Alcohol induced effects on kidney

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Boric Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver and Kidney Inflammation in Rats

In our study, we aimed to examine possible prophylactic (P) or therapeutic (T) effects of boric acid (BA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced liver and kidney damages. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups as control, LPS, BAP+LPS, and LPS+BAT. BA was given orally to the rats one hour before the intraperitoneal LPS administration in the BAP+LPS group and one hour after the LPS administration in the LPS+BAT group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, reduced glutathione (GSH), total oxidant and antioxidant status (TOS and TAS), semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A), cytochrome c (CYCS), and caspase-3 (CASP3) parameters were determined by ELISA method to monitor inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine (CREA), C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), glucose (GLU), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) biochemical parameters were measured in rat serums to monitor liver and kidney functions. Liver and kidney tissues were also examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. All data were statistically analyzed. Our histological, biochemical, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptotic findings showed that LPS causes serious damage to liver and kidney tissues. Boric acid application brought about significant improvements on the parameters. However, this improvement was seen in the BAP+LPS group, and the results of the LPS+BAT group were insufficient to improve. Our results showed that boric acid administration is effective on severe liver and kidney damage caused by LPS. It has been concluded that prophylactic application is more effective, while therapeutic application is insufficient.

Noninvasive Biomarkers for Alcohol-Related Liver Disease-A Proteomic Related Preliminary Report

Increased alcohol intake over decades leads to progressive alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and contributes to increased mortality. It is characterized by reduced platelet count. Platelets have a role in protecting vascular integrity and involved in liver regeneration. Alcohol affects the platelet count and its function. Platelet function is regulated by their proteins, released during pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, platelet proteome plays a vital role during ALD. This preliminary study consists of 10 patients with ALD. It includes the preparation of human platelets for the proteomic approach. We performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the samples. A total of 536 proteins were identified in patients with ALD of which 31 proteins were mentioned as a candidate based on their clinical significance. The advancement of diagnostic or therapeutic tools based on the application of platelet proteins in ALD is still far off. Platform for platelet and its proteome research may give diagnostic and prognostic insights into ALD. Platelet proteomes could possibly be concluded as therapeutic and potential diagnostic or prognostic markers in ALD.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-023-01120-9.

Sex-Specific Association of Ambient Temperature With Urine Biomarkers in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh

Introduction

Men are vulnerable to ambient heat-related kidney disease burden; however, limited evidence exists on how vulnerable women are when exposed to high ambient heat. We evaluated the sex-specific association between ambient temperature and urine electrolytes, and 24-hour urine total protein, and volume.

Methods

We pooled a longitudinal 5624 person-visits data of 1175 participants' concentration and 24-hour excretion of urine electrolytes and other biomarkers (24-hour urine total protein and volume) from southwest coastal Bangladesh (Khulna, Satkhira, and Mongla districts) during November 2016 to April 2017. We then spatiotemporally linked ambient temperature data from local weather stations to participants' health outcomes. For evaluating the relationships between average ambient temperature and urine electrolytes and other biomarkers, we plotted confounder-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots using participant-level, household-level, and community-level random intercepts. We then used piece-wise linear mixed-effects models for different ambient temperature segments determined by inflection points in RCS plots and reported the maximum likelihood estimates and cluster robust standard errors. By applying interaction terms for sex and ambient temperature, we determined the overall significance using the Wald test. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons.

Results

The RCS plots demonstrated nonlinear associations between ambient heat and urine biomarkers for males and females. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models suggested that sex did not modify the relationship of ambient temperature with any of the urine parameters after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.004).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that women are as susceptible to the effects of high ambient temperature exposure as men.

