Lysyl Oxidase: Its Diversity in Health and Diseases

MiR-214-3p regulates Piezo1, lysyl oxidases and mitochondrial function in human cardiac fibroblasts

Cardiac fibroblasts are pivotal regulators of cardiac homeostasis and are essential in the repair of the heart after myocardial infarction (MI), but their function can also become dysregulated, leading to adverse cardiac remodelling involving both fibrosis and hypertrophy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that target mRNAs to prevent their translation, with specific miRNAs showing differential expression and regulation in cardiovascular disease. Here, we show that miR-214-3p is enriched in the fibroblast fraction of the murine heart, and its levels are increased with cardiac remodelling associated with heart failure, or in the acute phase after experimental MI. Tandem mass tagging proteomics and in-silico network analyses were used to explore protein targets regulated by miR-214-3p in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts from multiple donors. Overexpression of miR-214-3p by miRNA mimics resulted in decreased expression and activity of the Piezo1 mechanosensitive cation channel, increased expression of the entire lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of collagen cross-linking enzymes, and decreased expression of an array of mitochondrial proteins, including mitofusin-2 (MFN2), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, as measured by citrate synthase and Seahorse mitochondrial respiration assays. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-214-3p is an important regulator of cardiac fibroblast phenotypes and functions key to cardiac remodelling, and that this miRNA represents a potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.

Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) Family Proteins: Key Players in Breast Cancer Occurrence and Progression

The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family proteins are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases, comprised of five paralogues: LOX and LOX-like 1-4 (LOXL1-4), which are characterized by catalytic activity contributing to the remodeling of the cross-linking of the structural extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodeling plays a key role in the angiogenesis surrounding tumours, whereby a corrupt tumour microenvironment (TME) takes shape. Additionally, dysregulation and aberrant expression of LOX family proteins have been implicated in the occurrence and progression of various types of human cancers, including lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumour in women worldwide, and its incidence rate is increasing annually. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has revealed significant upregulation of LOX family proteins in breast cancer, which contributes to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, elevated expression of LOX family proteins is closely associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. We herein review the structure, regulation, function, and mechanisms of LOX family proteins in the occurrence and progression of breast cancer. In addition, we highlight recent insights into their mechanisms and their potential involvement in the clinical value and novel biological roles of LOX family members in tumour progression and the TME of breast cancer. This review will provide a theoretical basis and reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, as well as for the screening of effective LOX-specific inhibitors.

Deletion of mouse lysyl oxidase in megakaryocytes affects bone properties in a sex-dependent manner

ABSTRACT

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a facilitator of extracellular matrix cross-linking. Using newly developed megakaryocyte-specific LOX knockout mice, we show that LOX expressed in these scarce bone marrow cells affects bone volume and collagen architecture in a sex-dependent manner.

Assessing Heterogeneity in the N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen by Mass Spectrometry

Collagen cross-links created by the lysyl oxidase and lysyl hydroxylase families of enzymes are a significant contributing factor to the biomechanical strength and rigidity of tissues, which in turn influence cell signaling and ultimately cell phenotype. In the clinic, the proteolytically liberated N-terminal cross-linked peptide of collagen I (NTX) is used as a biomarker of bone and connective tissue turnover, which is altered in several disease processes. Despite the clinical utility of these collagen breakdown products, the majority of the cross-linked peptide species have not been identified in proteomic datasets. Here we evaluate several parameters for the preparation and identification of these peptides from the collagen I-rich Achilles tendon. Our refined approach involving chemical digestion for protein solubilization coupled with mass spectrometry allows for the identification of the NTX cross-links in a range of modification states. Based on the specificity of the enzymatic cross-linking reaction we utilized follow-up variable modification searches to facilitate identification with a wider range of analytical workflows. We then applied a spectral library approach to identify differences in collagen cross-links in bovine pulmonary hypertension. The presented method offers unique opportunities to understand extracellular matrix remodeling events in development, aging, wound healing, and fibrotic disease that modulate collagen architecture through lysyl-hydroxylase and lysyl-oxidase enzymes.

