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Pérez-Rodríguez P, Machimbarrena JM, Ortega-Barón J, Díaz-López A, Caba-Machado V, González-Cabrera J. Peer cybervictimization and cyberaggression as a function of developmental stage during adolescence: A preliminary study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104280. [PMID: 38653083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peer cybervictimization and cyberaggression are educational and social concerns which have been extensively studied during adolescence but there is less research conducted specifically across all stages of adolescence (early, middle, late, and emerging adulthood). The objective was to analyse the prevalence of cybervictimization and cyberaggression, the roles, and the associated behaviors, depending on the stages of adolescence. The sample was composed of 7295 non-university Spanish adolescents, between 11 and 22 years old from 47 schools. The frequency of cybervictimization and cyberaggression was 22.5 % and 15 %, respectively. The highest frequencies are found in late adolescence and the lowest in emerging adulthood. Mainly, involvement increases from early to late adolescence and decreases in emerging adulthood. The magnitude of cybervictimization and cyberaggression behaviors for the roles of pure cybervictim and pure cyberaggressor is similar through all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Pérez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Machimbarrena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa, 70, 20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Jessica Ortega-Barón
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain; Faculty of Psychology. Universidad de Valencia. Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 13, El Pla del Real, 46010 València, Valencia (Spain)
| | - Adoración Díaz-López
- Instituto de Transferencia e Investigación (ITEI). Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanessa Caba-Machado
- Instituto de Transferencia e Investigación (ITEI). Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Joaquín González-Cabrera
- Instituto de Transferencia e Investigación (ITEI). Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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Babarro I, Arregi A, Andiarena A, Lertxundi N, Vegas O, Ibarluzea J. Do Hormone Levels Influence Bullying during Childhood and Adolescence? A Systematic Review of the Literature. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:241. [PMID: 38397352 PMCID: PMC10888185 DOI: 10.3390/children11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Bullying is one of the most common forms of aggressive behavior during childhood and adolescence. Some decades ago, researchers began exploring the basis of peer victimization from a biological perspective. Specifically, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axes have been studied in relation to status-relevant behaviors, such as bullying. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guide and registered the review protocol at PROSPERO (CRD42023494738). We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Psycinfo, Scopus, and Web of Science, and assessed them using the Robins E-tool. (3) Results: Our search yielded 152 studies, of which 33 were included in the review. These studies explored the association between testosterone and cortisol levels with bullying behavior, finding diverse results. Most of the studies were rated as having a low risk of bias. (4) Conclusions: This study not only enhances our understanding of bullying, but also provides guidance for the development of prevention and management programs for it. In the future, researchers should continue exploring the joint effects of different hormones on the HPA and HPG axis, using a broader set of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Babarro
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ane Arregi
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nerea Lertxundi
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Vegas
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus Ibarluzea
- Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Gámez-Guadix M, Mateos-Pérez E, Alcázar MA, Martínez-Bacaicoa J, Wachs S. Stability of the online grooming victimization of minors: Prevalence and association with shame, guilt, and mental health outcomes over one year. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1715-1724. [PMID: 37661357 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Online grooming is the process by which an adult manipulates a minor by using information and communication technologies to interact sexually with that minor. The objective of this study was to analyze the stability of online grooming victimization among minors and its relationship with demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, and sexual orientation), emotions of shame and guilt, and depression and anxiety symptoms. METHODS The participants were 746 adolescents aged 12-14 years when the study started (Mage = 13.34, SD = 0.87) who completed self-reports at Time 1 (T1) and 1 year later at Time 2 (T2). Among them, 400 were girls, 344 were boys, and two were nonbinary. At each time point, the minors self-reported their online grooming experiences during the previous year. RESULTS The results showed that 11.8% (n = 89) of the participants were T1-victims, 13% (n = 95) were T2-victims, and 11% (n = 81) were stable victims of online grooming. Stability in victimization was related to being older, being a sexual minority, being born abroad, having separated or divorced parents, and having parents with a lower education level. Stable victims showed higher shame and guilt scores at T1 than did T1-victims, indicating that elevated levels of shame and guilt could contribute to the persistence of online grooming over time. CONCLUSIONS Overall, adolescents in the stable victim category presented more depression and anxiety symptoms. Intervention strategies should address emotions related to victimization, such as shame and guilt, as well as depression and anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Wachs
