learning model, and a trial-based classifier. Ehmt1+/- mice showed more anxiety-like features and generally explored objects less, but the difference decreased over time. Interestingly, when analyzing memory-specific exploration, Ehmt1+/- show increased expression of cumulative memory, but a deficit in a more simple, control memory condition. Using our automatic classifier to differentiate between genotypes, we found that cumulative memory features are better suited for classification than general exploration differences. Thus, detailed behavioral classification with the Object Space Task produced a more detailed behavioral phenotype of the Ehmt1+/- mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien H S Schut
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Alonso
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Steven Smits
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Khamassi
- Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anumita Samanta
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irene Navarro Lobato
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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21
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Samanta A, Alonso A, Genzel L. Memory reactivations and consolidation: considering neuromodulators across wake and sleep. Current Opinion in Physiology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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23
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Navarro-Lobato I, Genzel L. Anterior to Posterior Whole-Brain Gradient for Different Types of Memories? Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:451-453. [PMID: 32409016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memories are consolidated from hippocampus to cortex, and recent evidence points to an anterior-posterior/ventral-dorsal gradient (in humans/rodents, respectively) across the brain that may be specialized for different types of memories. In a recent article, Cowan et al. provided evidence for this functional difference and gradient, which is also associated with sleep spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Genzel L, Dragoi G, Frank L, Ganguly K, de la Prida L, Pfeiffer B, Robertson E. A consensus statement: defining terms for reactivation analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200001. [PMID: 32248790 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a two-day Royal Society meeting entitled 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future' held at Chicheley Hall in May, 2019, we discussed and defined a set of terms for investigating and reporting in memory reactivations to facilitate a common language and thus simplifying comparison of results. Here, we present the results of the discussion and supply a set of terms such as reactivation and replay, for which the authors have reached a common consensus. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - George Dragoi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Loren Frank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, UCSF
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, UCSF
| | | | - Brad Pfeiffer
- O'Donnell Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edwin Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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25
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Abstract
Our experiences continue to be processed 'offline' in the ensuing hours of both wakefulness and sleep. During these different brain states, the memory formed during our experience is replayed or reactivated. Here, we discuss the unique challenges in studying offline reactivation, the growth in both the experimental and analytical techniques available across different animals from rodents to humans to capture these offline events, the important challenges this innovation has brought, our still modest understanding of how reactivation drives diverse synaptic changes across circuits, and how these changes differ (if at all), and perhaps complement, those at memory formation. Together, these discussions highlight critical emerging issues vital for identifying how reactivation affects circuits, and, in turn, behaviour, and provides a broader context for the contributions in this special issue. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Alonso A, van der Meij J, Tse D, Genzel L. Naïve to expert: Considering the role of previous knowledge in memory. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820948686. [PMID: 32954007 PMCID: PMC7479862 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820948686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, most of our new memories are in some way or another related to what we have already experienced. However, in memory research, especially in non-human animal research, subjects are often mostly naïve to the world. But we know that previous knowledge will change how memories are processed and which brain areas are critical at which time point. Each process from encoding, consolidation, to memory retrieval will be affected. Here, we summarise previous knowledge effects on the neurobiology of memory in both humans and non-human animals, with a special focus on schemas - associative network structures. Furthermore, we propose a new theory on how there may be a continuous gradient from naïve to expert, which would modulate the importance and role of brain areas, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Alonso
- Donders Centre for Brain,
Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van der Meij
- Donders Centre for Brain,
Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothy Tse
