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El-Miligy MMM, Al-Kubeisi AK, Nassra RA, El-Zemity SR, Hazzaa AA. Discovery of new thymol-3,4-disubstituted thiazole hybrids as dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors with in vivo proof. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2309171. [PMID: 38291670 PMCID: PMC10833116 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2309171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
New thymol-3,4-disubstitutedthiazole hybrids were synthesised as dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors. Compounds 6b, 6d, 6e, and 6f displayed in vitro inhibitory activity against COX-2 (IC50= 0.037, 0.042, 0.046, and 0.039 µM) nearly equal to celecoxib (IC50= 0.045 µM). 6b, 6d, and 6f showed SI (379, 341, and 374, respectively) higher than that of celecoxib (327). 6a-l elicited in vitro 5-LOX inhibitory activity higher than quercetin. 6a-f, 6i-l, 7a, and 7c possessed in vivo inhibition of formalin induced paw edoema higher than celecoxib. 6a, 6b, 6f, 6h-l, and 7b showed gastrointestinal safety profile as celecoxib and diclofenac sodium in the population of fasted rats. Induced fit docking and molecular dynamics simulation predicted good fitting of 6b and 6f without changing the packing and globularity of the apo protein. In conclusion, 6b and 6f achieved the target goal as multitarget inhibitors of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. M. El-Miligy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha A. Nassra
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saad R. El-Zemity
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aly A. Hazzaa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Masocha W, Aly E, Albaloushi A, Al-Romaiyan A. Licofelone, a Dual COX/LOX Inhibitor, Ameliorates Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Rats in a Cannabinoid Receptor-Dependent Manner. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1545. [PMID: 39062118 PMCID: PMC11274467 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of paclitaxel as a chemotherapeutic drug is limited by the development of dose-dependent paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain (PINP). Recently, we observed that the combination of indomethacin plus minocycline (IPM) attenuates PINP in a mouse model in a cannabinoid (CB) receptor-dependent manner. Indomethacin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and minocycline inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity. Male Sprague Dawley rats with paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia were treated with indomethacin, minocycline, IPM combination, licofelone (a dual COX/LOX inhibitor), or their vehicles. AM251, a CB1 receptor antagonist, and AM630, a CB2 receptor antagonist, were administered before the IPM combination or licofelone. Mechanical allodynia was measured using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer. Molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock2. Licofelone and IPM combination had antiallodynic effects, which were significantly higher than either indomethacin or minocycline alone. AM251 and AM630 blocked the antiallodynic effects of IPM combination and licofelone. Molecular docking showed that licofelone binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors with a high affinity similar to the phytocannabinoid 1-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Licofelone inhibits COX and LOX and/or directly interacts with CB receptors to produce antiallodynic effects in a rat model of PINP. The findings further suggest that licofelone could be a therapeutic agent for managing PINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait; (E.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.-R.)
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Salazar J, Hidalgo-Rosa Y, Burboa PC, Wu YN, Escalona N, Leiva A, Zarate X, Schott E. UiO-66(Zr) as drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Control Release 2024; 370:392-404. [PMID: 38663750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity for the human body of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) overdoses is a consequence of their low water solubility, high doses, and facile accessibility to the population. New drug delivery systems (DDS) are necessary to overcome the bioavailability and toxicity related to NSAIDs. In this context, UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) shows high porosity, stability, and load capacity, thus being a promising DDS. However, the adsorption and release capability for different NSAIDs is scarcely described. In this work, the biocompatible UiO-66(Zr) MOF was used to study the adsorption and release conditions of ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac using a theoretical and experimental approximation. DFT results showed that the MOF-drug interaction was due to an intermolecular hydrogen bond between protons of the groups in the defect sites, (μ3 - OH, and - OH2) and a lone pair of oxygen carboxyl functional group of the NSAIDs. Also, the experimental results suggest that the solvent where the drug is dissolved affects the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics are similar between the drugs, but the maximum load capacity differs for each drug. The release kinetics assay showed a solvent dependence kinetics whose maximum liberation capacity is affected by the interaction between the drug and the material. Finally, the biological assays show that none of the systems studied are cytotoxic for HMVEC. Additionally, the wound healing assay suggests that the UiO-66(Zr) material has potential application on the wound healing process. However, further studies should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Salazar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Yoan Hidalgo-Rosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Pia C Burboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yi-Nan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Néstor Escalona
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Millenium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Chile
| | - Angel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Center, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Millenium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Chile.