Folic acid antioxidant supplementation to binge drinking adolescent rats improves hydric-saline balance and blood pressure, but fails to increase renal NO availability and glomerular filtration rate

Binge drinking (BD) is an especially pro-oxidant pattern of alcohol consumption, particularly widespread in the adolescent population. In the kidneys, it affects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to high blood pressure. BD exposure also disrupts folic acid (FA) homeostasis and its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to test a FA supplementation as an effective therapy against the oxidative, nitrosative, and apoptotic damage as well as the renal function alteration occurred after BD in adolescence. Four groups of adolescent rats were used: control, BD (exposed to intraperitoneal alcohol), control FA-supplemented group and BD FA-supplemented group. Dietary FA content in control groups was 2 ppm, and 8 ppm in supplemented groups. BD provoked an oxidative imbalance in the kidneys by dysregulating antioxidant enzymes and increasing the enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which led to an increase in caspase-9. BD also altered the renal nitrosative status affecting the expression of the three nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) isoforms, leading to a decrease in NO levels. Functionally, BD produced a hydric-electrolytic imbalance, a low GFR and an increase in blood pressure. FA supplementation to BD adolescent rats improved the oxidative, nitrosative, and apoptotic balance, recovering the hydric-electrolytic equilibrium and blood pressure. However, neither NO levels nor GFR were recovered, showing in this study for the first time that NO availability in the kidneys plays a crucial role in GFR regulation that the antioxidant effects of FA cannot repair.

An Investigation into the Protective Effects of Various Doses of Boric Acid on Liver, Kidney, and Brain Tissue Damage Caused by High Levels of Acute Alcohol Consumption

Acute high-dose alcohol consumption can lead to oxidative stress, which can cause harm to organs. In this study we aim to determine whether administering boric acid (BA) can protect certain organs (liver, kidney, and brain) from the damaging effects of alcohol by reducing oxidative stress. We used 50 and 100 mg/kg of BA. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley (12-14-week-old) male rats in our study were separated into four groups (n=8); control, ethanol, ethanol+50 mg/kg BA, and ethanol+100 mg/kg BA groups. Acute ethanol was given to rats by gavage at 8 g/kg. BA doses were given by gavage 30 min before ethanol administration. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) measurements were made in blood samples. The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), OSI (oxidative stress index) (TOS/TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured to determine the oxidative stress induced by high-dose acute ethanol in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue, and the antioxidant effects of BA doses. According to our biochemical results, acute high-dose ethanol increases oxidative stress in liver, kidney, and brain tissues, while BA reduces the damage in tissues with its antioxidant effect. For the histopathological examinations, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. As a result, we found that the effect of alcohol-induced oxidative stress on liver, kidney, and brain tissues was different, and that giving boric acid reduces the increased oxidative stress in tissues due to its antioxidant effect. It was found that 100mg/kg BA administration had a higher antioxidant effect than in the 50mg/kg group.

Phycocyanin improved alcohol-induced hepatorenal toxicity and behavior impairment in Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to investigate a potential preventive effect of phycocyanin extract from Spirulina platensis against ethanol- induced hepatorenal toxicity and cognitive behavior impairment in male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly and equally divided into four groups (six animals each): control group received saline solution, ethanol (EtOH) group was injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml/kg of ethanol solution 38% (w/v), phycocyanin groups were treated with 25 (PC1) or 50 (PC2) mg/kg phycocyanin extract followed by ethanol administration. All treatments were conducted for 14 successive days. Results revealed that ethanol induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, and kidney by increasing lipid peroxidation level and SOD and CAT activities. Serum biochemical perturbations were also observed in EtOH group, which was indicated by a significant elevation in ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, and urea levels. Combined exposure to EtOH with phytocyanin contracted these biochemical alterations. Phycocyanin decreased also EtOH-induced anxiety and ameliorated exploratory behavior assessed by the elevated-plus maze and open field tests respectively.