- Center for Discovery Brain
Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
UK
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Centre for Brain,
Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Genzel L, Schut E, Schröder T, Eichler R, Khamassi M, Gomez A, Navarro Lobato I, Battaglia F. The object space task shows cumulative memory expression in both mice and rats. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000322. [PMID: 31206519 PMCID: PMC6597117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Declarative memory encompasses representations of specific events as well as knowledge extracted by accumulation over multiple episodes. To investigate how these different sorts of memories are created, we developed a new behavioral task in rodents. The task consists of 3 distinct conditions (stable, overlapping, and random). Rodents are exposed to multiple sample trials, in which they explore objects in specific spatial arrangements, with object identity changing from trial to trial. In the stable condition, the locations are constant during all sample trials even though the objects themselves change; in the test trial, 1 object’s location is changed. In the random condition, object locations are presented in the sample phase without a specific spatial pattern. In the overlapping condition, 1 location is shared (overlapping) between all trials, while the other location changes during sample trials. We show that in the overlapping condition, instead of only remembering the last sample trial, rodents form a cumulative memory of the sample trials. Here, we could show that both mice and rats can accumulate information across multiple trials and express a long-term abstracted memory. Memories are stored and retrieved in different ways, depending on the age of memory and the character of the information, but many tasks for rodent subjects cannot differentiate between them. A new training paradigm for rats and mice enables testing for abstracted memory representation while controlling for memory recency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Evelien Schut
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Schröder
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronny Eichler
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Khamassi
- Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Angela Gomez
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Navarro Lobato
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Battaglia
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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29
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Duszkiewicz AJ, McNamara CG, Takeuchi T, Genzel L. Novelty and Dopaminergic Modulation of Memory Persistence: A Tale of Two Systems. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:102-114. [PMID: 30455050 PMCID: PMC6352318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to the ever-changing world is critical for survival, and our brains are particularly tuned to remember events that differ from previous experiences. Novel experiences induce dopamine release in the hippocampus, a process which promotes memory persistence. While axons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were generally thought to be the exclusive source of hippocampal dopamine, recent studies have demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) corelease noradrenaline and dopamine in the hippocampus and that their dopamine release boosts memory retention as well. In this opinion article, we propose that the projections originating from the VTA and the LC belong to two distinct systems that enhance memory of novel events. Novel experiences that share some commonality with past ones (‘common novelty’) activate the VTA and promote semantic memory formation via systems memory consolidation. By contrast, experiences that bear only a minimal relationship to past experiences (‘distinct novelty’) activate the LC to trigger strong initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus, resulting in vivid and long-lasting episodic memories. Novelty induces dopamine release in the hippocampus, triggering memory consolidation to boost memory persistence. Two dopaminergic systems (the ventral tegmental area- and locus coeruleus-hippocampus systems) can stabilise memory through novelty-induced dopamine release in the hippocampus. Novel experiences can be viewed as a spectrum, from experiences that, while clearly novel, share some commonality with past experiences (‘common novelty’), to more fundamentally distinct experiences that bear minimal relationships to past experiences (‘distinct novelty’). We propose that events characterised by ‘common novelty’ boost memory retention via activation of the ventral tegmental area-hippocampus system, resulting in initial consolidation followed by systems consolidation to create neocortical, semantic, long-term memories. We further propose that events characterised by ‘distinct novelty’ lead to the boost of detailed hippocampal, episodic, long-term memory via activation of the locus coeruleus-hippocampus system through strong upregulation of the synaptic tagging and capture mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Duszkiewicz
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin G McNamara