Molecular Genetic Profile of Myelofibrosis: Implications in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Advancements

Myelofibrosis (MF) is an essential element of primary myelofibrosis, whereas secondary MF may develop in the advanced stages of other myeloid neoplasms, especially polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Over the last two decades, advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, particularly the integration of next-generation sequencing in clinical laboratories, have revolutionized the diagnosis, classification, and clinical decision making of myelofibrosis. Driver mutations involving JAK2, CALR, and MPL induce hyperactivity in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which plays a central role in cell survival and proliferation. Approximately 80% of myelofibrosis cases harbor additional mutations, frequently in the genes responsible for epigenetic regulation and RNA splicing. Detecting these mutations is crucial for diagnosing myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), especially in cases where no mutations are present in the three driver genes (triple-negative MPNs). While fibrosis in the bone marrow results from the disturbance of inflammatory cytokines, it is fundamentally associated with mutation-driven hematopoiesis. The mutation profile and order of acquiring diverse mutations influence the MPN phenotype. Mutation profiling reveals clonal diversity in MF, offering insights into the clonal evolution of neoplastic progression. Prognostic prediction plays a pivotal role in guiding the treatment of myelofibrosis. Mutation profiles and cytogenetic abnormalities have been integrated into advanced prognostic scoring systems and personalized risk stratification for MF. Presently, JAK inhibitors are part of the standard of care for MF, with newer generations developed for enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects. However, only a minority of patients have achieved a significant molecular-level response. Clinical trials exploring innovative approaches, such as combining hypomethylation agents that target epigenetic regulators, drugs proven effective in myelodysplastic syndrome, or immune and inflammatory modulators with JAK inhibitors, have demonstrated promising results. These combinations may be more effective in patients with high-risk mutations and complex mutation profiles. Expanding mutation profiling studies with more sensitive and specific molecular methods, as well as sequencing a broader spectrum of genes in clinical patients, may reveal molecular mechanisms in cases currently lacking detectable driver mutations, provide a better understanding of the association between genetic alterations and clinical phenotypes, and offer valuable information to advance personalized treatment protocols to improve long-term survival and eradicate mutant clones with the hope of curing MF.

Integrative analysis of potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for glomerulus-associated diabetic nephropathy based on cellular senescence

Introduction

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), distinguished by detrimental changes in the renal glomeruli, is regarded as the leading cause of death from end-stage renal disease among diabetics. Cellular senescence plays a paramount role, profoundly affecting the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injuries. This study was designed to delve deeply into the pathological mechanisms between glomerulus-associated DN and cellular senescence.

Methods

Glomerulus-associated DN datasets and cellular senescence-related genes were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and CellAge database respectively. By integrating bioinformatics and machine learning methodologies including the LASSO regression analysis and Random Forest, we screened out four signature genes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the selected genes. Rigorous experimental validations were subsequently conducted in the mouse model to corroborate the identification of three signature genes, namely LOX, FOXD1 and GJA1. Molecular docking with chlorogenic acids (CGA) was further established not only to validate LOX, FOXD1 and GJA1 as diagnostic markers but also reveal their potential therapeutic effects.

Results and discussion

In conclusion, our findings pinpointed three diagnostic markers of glomerulus-associated DN on the basis of cellular senescence. These markers could not only predict an increased risk of DN progression but also present promising therapeutic targets, potentially ushering in innovative treatments for DN in the elderly population.

Improved tropoelastin synthesis in the skin by codon optimization and nucleotide modification of tropoelastin-encoding synthetic mRNA

Loss of elastin due to aging, disease, or injury can lead to impaired tissue function. In this study, de novo tropoelastin (TE) synthesis is investigated in vitro and in vivo using different TE-encoding synthetic mRNA variants after codon optimization and nucleotide modification. Codon optimization shows a strong effect on protein synthesis without affecting cell viability in vitro, whereas nucleotide modifications strongly modulate translation and reduce cell toxicity. Selected TE mRNA variants (3, 10, and 30 μg) are then analyzed in vivo in porcine skin after intradermal application. Administration of 30 μg of native TE mRNA with a me1 Ψ modification or 10 and 30 μg of unmodified codon-optimized TE mRNA is required to increase TE protein expression in vivo. In contrast, just 3 μg of a codon-optimized TE mRNA variant with the me1 Ψ modification is able to increase protein expression. Furthermore, skin toxicity is investigated in vitro by injecting 30 μg of mRNA of selected TE mRNA variants into a human full-thickness skin model, and no toxic effects are observed. Thereby, for the first time, an increased dermal TE synthesis by exogenous administration of synthetic mRNA is demonstrated in vivo. Codon optimization of a synthetic mRNA can significantly increase protein expression and therapeutic outcome.