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4
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Said MF, Moussa BA, Mahrouse MA, Marie SM, Mohamed NM. Exploring new imines as anti-inflammatory COX and 5-LOX inhibitors with an improved pharmacokinetic profile. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:311-334. [PMID: 38293746 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Dual COX/5-LOX inhibition is a bright strategy for developing new potent and safe anti-inflammatory agents. Methods: New imines were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. The most active compounds were further investigated for their safety profile. Their molecular docking and physicochemical parameters were assessed. A new LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of compound 4d in rat plasma. Results: Synthesized compounds were found to have anti-inflammatory activity (77-88% edema inhibition). In addition, 4d, 5m and 7d showed analgesic activity (92.50, 95.71 and 96.28% protection, respectively). 4d showed dual COX-2/5-LOX activity. Molecular docking expected the binding pattern of compounds in COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX active sites. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of compound 4d were also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Bahia A Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Marie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information MTI, Cairo, Egypt
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Panchal NK, Prince Sabina E. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A current insight into its molecular mechanism eliciting organ toxicities. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113598. [PMID: 36608735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that are routinely been used across the world. Their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects have all been well-documented. Moreover, they are been deliberated to have a protective role against various critical diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, the data presented by numerous studies in past have signified the adverse effects of NSAIDs due to overdosing on various systems such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, neural, etc. Despite substantial studies representing the mechanism behind the clinical risk of NSAIDs, there are very few reviews that have collated comprehensive records of various toxicities caused by overdosing on NSAIDs. As a result, we have presented a comprehensive overview of existing information on NSAIDs in this review. In addition to that, we have concentrated on presenting our understanding of various organ-based toxicities caused due to NSAID's prolonged use/overdosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Kishan Panchal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Evan Prince Sabina
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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6
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El-Miligy MMM, Al-Kubeisi AK, Bekhit MG, El-Zemity SR, Nassra RA, Hazzaa AA. Towards safer anti-inflammatory therapy: synthesis of new thymol–pyrazole hybrids as dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:294-308. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2147164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. M. El-Miligy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed G. Bekhit
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saad R. El-Zemity
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Nassra
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aly A. Hazzaa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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7
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dual-target COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors for the treatment of inflammation. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Sinapicacid Inhibits Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Its Inflammatory Response in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071251. [PMID: 35883742 PMCID: PMC9312209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) enzyme plays a crucial role in several chronic inflammatory diseases such asasthma, atherosclerosis, gout, bronchitis, etc. Several studies showed that the antioxidants exert an anti-inflammatory function by inhibiting the sPLA2-IIA enzyme. Hence, the present study evaluated an antioxidant molecule, sinapic acid, for sPLA2-IIA inhibition as an anti-inflammatory function. Initially, the antioxidant efficacy of sinapic acid was evaluated, and it showed greater antioxidant potency. Further, sinapic acid inhibited 94.4 ± 4.83% of sPLA2-IIA activity with an IC50 value of 4.16 ± 0.13 µM. The mode of sPLA2-IIA inhibition was examined by increasing the substrate concentration from 30 to 120nM and the calcium concentration from 2.5 to 15 mM, which did not change the level of inhibition. Further, sinapic acid altered the intrinsic fluorescence and distorted the far UltraViolet Circular Dichroism (UV-CD) spectra of the sPLA2-IIA, indicating the direct enzyme-inhibitor interaction. Sinapic acid reduced the sPLA2-IIA mediated hemolytic activity from 94 ± 2.19% to 12.35 ± 2.57% and mouse paw edema from 171.75 ± 2.2% to 114.8 ± 1.98%, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory efficiency of sinapic acid by in situ and in vivo methods, respectively. Finally, sinapic acid reduced the hemorrhagic effect of Vipera russelli venom hemorrhagic complex-I (VR-HC-I) as an anti-hemorrhagic function. Thus, the above experimental results revealed the sinapic acid potency to be an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemorrhagic molecule, and therefore, it appears to be a promising therapeutic agent.