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Rossato JI, Moreno A, Genzel L, Yamasaki M, Takeuchi T, Canals S, Morris RGM. Silent Learning. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3508-3515.e5. [PMID: 30415706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of "silent learning"-the capacity to learn despite neuronal cell-firing being largely absent. This idea emerged from thinking about dendritic computation [1, 2] and examining whether the encoding, expression, and retrieval of hippocampal-dependent memory could be dissociated using the intrahippocampal infusion of pharmacological compounds. We observed that very modest enhancement of GABAergic inhibition with low-dose muscimol blocked both cell-firing and the retrieval of an already-formed memory but left induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and new spatial memory encoding intact (silent learning). In contrast, blockade of hippocampal NMDA receptors by intrahippocampal D-AP5 impaired both the induction of LTP and encoding but had no effect on memory retrieval. Blockade of AMPA receptors by CNQX impaired excitatory synaptic transmission and cell-firing and both memory encoding and retrieval. Thus, in keeping with the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis [3], the hippocampal network can mediate new memory encoding when LTP induction is intact even under conditions in which somatic cell-firing is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine I Rossato
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Andrea Moreno
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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31
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Müller N, Campbell S, Nonaka M, Rost TM, Pipa G, Konrad BN, Steiger A, Czisch M, Fernández G, Dresler M, Genzel L. 2D:4D and spatial abilities: From rats to humans. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 151:85-87. [PMID: 29689300 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Variance in spatial abilities are thought to be determined by in utero levels of testosterone and oestrogen, measurable in adults by the length ratio of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D). We confirmed the relationship between 2D:4D and spatial performance using rats in two different tasks (paired-associate task and watermaze) and replicated this in humans. We further clarified anatomical and functional brain correlates of the association between 2D:4D and spatial performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - S Campbell
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Nonaka
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T M Rost
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - G Pipa
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - L Genzel
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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32
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Genzel L, Pawlowski M, Steiger A, Bódizs R, Dresler M. The sleep EEG spectrum is a sexually dimorphic marker of general intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18070. [PMID: 29273758 PMCID: PMC5741768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the EEG spectrum in sleep relies on genetic and anatomical factors and forms an individual "EEG fingerprint". Spectral components of EEG were shown to be connected to mental ability both in sleep and wakefulness. EEG sleep spindle correlates of intelligence, however, exhibit a sexual dimorphism, with a more pronounced association to intelligence in females than males. In a sample of 151 healthy individuals, we investigated how intelligence is related to spectral components of full-night sleep EEG, while controlling for the effects of age. A positive linear association between intelligence and REM anterior beta power was found in females but not males. Transient, spindle-like "REM beta tufts" are described in the EEG of healthy subjects, which may reflect the functioning of a recently described cingular-prefrontal emotion and motor regulation network. REM sleep frontal high delta power was a negative correlate of intelligence. NREM alpha and sigma spectral power correlations with intelligence did not unequivocally remain significant after multiple comparisons correction, but exhibited a similar sexual dimorphism. These results suggest that the neural oscillatory correlates of intelligence in sleep are sexually dimorphic, and they are not restricted to either sleep spindles or NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Bódizs R, Gombos F, Ujma PP, Szakadát S, Sándor P, Simor P, Pótári A, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M, Kovács I. The hemispheric lateralization of sleep spindles in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1556/2053.01.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P. Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Szakadát
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Piroska Sándor
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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Pótári A, Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Simor P, Körmendi J, Gombos F, Steiger A, Dresler M, Bódizs R. Age-related changes in sleep EEG are attenuated in highly intelligent individuals. Neuroimage 2016; 146:554-560. [PMID: 27670234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired sleep is a frequent complaint in ageing and a risk factor for many diseases. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEG delta power reflects neural plasticity and, in line with age-related cognitive decline, decreases with age. Individuals with higher general intelligence are less affected by age-related cognitive decline or other disorders and have longer lifespans. We investigated the correlation between age and EEG power in 159 healthy human subjects (age range: 17-69 years), and compared an average (IQ<120; N=87) with a high (IQ≥120; N=72) intelligence subgroup. We found less age-related decrease in all-night relative NREM sleep EEG delta power in the high intelligence subgroup. Our results suggest that highly intelligent individuals are less affected by the sleep-related effects of biological ageing, and therefore potentially less at risk for age-related cognitive deficits and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, H-1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Körmendi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Pannon University, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Boudapest, Hungary