Breast stiffness, a risk factor for cancer and the role of radiology for diagnosis

Over the last five decades, breast density has been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Mammographically dense breasts are considered those belonging to the heterogeneously dense breasts, and extremely dense breasts subgroups according to the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). There is a statistically significant correlation between the increased mammographic density and the presence of more glandular tissue alone. However, the strength of this correlation is weak. Although the mechanisms driving breast density-related tumor initiation and progression are still unknown, there is evidence suggesting that certain molecular pathways participating in epithelial-stromal interactions may play a pivotal role in the deposition of fibrillar collagen, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that favor breast density and carcinogenesis. This article describes these molecular mechanisms as potential "landscapers" for breast density-related cancer. We also introduce the term "Breast Compactness" to reflect collagen density of breast tissue on chest CT scan and the use of breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for breast cancer screening and risk stratification.

Copper, Lysyl Oxidase Activity, and Collagen in Aqueous Humour of Primary Glaucoma: An Association with Clinical Parameters

INTRODUCTION

To measure copper (Cu), lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity, and collagen levels in aqueous humour (AH) of primary glaucoma patients and correlate with clinical parameters.

METHODS

120 patients with 40 each of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and cataract controls were recruited in this case-control study. AH samples were collected during the trabeculectomy and cataract surgeries. Cu levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. LOX unit activity was determined by Amplex Red assay and collagen concentration by Sirius red assay.

RESULTS

Significantly higher levels of Cu expressed as median (IQR) µmol/L were observed in POAG (p = 0.008) and PACG (p = 0.005) compared to controls. The LOX activity was increased in POAG and PACG (p = 0.04) compared to controls represented as median (IQR) µmol/min. The collagen levels given as median (IQR) mg/ml showed an insignificant increase in POAG and PACG compared to controls (p = 0.78). The LOX unit activity was correlated with visual field index (VFI), which showed a significant increase with the progression of the diseases (p < 0.05), whereas Cu levels were negatively correlated with LOX activity in AH. Cu and LOX activity showed weak correlation with YAG peripheral iridotomy (YAGPI), duration of anti-glaucoma medications, and highest preoperative intraocular pressure.

CONCLUSION

Elevated Cu and LOX activity was observed in both POAG and PACG groups compared to controls. LOX activity showed notable increase with VFI as the severity of the disease. Although Cu levels are increased in glaucoma, it's insufficient to significantly increase the activity of LOX.

Involvement of lysyl oxidase in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. CKD is associated with increases in arterial stiffness, whereas improvements in arterial stiffness correlate with better survival. However, arterial stiffness is increased early in CKD, suggesting that there might be additional factors, unique to kidney disease, that increase arterial stiffness. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a key mediator of collagen cross linking and matrix remodeling. LOX is predominantly expressed in the cardiovascular system, and its upregulation has been associated with increased tissue stiffening and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the role of increased LOX activity in inducing aortic stiffness in CKD and whether β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a LOX inhibitor, could prevent aortic stiffness by reducing collagen cross linking. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) or sham surgery. Two weeks after surgery, mice were randomized to BAPN (300 mg/kg/day in water) or vehicle treatment for 4 wk. Aortic stiffness was assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) using Doppler ultrasound. Aortic levels of LOX were assessed by ELISA, and cross-linked total collagen levels were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Sircol assay. Nx mice showed increased PWV and aortic wall remodeling compared with control mice. Collagen cross linking was increased in parallel with the increases in total collagen in the aorta of Nx mice. In contrast, Nx mice that received BAPN treatment showed decreased cross-linked collagens and PWV compared with that received vehicle treatment. Our results indicated that LOX might be an early and key mediator of aortic stiffness in CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Arterial stiffness in CKD is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness in CKD are unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that 1) increased aortic stiffness in CKD is independent of hypertension and calcification and 2) LOX-mediated changes in extracellular matrix are at least in part responsible for increased aortic stiffness in CKD. Prevention of excess LOX may have therapeutic potential in alleviating increased aortic stiffness and improving cardiovascular disease in CKD.

Lysyl oxidase promotes renal fibrosis via accelerating collagen cross-link driving by β-arrestin/ERK/STAT3 pathway

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper‐dependent monoamine oxidase whose primary function is the covalent cross‐linking of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Evidence has shown that LOX is associated with cancer and some fibrotic conditions. We recently found that serum LOX is a potential diagnostic biomarker for renal fibrosis, but the mechanism by which LOX is regulated and contributes to renal fibrosis remains unknown. The current study demonstrates the following: (1) LOX expression was increased in fibrotic kidneys including ischemia‐reperfusion injury‐(IRI‐), unilateral ureteral obstruction‐(UUO‐), and folic acid‐ (FA‐) induced fibrotic kidneys as well as in the paraffin‐embedded sections of human kidneys from the patients with renal fibrosis. (2) The increasing deposition and cross‐linking of collagen induced by LOX was observed in IRI‐, UUO‐ and FA‐kidneys. (3) LOX was regulated by the β‐arrestin‐ERK‐STAT3 pathway in renal fibrosis. STAT3 was the downstream of AT1R‐β‐arrestin‐ERK, ERK entered the nucleus and activated STAT3‐pY705 but not STAT3‐pS727. (4) STAT3 nuclear subtranslocation and binding to the LOX promoter may be responsible for the upregulation of LOX expression. (5) Pharmacologic inhibition of LOX with BAPN in vivo inhibited the upregulation of LOX, decreased collagen over cross‐linking and ameliorated renal fibrosis after ischemic injury. Collectively, these observations suggest that LOX plays an essential role in the development of renal fibrosis by catalyzing collagen over cross‐linking. Thus, strategies targeting LOX could be a new avenue in developing therapeutics against renal fibrosis.