Investigation of the Gastroprotective Effect of Betaine-Homocysteine Homeostasis on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Ethanol-Induced Ulcer Model

Background: There is a growing interest in the use of natural compounds for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The multifunctional roles of betaine in various diseases make this natural substance a favorable pre-drug for ulcer treatment. This study aims to determine the competence of betaine in gastroprotection against ethanol-induced damage and to explore underlying mechanisms considering its effects on liver and kidney activity and blood parameters.Methods: Wistar albino rats were orally treated with vehicle (distilled water) or betaine (250 mg/kg) for twenty-one days and then ulcer formation was induced by ingestion of 75% ethanol. Gastric mucosal damage was evaluated by gross examination and histopathological analysis. Homocysteine levels, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TAS), antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, routine biochemical tests were performed and hematological parameters were analyzed.Results: Betaine ameliorated any gastric mucosal damage and reduced homocysteine levels significantly. The TOS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased while the TAS, glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activity were increased upon the betaine treatment. Betaine reduced apoptosis by regulating Bax and Bcl-2 levels, however, it did not alter inflammatory mediators. Additionally, betaine improved serum potassium (K⁺) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, whereas it increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and impaired hematological parameters.Conclusions: Altogether, these data illustrated that betaine exhibits a gastroprotective effect against ulcers through the homocysteine pathway by modulating oxidative stress in the gastric tissue; however, its systemic effects should not be ignored.

Fanconi Syndrome in an Adult With Chronic Alcohol Use Disorder: A Rare Etiology

Fanconi syndrome is described as a defect in the proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate, falling under type 2 renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Some common causes include drugs, heavy metals, infections, and genetics (particularly mitochondrial disorders). 

We present a case of a 33-year-old Caucasian female with chronic alcohol use disorder. She was treated for acute kidney injury (AKI) but had persistent hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypouricemia, low bicarbonate, along with glycosuria consistent with Fanconi syndrome. An exhaustive workup ruled out the most common causes. Alcohol abstinence proved to correct the underlying abnormality. 

Alcohol is a mitochondrial toxin, and its role in the pathophysiology of Fanconi syndrome is under investigation. Early diagnosis of Fanconi is imperative to avoid complications such as rickets and osteomalacia. Therefore, testing for markers of alcohol abuse should be considered when determining the etiology of Fanconi syndrome. 

Alcohol use disorder is a common disorder, with more than 3 million cases annually in the US alone. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for Fanconi syndrome in a patient with similar anomalous labs considering the high prevalence of alcohol use disorder. More research regarding this topic is warranted.

Binge drinking during the adolescence period causes oxidative damage-induced cardiometabolic disorders: A possible ameliorative approach with selenium supplementation

Binge drinking (BD) is the most common alcohol consumption model among adolescents. BD exposure during adolescence disrupts the nervous system function, being involved in the major mortality causes at this age: motor vehicle accidents, homicides and suicides. Recent studies have also shown that BD consumption during adolescence affects liver, renal and cardiovascular physiology, predisposing adolescents to future adult cardiometabolic damage. BD is a particularly pro-oxidant alcohol consumption pattern, because it leads to the production of a great source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, also decreasing the antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Selenium (Se) is a mineral which plays a pivotal role against oxidation; it forms part of the catalytic center of different antioxidant selenoproteins such as GPxs (GPx1, GPx4, GPx3) and selenoprotein P (SelP). Specifically, GPx4 has an essential role in mitochondria, preventing their oxidation, apoptosis and NFkB-inflamative response, being this function even more relevant in heart's tissue. Se serum levels are decreased in acute and chronic alcoholic adult patients, being correlated to the severity of oxidation, liver damage and metabolic profile. Experimental studies have described that Se supplementation to alcohol exposed mice clearly decreases oxidative and liver damage. However, clinical BD effects on Se homeostasis and selenoproteins' tissue distribution related to oxidation during adolescence are not yet studied. In this narrative review we will describe the use of sodium selenite supplementation as an antioxidant therapy in adolescent BD rats in order to analyze Se homeostasis implication during BD exposure, oxidative balance, apoptosis and inflammation, mainly in liver, kidney, and heart. These biomolecular changes and the cardiovascular function will be analyzed. Se supplementation therapies could be a good strategy to prevent the oxidation, inflammation and apoptosis generated in tissues by BD during adolescence, such as liver, kidney and heart, improving cardiovascular functioning.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides against Ethanol-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Experimental Rats