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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Müller NCJ, Genzel L, Konrad BN, Pawlowski M, Neville D, Fernández G, Steiger A, Dresler M. Motor Skills Enhance Procedural Memory Formation and Protect against Age-Related Decline. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157770. [PMID: 27333186 PMCID: PMC4917083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to consolidate procedural memories declines with increasing age. Prior knowledge enhances learning and memory consolidation of novel but related information in various domains. Here, we present evidence that prior motor experience-in our case piano skills-increases procedural learning and has a protective effect against age-related decline for the consolidation of novel but related manual movements. In our main experiment, we tested 128 participants with a sequential finger-tapping motor task during two sessions 24 hours apart. We observed enhanced online learning speed and offline memory consolidation for piano players. Enhanced memory consolidation was driven by a strong effect in older participants, whereas younger participants did not benefit significantly from prior piano experience. In a follow up independent control experiment, this compensatory effect of piano experience was not visible after a brief offline period of 30 minutes, hence requiring an extended consolidation window potentially involving sleep. Through a further control experiment, we rejected the possibility that the decreased effect in younger participants was caused by training saturation. We discuss our results in the context of the neurobiological schema approach and suggest that prior experience has the potential to rescue memory consolidation from age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C. J. Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (NCJM); (MD)
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Boris N. Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Neville
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (NCJM); (MD)
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Genzel L, Bäurle A, Potyka A, Wehrle R, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Dresler M. Diminished nap effects on memory consolidation are seen under oral contraceptive use. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 70:253-261. [PMID: 25720656 DOI: 10.1159/000369022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many young females take exogenous hormones as oral contraceptive (OC), a condition rarely controlled for in studies on sleep and memory consolidation even though sex hormones influence consolidation. This study investigated the effects of OCs on sleep-related consolidation of a motor and declarative task, utilizing a daytime nap protocol. Fifteen healthy, young females taking OCs came to the sleep lab for three different conditions: nap with previous learning, wake with previous learning and nap without learning. They underwent each condition twice, once during the "pill-active" weeks and once during the "pill-free" week, resulting in 6 visits. In all conditions, participants showed a significant off-line consolidation effect, independent of pill week or nap/wake condition. There were no significant differences in sleep stage duration, spindle activity or spectral EEG frequency bands between naps with or without the learning condition. The present data showed a significant off-line enhancement in memory irrespective of potential beneficial effects of a nap. In comparison to previous studies, this may suggest that the use of OCs may enhance off-line memory consolidation in motor and verbal tasks per se. These results stress the importance to control for the use of OCs in studies focusing on memory performance.
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Marisch C, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M. Kreativität und Schlaf. Somnologie 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-015-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ujma PP, Bódizs R, Gombos F, Stintzing J, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M. Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17159. [PMID: 26607963 PMCID: PMC4660428 DOI: 10.1038/srep17159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that play an important role in sleep-related neuroplasticity and offline information processing. Several studies with full-night sleep recordings have reported a positive association between sleep spindles and fluid intelligence scores, however more recently it has been shown that only few sleep spindle measures correlate with intelligence in females, and none in males. Sleep spindle regulation underlies a circadian rhythm, however the association between spindles and intelligence has not been investigated in daytime nap sleep so far. In a sample of 86 healthy male human subjects, we investigated the correlation between fluid intelligence and sleep spindle parameters in an afternoon nap of 100 minutes. Mean sleep spindle length, amplitude and density were computed for each subject and for each derivation for both slow and fast spindles. A positive association was found between intelligence and slow spindle duration, but not any other sleep spindle parameter. As a positive correlation between intelligence and slow sleep spindle duration in full-night polysomnography has only been reported in females but not males, our results suggest that the association between intelligence and sleep spindles is more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Epilepsy Centrum, Department of Neurology, H-1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Adamczyk M, Genzel L, Dresler M, Steiger A, Friess E. Automatic Sleep Spindle Detection and Genetic Influence Estimation Using Continuous Wavelet Transform. