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Zhang N, Pan L, Weng T, Li J, Bao Y, Yan Z, Li T, Cheng X, Lv J. Chemotherapy Combined With Endocrine Therapy: Old Wine in a New Bottle? Clin Breast Cancer 2024:S1526-8209(24)00229-5. [PMID: 39289112 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2024.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Both chemotherapy (CT) and endocrine therapy (ET) play important roles in the systemic treatment of breast cancer (BC). However, previous studies have shown an antagonistic effect when CT and ET are administered simultaneously. Therefore, sequential administration is more effective than combined administration. The current guidelines and consensus recommend a sequential schedule of CT and ET for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) BC. However, with the continuous introduction of new endocrine drugs, the question of whether the simultaneous administration of CT and ET is superior to sequential therapy has surfaced again as a hot topic of clinical concern. Recent studies have shown that the combination of certain chemotherapeutic agents with endocrine drugs has a synergistic effect. This review aims to summarize the new advances achieved in recent years on the old topic of CT combined with ET in the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengying Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liyi Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Weng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuxiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhongliang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Niu Z, Wu J, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Zhang P, Yang Y. CAR-based immunotherapy for breast cancer: peculiarities, ongoing investigations, and future strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385571. [PMID: 38680498 PMCID: PMC11045891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgery, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy have improved the overall survival and postoperative recurrence rates of Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-positive breast cancers but treatment modalities for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with poor prognosis remain limited. The effective application of the rapidly developing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in hematological tumors provides new ideas for the treatment of breast cancer. Choosing suitable and specific targets is crucial for applying CAR-T therapy for breast cancer treatment. In this paper, we summarize CAR-T therapy's effective targets and potential targets in different subtypes based on the existing research progress, especially for TNBC. CAR-based immunotherapy has resulted in advancements in the treatment of breast cancer. CAR-macrophages, CAR-NK cells, and CAR-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be more effective and safer for treating solid tumors, such as breast cancer. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of breast tumors and the side effects of CAR-T therapy pose challenges to CAR-based immunotherapy. CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells-derived exosomes are advantageous in tumor therapy. Exosomes carrying CAR for breast cancer immunotherapy are of immense research value and may provide a treatment modality with good treatment effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the development and challenges of CAR-based immunotherapy in treating different subtypes of breast cancer and discuss the progress of CAR-expressing exosomes for breast cancer treatment. We elaborate on the development of CAR-T cells in TNBC therapy and the prospects of using CAR-macrophages, CAR-NK cells, and CAR-MSCs for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipu Niu
- Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Wu
- Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiancheng Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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He G, Mei C, Chen C, Liu X, Wu J, Deng Y, Liao Y. Application and progress of nanozymes in antitumor therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130960. [PMID: 38518941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Tumors remain one of the major threats to public health and there is an urgent need to design new pharmaceutical agents for their diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, due to the rapid development of nanotechnology, biotechnology, catalytic science, and theoretical computing, subtlety has gradually made great progress in research related to tumor diagnosis and treatment. Compared to conventional drugs, enzymes can improve drug distribution and enhance drug enrichment at the tumor site, thereby reducing drug side effects and enhancing drug efficacy. Nanozymes can also be used as tumor tracking imaging agents to reshape the tumor microenvironment, providing a versatile platform for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. In this paper, we review the current status of research on enzymes in oncology and analyze novel oncology therapeutic approaches and related mechanisms. To date, a large number of nanomaterials, such as noble metal nanomaterials, nonmetallic nanomaterials, and carbon-based nanomaterials, have been shown to be able to function like natural enzymes, particularly with significant advantages in tumor therapy. In light of this, the authors in this review have systematically summarized and evaluated the construction, enzymatic activity, and their characteristics of nanozymes with respect to current modalities of tumor treatment. In addition, the application and research progress of different types of nicknames and their features in recent years are summarized in detail. We conclude with a summary and outlook on the study of nanozymes in tumor diagnosis and treatment. It is hoped that this review will inspire researchers in the fields of nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, materials science and theoretical computing, and contribute to the development of nano-enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua He