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Giresha AS, Urs D, Manjunatha JG, Sophiya P, Supreetha BH, Jayarama S, Dharmappa KK. Group IIA secreted phospholipase A 2 inhibition by elemolic acid as a function of anti-inflammatory activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7649. [PMID: 35538123 PMCID: PMC9087174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA) is a key enzyme in inflammatory reactions, worsening the condition of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The natural inhibitors of GIIA potentially block the production of inflammatory mediators. In the present study, elemolic acid, a triterpenoid from Boswellia serrata inhibited the GIIA enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 value of 5.70 ± 0.02 µM. The mode of GIIA inhibition was studied by increasing the concentration of the substrate from 30 to 120 nM, and calcium from 2.5 to 15 mM, the level of inhibition was not changed. The inhibitor-enzyme interaction was examined by fluorimetry and Circular Dichroism (CD) studies; elemolic acid altered intrinsic fluorescence intensity and shifted far UV- CD spectra of GIIA enzyme, suggesting the direct interaction with GIIA. Elemolic acid neutralized the GIIA mediated indirect hemolytic activity from 94.5 to 9.8% and reduced GIIA induced mouse paw edema from 171.75 to 113.68%. Elemolic acid also reduced the hemorrhagic effect of GIIA along with Vipera russelii neurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide -VNTx-II (VR-HC-I). Thus, the elemolic acid has been proven as a potent inhibitor of GIIA enzyme and modulated the GIIA induced inflammatory response by in situ and in vivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladahalli S Giresha
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, 571232, India
| | - Deepadarshan Urs
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, 571232, India
| | - J G Manjunatha
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College Madikeri, Mangalore University Constituent College, Mangalore, Karnataka, 571201, India
| | - P Sophiya
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, 571232, India
| | - B H Supreetha
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, 571232, India
| | - Shankar Jayarama
- Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, 577002, India
| | - K K Dharmappa
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, 571232, India.
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10
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Tiwari S, Yang J, Morisseau C, Durbin-Johnson B, Hammock BD, Gomes AV. Ibuprofen alters epoxide hydrolase activity and epoxy-oxylipin metabolites associated with different metabolic pathways in murine livers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7042. [PMID: 33782432 PMCID: PMC8007717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade oxylipins have become more recognized for their involvement in several diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are known to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, but how NSAIDs affect oxylipins, in addition to COX products, in animal tissues is not well understood. Oxylipins in livers from male and female mice treated with 100 mg/kg/day of ibuprofen for 7 days were investigated. The results showed that ibuprofen treated male livers contained 7 times more altered oxylipins than ibuprofen treated female livers. In male and female livers some prostaglandins were altered, while diols, hydroxy fatty acids and epoxides were significantly altered in male livers. Some soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) products, such as 9,10-DiHODE were found to be decreased, while sEH substrates (such as 9(10)-EpODE and 5(6)-EpETrE) were found to be increased in male livers treated with ibuprofen, but not in ibuprofen treated female livers. The enzymatic activities of sEH and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) were elevated by ibuprofen in both males and females. Analyzing the influence of sex on the effect of ibuprofen on oxylipins and COX products showed that approximately 27% of oxylipins detected were influenced by sex. The results reveal that ibuprofen disturbs not only the COX pathway, but also the CYP450 and lipoxygenase pathways in male mice, suggesting that ibuprofen is likely to generate sex related differences in biologically active oxylipins. Increased sEH activity after ibuprofen treatment is likely to be one of the mechanisms by which the liver reduces the higher levels of EpODEs and EpETrEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchita Tiwari