Inflammatory Mediators in Atherosclerotic Vascular Remodeling

Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains the most common cause of ischemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties of the arterial vessel wall, which consists of three layers, namely the adventitia, media, and intima. Key cells in shaping the vascular wall architecture and warranting proper vessel function are vascular smooth muscle cells in the arterial media and endothelial cells lining the intima. Pathological alterations of this vessel wall architecture called vascular remodeling can lead to insufficient vascular function and subsequent ischemia and organ damage. One major pathomechanism driving this detrimental vascular remodeling is atherosclerosis, which is initiated by endothelial dysfunction allowing the accumulation of intimal lipids and leukocytes. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and modified lipids further drive vascular remodeling ultimately leading to thrombus formation and/or vessel occlusion which can cause major cardiovascular events. Although it is clear that vascular wall remodeling is an elementary mechanism of atherosclerotic vascular disease, the diverse underlying pathomechanisms and its consequences are still insufficiently understood.

Role of collagen regulators in cancer treatment: A comprehensive review

Abstract:

Collagen is the most important structural protein and also a main component of extra-cellular matrix (ECM). It plays a role in tumor progression. Collagen can be regulated by altering it’s biosynthesis pathway through various signaling pathways, receptors and genes. Activity of cancer cells can also be regulated by other ECM components like metalloproteinases, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin and so on. Hypoxia is also one of the condition which leads to cancer progression by stimulating the expression of procollagen lysine as a collagen crosslinker, which increases the size of collagen fibres promoting cancer spread. The collagen content in cancerous cells leads to resistance in chemotherapy. So, to reduce this resistance, some of the collagen regulating therapies are introduced, which include inhibiting its biosynthesis, disturbing cancer cell signaling pathway, mediating ECM components and directly utilizing collagenase. This study is an effort to compile the strategies reported to control the collagen level and different collagen inhibitors reported so far. More research is needed in this area, growing understandings of collagen’s structural features and its role in cancer progression will aid in the advancement of newer chemotherapies.

Diagnostic Value, Prognostic Value, and Immune Infiltration of LOX Family Members in Liver Cancer: Bioinformatic Analysis

Background

Liver cancer (LC) is well known for its prevalence as well as its poor prognosis. The aberrant expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is associated with liver cancer, but their function and prognostic value in LC remain largely unclear. This study aimed to explore the function and prognostic value of LOX family in LC through bioinformatics analysis and meta-analysis.

Results

The expression levels of all LOX family members were significantly increased in LC. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of LOXL2 was 0.946 with positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.994. LOX and LOXL3 were correlated with worse prognosis. Meta-analysis also validated effect of LOX on prognosis. Nomogram of these two genes and other predictors was also plotted. There was insufficient data from original studies to conduct meta-analysis on LOXL3. The functions of LOX family members in LC were mostly involved in extracellular and functions and structures. The expressions of LOX family members strongly correlated with various immune infiltrating cells and immunomodulators in LC.

Conclusions

For LC patients, LOXL2 may be a potential diagnostic biomarker, while LOX and LOXL3 have potential prognostic and therapeutic values. Positive correlation between LOX family and infiltration of various immune cells and immunomodulators suggests the need for exploration of their roles in the tumor microenvironment and for potential immunotherapeutic to target LOX family proteins.