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chao Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Chenbo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Ye Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Ergun Y, Ucar G, Akagündüz B. Efficacy and safety of concomitant chemo-endocrine therapy in neoadjuvant treatment of hormone-positive HER2-negative breast cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:313-322. [PMID: 37057733 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of pathological complete response (pCR) with both chemotherapy alone (CT) and endocrine therapy (ET) in the neoadjuvant (Na) treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) is unsatisfactory. Limited data on neoadjuvant concomitant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy (NaCET) are available. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this meta-analysis analyzed the efficacy and safety of randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing the use of NaCET in HR-positive/HER2-negative BC. A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases, and congress paper lists for studies published/presented until 1 December 2022. RESULTS Five RCTs involving a total of 630 patients were included. A pooled analysis of the five studies demonstrated that the pCR ratio was numerically higher in the NaCET arm than in the NaCT arm, but the difference was not statistically significant (6.5% vs. 3.8%; OR:1.72, 95% CI 0.82-3.62). Nonetheless, the NaCET arm exhibited a significantly higher objective response rate (ORR) (82% vs. 72.7%; OR:1.77, 95% CI 1.20-2.62). There was no difference between the arms in terms of grade 3-5 adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In HR-positive/HER2-negative BC, NaCET significantly increases ORR without an increase in serious adverse events. Although the pCR rate increased numerically, it was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakup Ergun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Batman World Hospital, Batman, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ucar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Baran Akagündüz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Binali Yıldırım University Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Lai X, Yue Q, Cao F, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Tian J, Lu Y, He L, Bai J, Wei Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNA-16-5p restrains epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells via EPHA1/NF-κB signaling axis. Genomics 2022; 114:110341. [PMID: 35283197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intends to conquer the mystery of microRNA-16-5p/erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A1/nuclear factor-κB signaling (miR-16-5p/EPHA1/NF-κB signaling) in breast cancer. METHODS Expression of miR-16-5p, EPHA1 and NF-κB signaling-related proteins were detected. Gene overexpression or silencing was used to examine the biological roles of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exo-miR-16-5p in breast cancer. The effect of exo-miR-16-5p on tumorigenesis of breast cancer was confirmed by the xenograft nude mouse model. RESULTS Low miR-16-5p and high EPHA1 expression were examined in breast cancer. BMSCs-derived exosomes, up-regulated miR-16-5p or down-regulated EPHA1 restrained epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells and tumor growth in nude mice. Down-regulated miR-16-5p or up-regulated EPHA1 activated NF-κB signaling. Knockdown of EPHA1 or inhibition of NF-κB signaling reversed the effects of down-regulated miR-16-5p on breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-16-5p hinders breast cancer cells progression via EPHA1/NF-κB signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Aptamer Technology, Affiliated Dongfang Hospital of School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Clinical Medical School, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China; the 900th Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Qingfang Yue
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yizhao Lu
- Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifang Wei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Second, Military Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China.
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Jacobs CF, Soesan M, Sonke GS. Concurrent chemo-endocrine treatment for early hormone-positive breast cancer: a no-go??? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 192:485-489. [PMID: 35132502 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrine therapy is one of the cornerstones of early breast cancer treatment. While this medication could be initiated on the day of diagnosis, it is often postponed until after completion of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. This practice is based on preclinical data suggesting an antagonistic effect between endocrine therapy and cytostatic agents, and on the interpretation of clinical trials comparing concurrent versus sequential use of tamoxifen and chemotherapy. These clinical trials, however, have never shown a statistically significant difference in overall survival or disease-free survival and focused on tamoxifen rather than aromatase inhibitors. Nevertheless, sequentially administered endocrine and chemotherapy have become standard of care worldwide. RESULTS We performed a literature review and conclude that concurrent endocrine chemotherapy is at least as effective as sequential treatment. In fact, higher response rates have been observed in trials with aromatase inhibitors rather than tamoxifen in a neoadjuvant setting. CONCLUSION We encourage breast cancer oncologists to re-consider concurrent endocrine chemotherapy as a possible treatment strategy enabling early start of potentially curative endocrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Jacobs
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, NKI-AvL, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Soesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, NKI-AvL, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G S Sonke