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Tian Y, Gou J, Zhang H, Lu J, Jin Z, Jia S, Bai L. The anti-inflammatory effects of 15-HETE on osteoarthritis during treadmill exercise. Life Sci 2021; 273:119260. [PMID: 33636171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate the involvement of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), an anti-inflammatory molecule, on the beneficial effects of exercise therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). MAIN METHODS 15-HETE (10 μM, twice a week) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) (1 mg) were injected into rat knee joints. Treadmill exercise was applied on OA rat. Primary rat chondrocytes were treated with 15-HETE, LY294002 and interleukin (IL)-1β. Rats undergo a 1 hour single session treadmill exercise once. 15-HETE levels in the knee joint were evaluated using ELISA after a single session of treadmill exercise on healthy and OA rats. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS)-5, p-Akt, Akt, and collagen type 2 (COL2) expression were evaluated using RT-PCR and western blotting. OA degree was evaluated using X-ray, scored by Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Mankin scores. COL2 and MMP-13 expression in articular was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Medium intensity exercise alleviated OA. 15-HETE levels after exercise was increased. 15-HETE inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in primary chondrocytes and increased p-Akt levels. LY294002 blocked the effect of 15-HETE in vitro. Finally, 15-HETE alleviated cartilage damage, inhibited MMP-13 expression, and increased COL2 expression in joint cartilage tissue. SIGNIFICANCE Treadmill exercise alleviates OA and increases 15-HETE levels in the knee joint, which suppresses inflammation in chondrocytes via PI3k-Akt signalling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Department of Nursing, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinghan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuangshuo Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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12
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Influence of Lipoxygenase Inhibition on Glioblastoma Cell Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218395. [PMID: 33182324 PMCID: PMC7664864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between glioblastoma (GBM) and fatty acid metabolism could be the key to elucidate more effective therapeutic targets. 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX), a linolenic acid and arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme, induces both pro- and antitumorigenic effects in different cancer types. Its role in glioma activity has not yet been clearly described. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of 15-LOX and its metabolites on glioblastoma cell activity. METHODS GBM cell lines were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to identify 15-LOX metabolites. GBM cells treated with 15-LOX metabolites, 13-hydroxyoctadecadeinoic acid (HODE) and 9-HODE, and two 15-LOX inhibitors (luteolin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid) were also examined. Dose response/viability curves, RT-PCRs, flow cytometry, migration assays, and zymograms were performed to analyze GBM growth, migration, and invasion. RESULTS Higher quantities of 13-HODE were observed in five GBM cell lines compared to other lipids analyzed. Both 13-HODE and 9-HODE increased cell count in U87MG. 15-LOX inhibition decreased migration and increased cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. CONCLUSION 15-LOX and its linoleic acid (LA)-derived metabolites exercise a protumorigenic influence on GBM cells in vitro. Elevated endogenous levels of 13-HODE called attention to the relationship between linoleic acid metabolism and GBM cell activity.