- Institute of Education, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Ortega-Barón J, Machimbarrena JM, Caba-Machado V, Díaz-López A, Tejero-Claver B, González-Cabrera J. Solicitation and Sexualized Interactions of Minors with Adults: Prevalence, Overlap with Other Forms of Cybervictimization, and Relationship with Quality of Life. PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION 2023; 32:155-163. [PMID: 37691716 PMCID: PMC10484019 DOI: 10.5093/pi2023a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual solicitation and sexualized interaction with minors by adults constitute one of the most pernicious risks of the Internet. Little is known about the age range in which this phenomenon is most prevalent or the relationship and overlap of this problem with other risks, such as peer-to-peer cybervictimization and cyber dating abuse. Additionally, little empirical evidence exists on whether the overlap between these types of online victimization affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study aimed to: 1) analyze the prevalence of sexual solicitation and interaction according to sex and stage of adolescence; 2) relate this problem to other forms of online victimization (cybervictimization and cyber dating abuse); 3) analyze the overlap between these forms of online victimization and differences in HRQoL scores. A cross-sectional and analytical study with 3,578 adolescents (52.7% girls) aged between 10-15 years was carried out. Of the adolescents in the study sample, 12.6% (n = 448) had received sexual requests and 6.4% (n = 230) had interacted sexually with adults. Sexual solicitation was most common among girls in middle adolescence. Of the participants, 33.9% (n = 1,216) had been involved in some form of online victimization. Peer cybervictimization and cyber dating abuse were positively and significantly correlated with sexualized solicitation/interactions with adults. Victims with the overlapping of all three types of online victimization (2.7%, n = 98) presented the lowest HQRoL scores (p < .001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. Machimbarrena
- University of the Basque CountryDonostiaSpainUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia, Spain;
| | - Vanessa Caba-Machado
- Universidad Internacional de La RiojaFaculty of EducationSpainFaculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain;
| | - Adoración Díaz-López
- Universidad Internacional de La RiojaFaculty of EducationSpainFaculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain;
| | - Blanca Tejero-Claver
- Universidad Internacional de La RiojaFaculty of EducationSpainFaculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain;
| | - Joaquín González-Cabrera
- Universidad Internacional de La RiojaCentro de Investigación, Transferencia e InnovaciónSpainCentro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación (CITEI), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain
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Gu H, Fang L, Yang C. Peer Victimization and Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Mediating Role of Alienation and Moderating Role of Mindfulness. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:3864-3882. [PMID: 35861266 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peer victimization and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are two major public health problems, with the former being associated with outward attack and the latter characterizing inward attack. Peer victimization has been shown to be associated with adolescents' NSSI. However, less is known about the mechanism underlying the association. Based on the experiential avoidance model of NSSI, this study tested whether the sense of alienation mediated the association between peer victimization and NSSI, and whether this process was weakened by mindfulness. A total of 1,574 Chinese adolescents (51.1% girls; ages 12-16 years) completed questionnaires concerning NSSI, peer victimization, alienation, and mindfulness. Regression-based analyses indicated that peer victimization predicted adolescents' NSSI through the indirect effect of alienation, and mindfulness weakened this indirect effect. These findings suggest that victimized adolescents may injure themselves as an emotion regulation strategy. The results highlight the importance to implement programs aimed to improve the school climate to reduce the risk of adolescent NSSI. Furthermore, we underscore the need to include emotion-regulation training (e.g., mindful practice) into bully intervention programs to prevent NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Gu
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Cong Yang
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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González‐Cabrera J, Díaz‐López A, Caba‐Machado V, Ortega‐Barón J, Echezarraga A, Fernández‐González L, Machimbarrena JM. Epidemiology of peer cybervictimization and its relationship with health‐related quality of life in adolescents: A prospective study. J Adolesc 2022; 95:468-478. [PMID: 36457172 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research focused on the association between peer cybervictimization and declining health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is scarce. Currently, few longitudinal studies find an association between these phenomena, and none focus on cybervictimization profiles. The main objectives are: (1) to analyze the point and period prevalence, and incidence of cybervictimization profiles (uninvolved, new, ceased, intermittent, and stable cybervictims); (2) to study the relationship between cybervictimization and HRQoL over time; (3) to determine the longitudinal impact on the HRQoL of each type of profile. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in three waves over 13 months. A total of 1142 adolescents aged 11-18 years participated in all the waves (630 girls, 55.2%). RESULTS The prevalence of victimization for the three waves was 21.6% (Wave 1; W1), 23.5% (W2), and 19.6% (W3), respectively. The period prevalence was 41.3%, and the accumulated incidence was 25.1%. It was found that 24% of the participants were new victims, 5.9% were intermittent victims, and 6% were stable victims. Being a cybervictim at W1 poses a relative risk of 1.73 [1.29-2.32], that is, a twofold increased risk of presenting a low HRQoL 13 months later compared to those who are not cybervictims. CONCLUSION One in four adolescents became a new cybervictim during the 13 months of the study. The adolescents who presented poorer HRQoL were the stable cybervictims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín González‐Cabrera