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. The study involved an intact control group, LPS-RS group, two groups were given ethanol (3 and 5 g/kg/day) for 28 days, and two other groups (LPS-RS + 3 g/kg ethanol) and (LPS-RS + 5 g/kg ethanol) received a daily dose of LPS-RS (800 μg/kg) before ethanol. Ethanol significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the liver tissue and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes. Hepcidin expression was downregulated in the liver, with increased serum levels of ferritin and iron. Prior-administration of LPS-RS alleviated the increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and preserved iron homeostasis markers. In the kidney, administration of ethanol caused significant increase in the expression of NF-κB and the levels of TNF-α and kidney injury markers; whereas LPS-RS + ethanol groups had significantly lower levels of those parameters. In conclusion; this study reports anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and iron homeostasis regulatory effects of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist LPS-RS against ethanol induced toxicity in both the liver and the kidney of experimental rats.

Impact of Chronic Alcohol and Opioid Dependence on Biochemical Parameters: A Retrospective Case Control Study from a Tertiary Care Treatment Center in North India

Background

Assessment of biochemical parameters can help in the comprehensive management of patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). The aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical parameters of patients with alcohol and opioid dependence at an addiction treatment facility.

Methods

This retrospective study analysed the investigation reports of male patients (aged 18 to 70 years) who visited outpatient department (OPD) with primary diagnosis as opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) or alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). The data included liver function tests (LFTs), kidney function tests (KFTs), and electrolyte tests conducted in the laboratory in a span of one year.

Findings

The study included 713 ADS, 654 ODS, and 227 controls. The ADS group showed significant elevations in mean values of bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as compared to other groups. A significant decrease in albumin levels in ADS group and raised potassium levels in ODS group was observed. De Ritis ratio above threshold (AST/ALT > 2.0) alone and along with raised GGT levels was observed among 11.3% and 9.7% of patients with ADS, respectively (P < 0.001). Electrolyte abnormalities were present in about 20.0% of patients with ADS and ODS as compared to 8.4% among controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

LFT and electrolyte abnormalities are frequently observed in patients with alcohol and opioid dependence. De Ritis ratio along with raised GGT levels significantly denotes ADS group. These results merit attention in the course of clinical care of alcohol and opioid-dependent patients.

10-Dehydrogingerdione ameliorates renal endoplasmic reticulum/oxidative stress and apoptosis in alcoholic nephropathy induced in experimental rats

BACKGROUND

Chronic alcoholism induces kidney injury (KI), leading to increased mortality in alcoholic hepatitis patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) represents the main initiator of kidney diseases and alcoholic nephropathy.

AIMS

We used alcoholic nephropathy rat model followed by 10-dehydrogingerdione (10-DHGD) intake as potential modulator. This is to focus on ER/oxidative stress/inflammatory and apoptotic pathways involvement.

MAIN METHOD

Alcoholic nephropathy was induced by alcohol administration (3.7 g/kg/body weight) orally and daily for 45 days. 10-DHGD (10 mg/kg/day) was administered either alone or along with alcohol.

KEY FINDINGS

Our results demonstrated significant increase in kidney function parameters like f creatinine, urea, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Renal ER/oxidative stress markers such as cytochrome P450 family two subfamily E member 1 (CYP2E1), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and endoplasmic glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP-78) demonstrated also significant increase. Inflammatory mediators like nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β along with apoptotic marker caspase-3 behaved similarly. Antioxidant molecules like reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase demonstrated marked decrease.