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:624. [PMID: 26635577 PMCID: PMC4652604 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence for the role of sleep spindles in neuroplasticity has led to an increased interest in these non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep oscillations. It has been hypothesized that fast and slow spindles might play a different role in memory processing. Here, we present a new sleep spindle detection algorithm utilizing a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and individual adjustment of slow and fast spindle frequency ranges. Eighteen nap recordings of ten subjects were used for algorithm validation. Our method was compared with both a human scorer and a commercially available SIESTA spindle detector. For the validation set, mean agreement between our detector and human scorer measured during sleep stage 2 using kappa coefficient was 0.45, whereas mean agreement between our detector and SIESTA algorithm was 0.62. Our algorithm was also applied to sleep-related memory consolidation data previously analyzed with a SIESTA detector and confirmed previous findings of significant correlation between spindle density and declarative memory consolidation. We then applied our method to a study in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, examining the genetic component of slow and fast sleep spindle parameters. Our analysis revealed strong genetic influence on variance of all slow spindle parameters, weaker genetic effect on fast spindles, and no effects on fast spindle density and number during stage 2 sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
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Abstract
After a memory is formed, it continues to be processed by the brain. These “off-line” processes consolidate the memory, leading to its enhancement and to changes in memory circuits. Potentially, these memory changes are driven by off-line replay of the pattern of neuronal activity present when the memory was being formed. A new study by Dhaksin Ramanathan and colleagues, published in PLOS Biology, demonstrates that replay occurs predominately after the acquisition of a new motor skill and that it is related to changes in memory performance and to the subsequent changes in memory circuits. Together, these observations reveal the importance of neuronal replay in the consolidation of novel motor skills. This Primer examines the implications of a new study showing that the pattern of neuronal activity during the formation of a memory is replayed during sleep, changing memory circuits and enhancing the memory. Read the Research Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the hippocampus guides the reorganization of the information stored in the neocortex such that it eventually becomes independent of the hippocampus. Early evidence for systems consolidation was provided by studies of retrograde amnesia, which found that damage to the hippocampus-impaired memories formed in the recent past, but typically spared memories formed in the more remote past. Systems consolidation has been found to occur for both episodic and semantic memories and for both spatial and nonspatial memories, although empirical inconsistencies and theoretical disagreements remain about these issues. Recent work has begun to characterize the neural mechanisms that underlie the dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex (e.g., "neural replay," which occurs during sharp wave ripple activity). New work has also identified variables, such as the amount of preexisting knowledge, that affect the rate of consolidation. The increasing use of molecular genetic tools (e.g., optogenetics) can be expected to further improve understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T Wixted
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Richard G Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Ujma PP, Gombos F, Genzel L, Konrad BN, Simor P, Steiger A, Dresler M, Bódizs R. Corrigendum: A comparison of two sleep spindle detection methods based on all night averages: individually adjusted vs. fixed frequencies. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:415. [PMID: 26257631 PMCID: PMC4508513 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Péter P. Ujma
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | | | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsBudapest, Hungary
- Nyírõ Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and AddictionsBudapest, Hungary
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
- Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Martin Dresler,