Immune Regulation of Mammary Fibroblasts and the Impact of Mammographic Density

Mammographic density is associated with a 4–6-fold increase in breast cancer risk independent of age and BMI. High mammographic density is characterized by breast tissue with high proportions of stroma comprised of fibroblasts, collagen, and immune cells. This study sought to investigate whether stromal fibroblasts from high mammographic density breast tissue contributes to increased extracellular matrix deposition and pro-tumorigenic signaling. Mammary fibroblasts were isolated from women with high and low mammographic density and exposed to immune factors myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) for 72 h and profiled for expression of cancer-associated fibroblast and extracellular matrix regulation markers. No differences in gene expression profiles or collagen production were observed between fibroblasts with high or low mammographic density, and they did not have a differential response to immune mediators. MPO and EPO significantly increased the production of collagen 1. TGFB and TNFA induced variable changes in gene expression. Fibroblasts cultured in vitro from women with high mammographic density do not appear to be inherently different to those from women with low mammographic density. The function of fibroblasts in mammographic density-associated breast cancer risk is likely to be regulated by immune signals from surrounding cells in the microenvironment.

Serum Lysyl Oxidase Levels and Lysyl Oxidase Gene Polymorphism in Ovarian Cancer Patients of Eastern Indian Population

(1) Background: Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a dual role in carcinogenesis and studies show a higher risk of cancer in LOX G473A variants. The present study evaluated the pattern of LOX G473A polymorphism (rs1800449) and serum LOX levels in ovarian cancer patients. (2) Methods: Serum LOX levels were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A polymorphism of rs1800449 of LOX gene was detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Selected samples were sequenced for external validation. (3) Results: A majority of study participants were from low socio-economic status. Serum LOX level was significantly higher in ovarian cancer patients as compared to control. Serum LOX level in early-stage ovarian cancer was significantly lower as compared to advanced stage (FIGO stage III & IV). Wild type GG genotype was used as reference. Genotypes AA were associated with a significant risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (OR 3.208; p value- 0.033). A allele of rs1800449 polymorphism of LOX gene, the odds ratio was 1.866 (95% Confidence Interval 1.112–3.16) p value = 0.017 (4) Conclusions: A allele of rs1800449 polymorphism of LOX gene presents an increased risk of ovarian cancer in East Indian population. Serum LOX levels could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer.

Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata, reveals underlying factors of sheep flystrike and maggot debridement therapy

The common green bottle blow fly Lucilia sericata (family, Calliphoridae) is widely used for maggot debridement therapy, which involves the application of sterile maggots to wounds. The larval excretions and secretions are important for consuming necrotic tissue and inhibiting bacterial growth in wounds of patients. Lucilia sericata is also of importance as a pest of sheep and in forensic studies to estimate a postmortem interval. Here we report the assembly of a 565.3 Mb genome from long read PacBio DNA sequencing of genomic DNA. The genome contains 14,704 predicted protein coding genes and 1709 non-coding genes. Targeted annotation and transcriptional analyses identified genes that are highly expressed in the larval salivary glands (secretions) and Malpighian tubules (excretions) under normal growth conditions and following heat stress. The genomic resources will underpin future genetic studies and in development of engineered strains for genetic control of L. sericata and for biotechnology-enhanced maggot therapy.

BAPN-induced rodent model of aortic dissecting aneurysm and related complications

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) on the arterial walls of rodents, and to analyze the gross or pathological changes of arterial and other tissues of rodents treated with BAPN at different concentrations or doses.

Methods

Eighteen SPF SD rats (4–5-week old) were divided into three groups: SD-0.2 (Group A), SD-0.4 (Group B), and SD-0.6 (Group C). The groups A, B and C were given 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% BAPN solution, respectively, as drinking water for seven weeks. Forty SPF C57BL/6 mice (3-week old) were randomly divided into four groups: C57-0.2 (Group D), C57-0.4 (Group E), C57-0.6 (Group F) and the control group and given 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.6% BAPN or distilled water as drinking water, respectively, for seven weeks. All experimental animals were free to drink water. The aortas were dissected and visually examined. At the same time, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed in aorta tissue. The vascular diameter and area of the middle membrane were measured with IPP (Image-Pro Plus 6.0).

Results

BAPN treatment significantly affected the water intake and weight gain of rats and mice. BAPN also caused thickening of the membrane in the aortas of rats and mice, and irregularity in the arrangement of elastic fibers. These pathological changes are similar to the pathological changes observed in human aneurysms. The incidence of dissecting aneurysm in C57 mice was higher than that of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats.

Conclusions

BAPN at a concentration of 0.4% was feasible to produce an animal model of dissecting aneurysm. In SD rats, the rate of pathological changes and other complications, such as intestinal rupture and scoliosis, was higher than the rates of dissecting aneurysm.