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Gholamian Dehkordi N, Mirzaei SA, Elahian F. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms of anti-inflammatory drugs on the chemosensitization of multidrug-resistant cancers and the pharmacogenetics effectiveness. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:49-74. [PMID: 33070257 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance as a remarkable issue in cancer treatment is associated with inflammation which occurs through complex chemical reactions in the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have implicated that glucocorticoids and NSAIDs are mainly useful combinations for inflammatory response modulation in chemotherapeutic protocols for cancer treatment. Immunosuppressive actions of glucocorticoids and NSAIDs are mainly mediated by the transrepression or activation regulation of inflammatory genes with different DNA-bound transcription factors including AP-1, NFAT, NF-κB, STAT and also, varying functions of COX enzymes in cancer cells. Interestingly, many investigations have proved the benefits of these anti-inflammatory agents in the quenching of multidrug resistance pathways. Numerous analyses on the ABC transporter promoters showed conserved nucleotide sequences with several DNA response elements that participate in transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, genetic variations in nucleotide sequences of membrane transporters were strongly associated with changes in these transporters' expression or function and a substantial impact on systemic drug exposure and toxicity. It appeared that several polymorphisms in MDR transporter genes especially MDR1 have influenced the regulatory mechanisms and explained differences in glucocorticoid responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Gholamian Dehkordi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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14
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Tripathi G, Singh AK, Kumar A. Arylpyrazoles: Heterocyclic Scaffold of Immense Therapeutic Application. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179417999200628035645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the major class of heterocycles, the N-heterocycles, such as pyrazoles,
are scaffolds of vast medicinal values. Various drugs and other biologically active molecules
are known to contain these N-heterocycles as core motifs. Specifically, arylpyrazoles
have exhibited a diverse range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancerous,
antimicrobial and various others. For instance, arylpyrazoles are present as
core moieties in various insecticides, fungicides and drugs such as Celebrex and Trocoxil.
The present review will be highlighting the significant therapeutic importance of pyrazole
derivatives developed in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, T. N. B. College, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Abhijeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
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15
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Espinosa-Cano E, Aguilar MR, Portilla Y, Barber DF, San Román J. Anti-Inflammatory Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Ketoprofen and Dexamethasone. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E723. [PMID: 32751993 PMCID: PMC7465001 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles that combine dexamethasone and naproxen reduce inflammation and synergistically inhibit Interleukin-12b (Il12b) transcription in macrophages. This effect can be the result of a cyclooxygenase-dependent or a cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism. The aim of this work is to obtain potent anti-inflammatory polymeric nanoparticles by the combination of dexamethasone and ketoprofen, one of the most efficient cyclooxygenase-inhibitors among non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with appropriate hydrodynamic properties to facilitate accumulation and co-release of drugs in inflamed tissue. Nanoparticles are spherical with hydrodynamic diameter (117 ± 1 nm), polydispersity (0.139 ± 0.004), and surface charge (+30 ± 1 mV), which confer them with high stability and facilitate both macrophage uptake and internalization pathways to favor their retention at the inflamed areas and lysosomal degradation and drug release, respectively. In vitro biological studies concluded that the dexamethasone-loaded ketoprofen-bearing system is non-cytotoxic and efficiently reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide release. The RT-qPCR analysis shows that the ketoprofen nanoparticles were able to reduce to almost basal levels the expression of tested pro-inflammatory markers and increase the gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines under inflammatory conditions. However, the synergistic inhibition of Il12b observed in nanoparticles that combine dexamethasone and naproxen was not observed in nanoparticles that combine dexamethasone and ketoprofen, suggesting that the synergistic trans-repression of Il12b observed in the first case was not mediated by cyclooxygenase-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Espinosa-Cano
- Biomaterials Group, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.E.-C.); (J.S.R.)
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Aguilar
- Biomaterials Group, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.E.-C.); (J.S.R.)
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yadileiny Portilla
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (Y.P.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (Y.P.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Julio San Román
- Biomaterials Group, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.E.-C.); (J.S.R.)