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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Ujma PP, Gombos F, Genzel L, Konrad BN, Simor P, Steiger A, Dresler M, Bódizs R. A comparison of two sleep spindle detection methods based on all night averages: individually adjusted vs. fixed frequencies. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:52. [PMID: 25741264 PMCID: PMC4330897 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are frequently studied for their relationship with state and trait cognitive variables, and they are thought to play an important role in sleep-related memory consolidation. Due to their frequent occurrence in NREM sleep, the detection of sleep spindles is only feasible using automatic algorithms, of which a large number is available. We compared subject averages of the spindle parameters computed by a fixed frequency (FixF) (11–13 Hz for slow spindles, 13–15 Hz for fast spindles) automatic detection algorithm and the individual adjustment method (IAM), which uses individual frequency bands for sleep spindle detection. Fast spindle duration and amplitude are strongly correlated in the two algorithms, but there is little overlap in fast spindle density and slow spindle parameters in general. The agreement between fixed and manually determined sleep spindle frequencies is limited, especially in case of slow spindles. This is the most likely reason for the poor agreement between the two detection methods in case of slow spindle parameters. Our results suggest that while various algorithms may reliably detect fast spindles, a more sophisticated algorithm primed to individual spindle frequencies is necessary for the detection of slow spindles as well as individual variations in the number of spindles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Boris Nikolai Konrad
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary ; Nyírõ Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions Budapest, Hungary
| | - Axel Steiger
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary ; Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
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Genzel L, Dresler M, Cornu M, Jäger E, Konrad B, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Czisch M, Goya-Maldonado R. Medial prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity and motor memory consolidation in depression and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:177-86. [PMID: 25037555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overnight memory consolidation is disturbed in both depression and schizophrenia, creating an ideal situation to investigate the mechanisms underlying sleep-related consolidation and to distinguish disease-specific processes from common elements in their pathophysiology. METHODS We investigated patients with depression and schizophrenia, as well as healthy control subjects (each n = 16), under a motor memory consolidation protocol with functional magnetic resonance imaging and polysomnography. RESULTS In a sequential finger-tapping task associated with the degree of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during the task, significantly less overnight improvement was identified as a common deficit in both patient groups. A task-related overnight decrease in activation of the basal ganglia was observed in control subjects and schizophrenia patients; in contrast, patients with depression showed an increase. During the task, schizophrenia patients, in comparison with control subjects, additionally recruited adjacent cortical areas, which showed a decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation overnight and were related to disease severity. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that the hippocampus was functionally connected to the motor task network, and the cerebellum decoupled from this network overnight. CONCLUSIONS While both patient groups showed similar deficits in consolidation associated with hippocampal-prefrontal cortex connectivity, other activity patterns more specific for disease pathology differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Marion Cornu
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Eugen Jäger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Konrad
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Goya-Maldonado
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Happ H, Eckhardt W, Genzel L, Sperling G, Weber R. Notizen: Der Kristalldetektor als Empfänger thermischer Strahlung im Gebiet von 100-1000 μ Wellenlänge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/zna-1957-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Happ
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt (Main)
| | - W. Eckhardt
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt (Main)
| | - L. Genzel
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt (Main)
| | - G. Sperling
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt (Main)
| | - R. Weber
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Frankfurt (Main)
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Kremer F, Poglitsch A, Santo L, Sperber D, Genzel L. The Influence of Low-intensity Millimeter-Wave Radiation on the Growth of Cress Roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-1985-5-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An inhibition of growth in cress roots (Lepidium sativum L.) by irradiation with low-intensity millimeter-waves was found using a computer controlled optical system which is capable of measuring nearly continuously the length of the roots to an accuracy of ± 2 jam. The effect is reversible and, for a power density of 6 mWcm-2, results in completely halting the root growth. It occurs within about 100 s after the onset of irradiation. The microwave-induced temperature increase at the surface of the root tip was found to be less than 0.3 °C at this power density. The effect did not show a sharp frequency dependence however it depended strongly on the polarization of the microwaves with respect to the root orientation.