Activin-A Induces Early Differential Gene Expression Exclusively in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts from Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Patients

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification (HO). It is caused by mutations in the Activin receptor type 1 (ACVR1) gene, resulting in enhanced responsiveness to ligands, specifically to Activin-A. Though it has been shown that capturing Activin-A protects against heterotopic ossification in animal models, the exact underlying mechanisms at the gene expression level causing ACVR1 R206H-mediated ossifications and progression are thus far unknown. We investigated the early transcriptomic changes induced by Activin-A of healthy control and patient-derived periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) isolated from extracted teeth by RNA sequencing analysis. To study early differences in response to Activin-A, periodontal ligament fibroblasts from six control teeth and from six FOP patient teeth were cultured for 24 h without and with 50 ng/mL Activin-A and analyzed with RNA sequencing. Pathway analysis on genes upregulated by Activin-A in FOP cells showed an association with pathways involved in, among others, Activin, TGFβ, and BMP signaling. Differential gene expression induced by Activin-A was exclusively seen in the FOP cells. Median centered supervised gene expression analysis showed distinct clusters of up- and downregulated genes in the FOP cultures after stimulation with Activin-A. The upregulated genes with high fold changes like SHOC2, TTC1, PAPSS2, DOCK7, and LOX are all associated with bone metabolism. Our open-ended approach to investigating the early effect of Activin-A on gene expression in control and FOP PLF shows that the molecule exclusively induces differential gene expression in FOP cells and not in control cells.

Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases: Promising Molecular Drug Targets and their Clinical Development

Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases have become a serious concern worldwide. Both these liver diseases have an identical pathology, starting from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and, ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment options for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are still the same as they were 50 years ago which include corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, antioxidants, nutritional support and abstinence; and for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), weight loss, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering agents and anti-oxidants are the only treatment options. Despite broad research in understanding the disease pathophysiology, limited treatments are available for clinical use. Some therapeutic strategies based on targeting a specific molecule have been developed to lessen the consequences of disease and are under clinical investigation. Therefore, focus on multiple molecular targets will help develop an efficient therapeutic strategy. This review comprises a brief overview of the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD; recent molecular drug targets explored for ALD and NAFLD that may prove to be effective for multiple therapeutic regimens and also the clinical status of these promising drug targets for liver diseases.

Empagliflozin Inhibits IL-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Human Proximal Tubular Cells

SGLT2 inhibitor-related nephroprotection is—at least partially—mediated by anti-inflammatory drug effects, as previously demonstrated in diabetic animal and human studies, as well as hyperglycemic cell culture models. We recently presented first evidence for anti-inflammatory potential of empagliflozin (Empa) under normoglycemic conditions in human proximal tubular cells (HPTC) by demonstrating Empa-mediated inhibition of IL-1β-induced MCP-1/CCL2 and ET-1 expression on the mRNA and protein level. We now add corroborating evidence on a genome-wide level by demonstrating that Empa attenuates the expression of several inflammatory response genes in IL-1β-induced (10 ng/mL) normoglycemic HPTCs. Using microarray-hybridization analysis, 19 inflammatory response genes out of >30.000 human genes presented a consistent expression pattern, that is, inhibition of IL-1β (10 ng/mL)-stimulated gene expression by Empa (500 nM), in both HK-2 and RPTEC/TERT1 cells. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated statistically significant clustering of annotated pathways (enrichment score 3.64). Our transcriptomic approach reveals novel genes such as CXCL8/IL8, LOX, NOV, PTX3, and SGK1 that might be causally involved in glycemia-independent nephroprotection by SGLT2i.

LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression

LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source. However, novel synthetic compounds that act as LOX/LOXL2 selective inhibitors or as dual LOX/LOX-L inhibitors have been recently developed. In this review, we describe LOX enzymes and their role in promoting cancer development and metastases, with a special focus on LOXL2 and breast cancer progression. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of LOXL2 inhibitors are also addressed. Overall, this work contextualizes and explores the importance of LOXL2 inhibition as a promising novel complementary and effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment.

New Gene Markers Expressed in Porcine Oviductal Epithelial Cells Cultured Primary In Vitro Are Involved in Ontological Groups Representing Physiological Processes of Porcine Oocytes

Changes that occur within oviducts after fertilization are dependent on post-ovulation events, including oocyte-oviduct interactions. Although general processes are well-defined, the molecular basis are poorly understood. Recently, new marker genes involved in ‘cell development’, ‘cell growth’, ‘cell differentiation’ and ‘cell maturation’ processes have been identified in porcine oocytes. The aim of the study was to assess the expression profile of genes in primary in vitro cultured oviductal epithelial cells (OECs), clustered in Gene Ontology groups which enveloped markers also identified in porcine oocytes. OECs (from 45 gilts) were surgically removed and cultured in vitro for ≤ 30 days, and then subjected to molecular analyses. The transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of cells cultured during 7, 15 and 30 days were investigated. Additionally, morphological/histochemical analyzes were performed. The results of genes expression profiles were validated after using RT-qPCR. The results showed a significant upregulation of UNC45B, NOX4, VLDLR, ITGB3, FMOD, SGCE, COL1A2, LOX, LIPG, THY1 and downregulation of SERPINB2, CD274, TXNIP, CELA1, DDX60, CRABP2, SLC5A1, IDO1, ANPEP, FST. Detailed knowledge of the molecular pathways occurring in the OECs and the gametes that contact them may contribute both to developments of basic science of physiology, and new possibilities in advanced biotechnology of assisted reproduction.