SIGNIFICANCE

10-DHGD administration resulted in significant modulation represented by an enhancement in the kidney functions and the histopathological patterns in a conclusion of its potential to ameliorate the pathological changes (kidney injury) induced by alcohol intake.

Restorative Effects of Aloe Vera Gel on Alcohol Induced Hepato-Nephrocellular Dysfunction

Excessive alcohol intake is associated with pathological conditions that are detrimental. Aloe vera is a plant that possesses antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties. This study investigated the effects of Aloe vera gel on alcohol induced hepato-nephrocellular dysfunction in rats using the specific activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as concentration of some electrolytes as indices. Six groups of male albino rats containing 5 rats each were used in the experiments. Groups A and B were administered distilled water and 50 % (v/v) alcohol for 21 days respectively. Groups C and D were administered 50 % (v/v) alcohol, while groups E and F were administered distilled water for the first 14 days, followed by co-administration (without stopping alcohol or distilled water administrations) of 125 mg and 250 mg.kg–1 body weight Aloe vera gel respectively for 7 days. The administration of Aloe vera gel extract significantly modulated serum electrolytes imbalances with concomitant lowering of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH and GST rates when compared to group B. These results suggested the restoration of alcohol induced dys-function by Aloe vera gel.

Daily ambient temperature is associated with biomarkers of kidney injury in older Americans

BACKGROUND

Increases in ambient temperature have recently been associated with increased emergency department visits and hospital admissions for acute renal failure. However, potential biological mechanisms through which short-term ambient temperature affects kidney function are not known.

METHODS

We used multiple regression models to evaluate the association between 1- and 3-day average, ambient temperature levels and two biomarkers of kidney injury (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and adiponectin), among 3377 individuals over 57 years of age enrolled in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Ambient temperature was estimated on a 6-km grid covering the conterminous United States using ambient temperature measurements obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). NGAL and adiponectin levels were measured from whole blood collected for each participant. All health effect models were adjusted for a number of demographics, socioeconomic, health behavior, medical history variables, with non-linear exposure-response relationships examined using natural cubic splines.

RESULTS

The relationship between 1- and 3-day average temperature and both NGAL and adiponectin levels was significant and non-linear, with largely null associations below 10 °C, and positive association for temperatures >10 °C. In fully adjusted, linear multiple regression models restricted to >10 °C, NGAL and adiponectin levels increased by 1.89% (95% CI: 0.77, 3.91) and 2.51% (95% CI: 1.34, 3.69), respectively, for a 1 °C increase in daily average temperature. Additionally, every 1 °C increase in temperature over 10 °C was associated with a 1.83% increased odds of having plasma NGAL levels consistent with acute kidney injury (>150 μg/L).

CONCLUSIONS

In a cohort of older men and women in the United States, our study is the first to observe that short-term ambient temperature exposures were significantly associated with biomarkers of kidney injury. These associations suggest that ambient temperature exposures could be an important risk factor for renal pathology.

Nephroprotective effect of β-sitosterol on N-diethylnitrosamine initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate promoted acute nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

The most abundant plant sterol β-sitosterol is widely used for treating heart diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of β-sitosterol against nephrotoxicants which were studied using renal function markers, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status, and inflammatory markers.

METHODS

Male albino Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four: group 1 was vehicle control rats (0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]); group 2 was rats treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg body weight [bw] i.p. on the 15th day) and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (9 mg/kg bw i.p. on 30th and 32nd days); group 3 was rats that received β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg bw in 0.1% CMC, p.o. for 32 days) 2 weeks prior to the exposure to the nephrotoxicant; and group 4 was rats that received β-sitosterol alone. The experiment was terminated after the 24 h of last dosage of Fe-NTA, and all the animals were sacrificed. The blood, liver and kidney from each group were analyzed for biochemical, molecular and histological changes.