The sensitivity of the root growth to the ambient temperature was examined. Only a weak temperature dependence was found which could not explain the observed effects. However simulating the microwave-induced temperature increase at the surface of the root tip with (incoherent) far-infrared light (λ≥20 μm) resulted in similar effects as with microwaves. Hence one can conclude that the observed effects are primarily caused by the small local irradiation induced thermal gradients across the surface of the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1. D-7000 Stuttgart 80
| | - A. Poglitsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1. D-7000 Stuttgart 80
| | - L. Santo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1. D-7000 Stuttgart 80
| | - D. Sperber
- Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560, D-7750 Konstanz 1
| | - L. Genzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1. D-7000 Stuttgart 80
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Genzel L, Kroes MC, Dresler M, Battaglia FP. Light sleep versus slow wave sleep in memory consolidation: a question of global versus local processes? Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Genzel L, Ahrberg K, Roselli C, Niedermaier S, Steiger A, Dresler M, Roenneberg T. Sleep timing is more important than sleep length or quality for medical school performance. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:766-71. [PMID: 23750895 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.763132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence supports the importance of sleep for memory consolidation. Medical students are often deprived of sufficient sleep due to large amounts of clinical duties and university load, we therefore investigated how study and sleep habits influence university performance. We performed a questionnaire-based study with 31 medical students of the University of Munich (second and third clinical semesters; surgery and internal medicine). The students kept a diary (in 30-min bins) on their daily schedules (times when they studied by themselves, attended classes, slept, worked on their thesis, or worked to earn money). The project design involved three 2-wk periods (A: during the semester; B: directly before the exam period--pre-exam; C: during the subsequent semester break). Besides the diaries, students completed once questionnaires about their sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), their chronotype (Munich Chronotype Questionnaire [MCTQ]), and their academic history (previous grades, including the previously achieved preclinical board exam [PBE]). Analysis revealed significant correlations between the actual sleep behavior during the semester (MS(diary); mid-sleep point averaged from the sleep diaries) during the pre-exam period and the achieved grade (p = 0.002) as well as between the grades of the currently taken exam and the PBE (p = 0.002). A regression analysis with MS(diary) pre-exam and PBE as predictors in a model explained 42.7% of the variance of the exam grade (effect size 0.745). Interestingly, MS(diary)--especially during the pre-exam period-was the strongest predictor for the currently achieved grade, along with the preclinical board exam as a covariate, whereas the chronotype did not significantly influence the exam grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Genzel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Genzel L, Quack A, Jäger E, Konrad B, Steiger A, Dresler M. Complex motor sequence skills profit from sleep. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 66:237-43. [PMID: 23095374 DOI: 10.1159/000341878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple motor memory has been shown to benefit from sleep; however, more complex motor skills have rarely been investigated so far. We investigated complex motor learning using a dance mat and choreographies in 36 healthy, young male subjects. Subjects performed one song and two new songs in three sessions distributed over 24 h to test sequence-specific learning and skill transfer. Each song had a unique choreography. One group learned the main song in the evening and was retested 12 and 24 h later on the main song and each one new song (PM-AM-PM). The second group underwent the same procedure; however, the first session was in the morning (AM-PM-AM). Thus, one group slept before the first retest (PM-AM-PM) while the other group slept between the first and the second retest (AM-PM-AM). Regarding sequence-specific learning, sleep induced a significant difference between the groups, which disappeared after both groups had slept. A significant transfer effect occurred independent of sleep. During both new songs, no difference between the groups was seen; however, the second and third songs were learned significantly faster than the first song. This study could show that complex motor sequence learning benefits from sleep while skill transfer seems to occur independently of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Ahrberg K, Dresler M, Niedermaier S, Steiger A, Genzel L. The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1618-22. [PMID: 23040161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality has significant effects on cognitive performance and is influenced by multiple factors such as stress. Contrary to the ideal, medical students and residents suffer from sleep deprivation and stress at times when they should achieve the greatest amount of learning. In order to examine the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance, 144 medical students undertaking the pre-clinical board exam answered a survey regarding their subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI), grades and subjective stress for three different time points: semester, pre- and post-exam. Academic performance correlated with stress and sleep quality pre-exam (r = 0.276, p < 0.001 and r = 0.158, p < 0.03, note that low performance meant low sleep quality and high stress), however not with the stress or sleep quality during the semester and post-exam. 59% of all participants exhibited clinically relevant sleep disturbances (PSQI > 5) during exam preparation compared to 29% during the semester and 8% post-exam. This study shows that in medical students it is not the generally poor sleepers, who perform worse in the medical board exams. Instead students who will perform worse on their exams seem to be more stressed and suffer from poor sleep quality. However, poor sleep quality may negatively impact test performance as well, creating a vicious circle. Furthermore, the rate of sleep disturbances in medical students should be cause for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ahrberg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr.2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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