The prognostic value of the lysyl oxidase family in ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

Our study intended to evaluate the prognostic value of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and its four relevant members, the lysyl oxidase-like genes (LOXL1-4), in ovarian cancer (OC) patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Kaplan-Meier plotter (KM plotter) database was used to investigate the prognostic power of the LOX family for OC patients. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were the clinical endpoints. The prognostic roles of the LOX family in OC patients were also analyzed according to various clinicopathological characteristics, including histological subtypes, clinical stages, pathological grades, and chemotherapeutic treatments.

RESULTS

Overexpression of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, and LOXL3 mRNA indicated poor OS and PFS in OC patients, particularly in serous and grade II + III OC patients. Overexpression of LOXL4 mRNA resulted in worse PFS in OC patients. Overexpression of LOX and LOXL1 mRNA showed worse OS and PFS in stage III + IV OC patients, and overexpression of LOXL3 mRNA indicated worse OS and PFS in stage I + II OC patients. Overexpression of LOX, LOXL3, and LOXL4 mRNA indicated worse OS and PFS among OC patients who received platinum, taxol, and taxol + platinum chemotherapy. Overexpression of LOXL1 and LOXL2 mRNA was related to lower OS and PFS in OC patients who received platinum chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, and LOXL3 may become potential predictive markers for negative outcomes in OC patients. Moreover, the LOX family can serve as new molecular predictors for the efficiency of platinum-based chemotherapy in OC patients.

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: available evidences and a new paradigm

The recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus is pathogenic and a highly transmittable viral infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). In this time of ongoing pandemic, many emerging reports suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 has inimical effects on neurological functions, and even causes serious neurological damage. The neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19 include headache, dizziness, depression, anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, epileptic seizures, and Guillain-Barre syndrome along with many others. The involvement of the CNS may be related with poor prognosis and disease worsening. Here, we review the evidence of nervous system involvement and currently known neurological manifestations in COVID-19 infections caused by SARS-CoV-2. We prioritize the 332 human targets of SARS-CoV-2 according to their association with brain-related disease and identified 73 candidate genes. We prioritize these 73 genes according to their spatio-temporal expression in the different regions of brain and also through evolutionary intolerance analysis. The prioritized genes could be considered potential indicators of COVID-19-associated neurological symptoms and thus act as a possible therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CNS manifestations associated with COVID-19 patients.

Fibronectin has multifunctional roles in posterior capsular opacification (PCO)

Fibrotic posterior capsular opacification (PCO), one of the major complications of cataract surgery, occurs when lens epithelial cells (LCs) left behind post cataract surgery (PCS) undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migrate into the optical axis and produce opaque scar tissue. LCs left behind PCS robustly produce fibronectin, although its roles in fibrotic PCO are not known. In order to determine the function of fibronectin in PCO pathogenesis, we created mice lacking the fibronectin gene (FN conditional knock out -FNcKO) from the lens. While animals from this line have normal lenses, upon lens fiber cell removal which models cataract surgery, FNcKO LCs exhibit a greatly attenuated fibrotic response from 3 days PCS onward as assessed by a reduction in surgery-induced cell proliferation, and fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) production and deposition. This is correlated with less upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) and integrin signaling in FNcKO LCs PCS concomitant with sustained Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling and elevation of the epithelial cell marker E cadherin. Although the initial fibrotic response of FNcKO LCs was qualitatively normal at 48 h PCS as measured by the upregulation of fibrotic marker protein αSMA, RNA sequencing revealed that the fibrotic response was already quantitatively attenuated at this time, as measured by the upregulation of mRNAs encoding molecules that control, and are controlled by, TGFβ signaling, including many known markers of fibrosis. Most notably, gremlin-1, a known regulator of TGFβ superfamily signaling, was upregulated sharply in WT LCs PCS, while this response was attenuated in FNcKO LCs. As exogenous administration of either active TGFβ1 or gremlin-1 to FNcKO lens capsular bags rescued the attenuated fibrotic response of fibronectin null LCs PCS including the loss of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, this suggests that fibronectin plays multifunctional roles in fibrotic PCO development.