- Department of Family, School and Society Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR) Logroño Spain
| | - Adoración Díaz‐López
- Department of Family, School and Society Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR) Logroño Spain
| | - Vanessa Caba‐Machado
- Department of Family, School and Society Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR) Logroño Spain
| | - Jessica Ortega‐Barón
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology University of Valencia (UV) Valencia Spain
| | - Ainara Echezarraga
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Deusto Bilbao Spain
| | | | - Juan M. Machimbarrena
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Donostia Spain
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Ortega-Barón J, Machimbarrena JM, Calvete E, Orue I, Pereda N, González-Cabrera J. Epidemiology of online sexual solicitation and interaction of minors with adults: A longitudinal study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105759. [PMID: 35759878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ortega-Barón
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| | - J M Machimbarrena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa, 70, 20018 Donostia, Spain.
| | - E Calvete
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto (Bilbao, Spain), Unibertsitate Etorb., 24, 48007 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - I Orue
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto (Bilbao, Spain), Unibertsitate Etorb., 24, 48007 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - N Pereda
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J González-Cabrera
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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León-Moreno C, Suárez-Relinque C, Musitu-Ferrer D, Herrero J. Peer Victimization, Peer Aggression and Depressive Symptoms over Time: A Longitudinal Study with Latent Growth Curves. INTERVENCION PSICOSOCIAL 2022; 31:169-176. [PMID: 37361014 PMCID: PMC10268550 DOI: 10.5093/pi2022a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Most empirical research on the relationship between peer victimization, aggression, and mental health has been conducted with correlational designs. Much of this research has also focused primarily on linking peer victimization with either the potential aggressive behaviors of victims or a deterioration in their mental health. This study analyzes the relationship between peer victimization, peer aggression, and depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. The participants are 194 adolescents (49.2% boys, 50.8% girls) aged between 10 and 13 years (M = 10.88, SD = 0.84). The results of the growth modeling analysis indicate that the trajectories are interconnected: as victimization decreases, adolescent aggression and depressive symptoms also decrease. In addition, it is observed that victimization decreased in the same way in boys and girls, while aggression and depressive symptoms showed a smaller reduction in girls. Finally, the results and their potential practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Musitu-Ferrer
- Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilleSpainPablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain;
| | - Juan Herrero
- University of OviedoOviedoSpainUniversity of Oviedo, Spain
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Man X, Liu J, Xue Z. Effects of Bullying Forms on Adolescent Mental Health and Protective Factors: A Global Cross-Regional Research Based on 65 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2374. [PMID: 35206559 PMCID: PMC8874992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent bullying is a public health issue of great global concern. Given the serious negative effect of bullying on adolescent mental health, it is critical to seek protective factors to protect adolescent mental health. From a global cross-regional perspective, the study aims to explore the relationship between forms of bullying and adolescent mental health and the role of parental support as a protective factor. Data were drawn from adolescents aged 12-17 years in 65 countries from the Global School-based Student Health Survey between 2003 and 2015. After controlling the state-fixed effects, individual adolescent behavior, and family factors, the ordinary least squares model was used to analyze the influence of bullying frequency and forms of bullying on adolescent mental health. The results found that the prevalence of bullying in the sample of 167,286 adolescents was 32.03%, with the highest prevalence of bullying in the sample countries in Africa. Verbal bullying had the highest prevalence and the most significant negative effect on adolescent mental health. The study also discussed the differences in bullying among adolescents by gender, age, and region. "Parental supervision", "parental connectedness" and "parental bonding" played a positive and protective role in the mental health of adolescents who experienced bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Man
- School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, No. 195 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China;
| | - Jiatong Liu
- School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, No. 195 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China;
| | - Zengxin Xue
- College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 666 Wusu Road, Lin’an District, Hangzhou 310000, China;
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