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, NKI-AvL, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhu L, Wang M, Luo X, Li H, Shan H, Du Q, Zhai Q. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations of CDK4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy for advanced hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer: a systematic review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:233. [PMID: 35280368 PMCID: PMC8908180 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer is the most common molecular subtype of breast cancer in many countries, and endocrine therapy remains a mainstay in its treatment. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors are a new class of targeted agents administered orally that are recommended being used in combination with endocrine therapy as first and second line treatments for advanced HR+/HER2− breast cancer. However, their high prices largely hinder using these drugs in real world settings. To offer a new basis for future research, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of combinations of CDK4/6 inhibitors with endocrine therapy in the treatment of advanced HR+/HER2− breast cancer. Methods We systematically searched several frequently used databases and identified economic evaluations published from February 2015 to April 2021. The systematic review was performed after retrieving the literatures and extracting data based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of each selected economic evaluation was assessed by the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS). Results The literature search yielded 161 articles, among which fourteen studies (15 articles) with CHEER scores ranging from 58.33% to 87.50% entered the final analysis. Markov models were used in most studies. Based on the currently available data, CDK4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy were less cost-effective in first- or second-line treatment of patients with HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer. However, ribociclib plus letrozole was more cost-effective than palbociclib plus letrozole in the first-line treatment of postmenopausal women. The economic impacts of CDK4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy in non-postmenopausal patients or second-line therapy cannot be fully evaluated due to the limited number of studies. The three most common factors affecting economic outcomes were the prices of CDK4/6 inhibitors, hazard ratios for progression-free survival and overall survival, and health status utility values. Discussion CDK4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy have shown significantly improved efficacy outcomes in HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (mBC)/advancer breast cancer (ABC) first-line and second-line treatment for endocrine-sensitive and endocrine-resistant populations, while more potential fields including neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings are being identified to benefit a wider range of breast cancer patients. Meanwhile, risk of severe adverse events that more likely to happen in patients treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors can lead to reduced life quality and higher medical costs patients need to afford. The adverse drug reaction related cost in several economic burden studies were explored to be primarily driven by hospitalizations and outpatient, and assessment of cost associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors adverse events is worth further developing. Drug wastage costs were found higher in palbociclib regimen than ribociclib regimen due to different dosing patterns. Moreover, current economic evaluations showed that ribociclib plus letrozole had better economic benefits than palbociclib plus letrozole for first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2− ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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He YH, Yeh MH, Chen HF, Wang TS, Wong RH, Wei YL, Huynh TK, Hu DW, Cheng FJ, Chen JY, Hu SW, Huang CC, Chen Y, Yu J, Cheng WC, Shen PC, Liu LC, Huang CH, Chang YJ, Huang WC. ERα determines the chemo-resistant function of mutant p53 involving the switch between lincRNA-p21 and DDB2 expressions. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:536-553. [PMID: 34589276 PMCID: PMC8463322 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutant p53 (mutp53) commonly loses its DNA binding affinity to p53 response elements (p53REs) and fails to induce apoptosis fully. However, the p53 mutation does not predict chemoresistance in all subtypes of breast cancers, and the critical determinants remain to be identified. In this study, mutp53 was found to mediate chemotherapy-induced long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21 (lincRNA-p21) expression by targeting the G-quadruplex structure rather than the p53RE on its promoter to promote chemosensitivity. However, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) suppressed mutp53-mediated lincRNA-p21 expression by hijacking mutp53 to upregulate damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2) transcription for subsequent DNA repair and chemoresistance. Levels of lincRNA-p21 positively correlated with the clinical responses of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had an inverse correlation with the ER status and DDB2 level. In contrast, the carboplatin-induced DDB2 expression was higher in ER-positive breast tumor tissues. These results demonstrated that ER status determines the oncogenic function of mutp53 in chemoresistance by switching its target gene preference from lincRNA-p21 to DDB2 and suggest that induction of lincRNA-p21 and targeting DDB2 would be effective strategies to increase the chemosensitivity of mutp53 breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao He
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Shing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hong Wong
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Thanh Kieu Huynh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Wei Hu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Yu Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Huang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yeh Chen
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- AI Innovation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Shen
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chih Liu
- Division of Breast Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Huang
- Division of Breast Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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