Limited utility of qPCR-based detection of tumor-specific circulating mRNAs in whole blood from clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients

Background

RNA sequencing data is providing abundant information about the levels of dysregulation of genes in various tumors. These data, as well as data based on older microarray technologies have enabled the identification of many genes which are upregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) compared to matched normal tissue. Here we use RNA sequencing data in order to construct a panel of highly overexpressed genes in ccRCC so as to evaluate their RNA levels in whole blood and determine any diagnostic potential of these levels for renal cell carcinoma patients.

Methods

A bioinformatics analysis with Python was performed using TCGA, GEO and other databases to identify genes which are upregulated in ccRCC while being absent in the blood of healthy individuals. Quantitative Real Time PCR (RT-qPCR) was subsequently used to measure the levels of candidate genes in whole blood (PAX gene) of 16 ccRCC patients versus 11 healthy individuals. PCR results were processed in qBase and GraphPadPrism and statistics was done with Mann-Whitney U test.

Results

While most analyzed genes were either undetectable or did not show any dysregulated expression, two genes, CDK18 and CCND1, were paradoxically downregulated in the blood of ccRCC patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, LOX showed a tendency towards upregulation in metastatic ccRCC samples compared to non-metastatic.

Conclusions

This analysis illustrates the difficulty of detecting tumor regulated genes in blood and the possible influence of interference from expression in blood cells even for genes conditionally absent in normal blood. Testing in plasma samples indicated that tumor specific mRNAs were not detectable. While CDK18, CCND1 and LOX mRNAs might carry biomarker potential, this would require validation in an independent, larger patient cohort.

Maternal cardiac messenger RNA expression of extracellular matrix proteins in mice during pregnancy and the postpartum period

IMPACT STATEMENT

This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of extracellular matrix protein (ECM) gene expression combined with echocardiographic analyses of heart functional parameters in the murine heart during pregnancy and the early postpartum period. Our findings show regulation of all Timp, selected Mmps, and Col1a1, Col3a1, and Col8a1 mRNA levels with reproductive status, with the greatest number of significant changes occurring in the early postpartum period. Left ventricle cardiac diastolic parameters were the first to change during pregnancy and remained elevated postpartum, whereas systolic parameters were increased in late pregnancy and began to recover during the first week postpartum. These novel findings indicate that although some ECM genes are elevated during late pregnancy, that the postpartum period is a time of robust altered ECM gene expression. These studies provide a basis for examining ECM proteins and their activities in the normal pregnant and postpartum heart and in models of postpartum cardiomyopathy.

Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin as a Nutritive Source of Copper: Overview of the Current Data

Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a cofactor for cuproenzymes and its participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body, including copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism, embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods of life, respectively. In the liver cells, these types of metabolism are characterized by the specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter, and the proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in the milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by a newborn is controlled. In newborns, the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. If newborns are not breast-fed in the early stages of postnatal development, they do not have this natural control ensuring alimentary copper balance in the body. Although there is still much to be learned about the neonatal consequences of having an imbalance of copper in the mother/newborn system, the time to pay attention to this problem has arrived because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper-related disorders.

Hyaluronan, Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Malignant Progression

This review summarizes the roles of CAFs in forming a “cancerized” fibrotic stroma favorable to tumor initiation and dissemination, in particular highlighting the functions of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) in these processes. The structural complexity of the tumor and its host microenvironment is now well appreciated to be an important contributing factor to malignant progression and resistance-to-therapy. There are multiple components of this complexity, which include an extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated biomechanical changes in tumor stroma. Tumor stroma is often fibrotic and rich in fibrillar type I collagen and hyaluronan (HA). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major source of this fibrotic ECM. CAFs organize collagen fibrils and these biomechanical alterations provide highways for invading carcinoma cells either under the guidance of CAFs or following their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The increased HA metabolism of a tumor microenvironment instructs carcinoma initiation and dissemination by performing multiple functions. The key effects of HA reviewed here are its role in activating CAFs in pre-malignant and malignant stroma, and facilitating invasion by promoting motility of both CAFs and tumor cells, thus facilitating their invasion. Circulating CAFs (cCAFs) also form heterotypic clusters with circulating tumor cells (CTC), which are considered to be pre-cursors of metastatic colonies. cCAFs are likely required for extravasation of tumors cells and to form a metastatic niche suitable for new tumor colony growth. Therapeutic interventions designed to target both HA and CAFs in order to limit tumor spread and increase response to current therapies are discussed.