RESULTS

All the parameters showed significant changes in DEN and Fe-NTA treated animals, whereas β-sitosterol pretreated animals' altered biochemical parameters were restored to near normal. Histopathological and immunoexpression studies on tissues also corroborate the biochemical endpoints.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of β-sitosterol to nephrotoxicity induced rats showed significant positive changes in biochemical parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical observations, and up-regulation of Nrf2 gene expression. From this, it was clear that β-sitosterol showed renal protective function.

Extracellular ATP protects pancreatic duct epithelial cells from alcohol-induced damage through P2Y1 receptor-cAMP signal pathway

Extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) regulates cell death and survival of neighboring cells. The detailed effects are diverse depending on cell types and extracellular ATP concentration. We addressed the effect of ATP on ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in epithelial cells, the cell type that experiences the highest concentrations of alcohol. Using pancreatic duct epithelial cells (PDEC), we found that a micromolar range of ATP reverses all intracellular toxicity mechanisms triggered by exceptionally high doses of ethanol and, thus, improves cell viability dramatically. Out of the many purinergic receptors expressed in PDEC, the P2Y1 receptor was identified to mediate the protective effect, based on pharmacological and siRNA assays. Activation of P2Y1 receptors increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The protective effect of ATP was mimicked by forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP but inhibited by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H-89. Finally, ATP reverted leakiness of PDEC monolayers induced by ethanol and helped to maintain epithelial integrity. We suggest that purinergic receptors reduce extreme alcohol-induced cell damage via the cAMP signal pathway in PDEC and some other types of cells.

Chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein acetylation and oxidative stress in the kidney

In this study, we present the novel findings that chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the kidney and correlates with significantly increased renal oxidative stress. A major proteomic footprint of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an increase in hepatic mitochondrial protein acetylation. Protein hyperacetylation has been shown to alter enzymatic function of numerous proteins and plays a role in regulating metabolic processes. Renal mitochondrial targets of hyperacetylation include numerous metabolic and antioxidant pathways, such as lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and amino acid metabolism, as well as glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. Disruption of protein lysine acetylation has the potential to impair renal function through metabolic dysregulation and decreased antioxidant capacity. Due to a significant elevation in ethanol-mediated renal oxidative stress, we highlight the acetylation of superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase enzymes. Since oxidative stress is a known factor in ethanol-induced nephrotoxicity, we examined biochemical markers of protein hyperacetylation and oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate increased protein acetylation concurrent with depleted glutathione, altered Cys redox potential, and the presence of 4-HNE protein modifications in our 6-week model of early-stage alcoholic nephrotoxicity. These findings support the hypothesis that ethanol metabolism causes an influx of mitochondrial metabolic substrate, resulting in mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation with the potential to impact mitochondrial metabolic and antioxidant processes.

•

Chronic ethanol metabolism induces mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the kidney.

•

Ethanol-induced hyperacetylation occurs on metabolic and antioxidant proteins.

•

The onset of renal oxidative stress correlates with mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation.

Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on renal function tests and oxidative stress in kidney

After administration, ethanol and its metabolites go through the kidneys and are excreted into urine. The kidney seems to be the only vital organ generally spared in chronic alcoholics. Therefore, we investigated the multiple effects of chronic ethanol exposure on renal function tests and on oxidative stress related parameters in the kidney. Chronic ethanol (1.6 g ethanol/ kg body weight/ day) exposure did not show any significant change in relative weight (g/ 100g body weight) of kidneys, serum calcium level or glutathione s-transferase activity. However, urea and creatinine concentration in serum, and TBARS level in kidney elevated significantly, while reduced glutathione content and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase diminished significantly after 12 weeks of ethanol exposure. Catalase activity showed increased activity after 4 weeks of ethanol exposure and decreased activity after 12 weeks of ethanol exposure. Genesis of renal ultrastructural abnormalities after 12 weeks of ethanol exposure may be important for the development of functional disturbances. This study revealed that chronic ethanol exposure for longer duration is associated with deleterious effects in the kidney.