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Dkhil MA, Diab MSM, Lokman MS, El-Sayed H, Bauomy AA, Al-Shaebi EM, Al-Quraishy S. Nephroprotective effect of Pleurotus ostreatus extract against cadmium chloride toxicity in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191121. [PMID: 32428092 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium, present in the environment, accumulates in different organs of animals and humans, and has deleterious effects on the kidney. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of the methanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus in comparison with silymarin on renal function in cadmium-intoxicated rats for five days. Rats intraperitoneally injected with cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg). These rats were treated with either P. ostreatus extract (200 mg/kg) or silymarin to investigate the protective effects of the extract. Cadmium treatment induced significant histopathological impairments and increased cadmium levels, DNA fragmentation, and renal oxidative stress. However, treatment with P. ostreatus extract or silymarin improved the pathology, reduced the level of cadmium in renal tissue, and restored DNA fragmentation. In addition, a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels, and a significant increase in the levels of glutathione and catalase activity were observed. Thus, protective effects of P. ostreatus extract to its components. Chromatographic analysis of the P. ostreatus confirmed the presence of five phenolics (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, propyl gallate, and cinnamic acid) that exhibit strong antioxidant properties as free radical scavengers. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that treatment with P. ostreatus extract protects against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Dkhil
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S M Diab
- Molecular Drug Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control & Research/ NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Gedawy EM, Kassab AE, El Kerdawy AM. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole sulfonamide derivatives as dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112066. [PMID: 31982653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current therapeutic demand focuses more on the discovery of safer NSAIDs rather than exploring more potent alternatives. The dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibition is a promising strategy for designing compounds with an enhanced efficacy, reduced side-effects and a broader anti-inflammatory spectrum in comparison to classical NSAIDs. In the present study, a hybridization strategy was adopted to combine the binding features of the non-selective COX inhibitor "sulindac" and the selective COX-2 inhibitor "celecoxib" which show 5-LOX inhibitory activity with that of licofelone and a celecoxib pyridone analogue which show dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activity to design new series of pyrazole sulfonamide derivatives which, by design, should possess dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activity. All the newly synthesized compounds were initially tested for their potential analgesic activity, then candidates that showed potential analgesic activity, were selected for the subsequent anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, as well as, ulcerogenicity testing. Moreover, in vitro assessment of their COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities were performed. The benzothiophen-2-yl pyrazole carboxylic acid derivative 5b showed the most potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities surpassing that of celecoxib and indomethacin. It showed potent COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activity with IC50 of 5.40, 0.01 and 1.78 μM, respectively, showing a selectivity index of 344.56 that was much better than the used reference standards and its parent compounds, confirming its selectivity towards COX-2 over COX-1. The prodrug ester derivatives 6c and 6d showed equipotent activity to their parent compound 5b with no gastric ulcerogenicity. Molecular docking simulations confirmed that the newly synthesized compounds possess the structural features required for binding to the target enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M Gedawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo BUC, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Gerstmeier J, Seegers J, Witt F, Waltenberger B, Temml V, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Koeberle A, Schuster D, Werz O. Ginkgolic Acid is a Multi-Target Inhibitor of Key Enzymes in Pro-Inflammatory Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:797. [PMID: 31379572 PMCID: PMC6650749 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lipid mediators (LMs) comprise bioactive metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), as well as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). They are essentially biosynthesized via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) pathways in complex networks and regulate the progression as well as the resolution of inflammatory disorders including inflammation-triggered cancer. Ginkgolic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid contained in Ginkgo biloba L. with neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and antitumoral properties. Although LMs regulate microbial infections and tumor progression, whether GA affects LM biosynthesis is unknown and was investigated here in detail. Methods: Pharmacophore-based virtual screening was performed along with docking simulations. Activity assays were conducted for isolated human recombinant 5-LO, cytosolic phospholipase (PLA)2α, COX-2, and ovine COX-1. The activity of human mPGES-1 and thromboxane A2 synthase (TXAS) was determined in crude cellular fractions. Cellular LM formation was studied using human monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and M1- and M2-like macrophages. LMs were identified after (ultra)high-performance liquid chromatography by UV detection or ESI-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: GA was identified as virtual hit in an mPGES-1 pharmacophore-based virtual screening. Cell-free assays revealed potent suppression of mPGES-1 activity (IC50 = 0.7 µM) that is fully reversible and essentially independent of the substrate concentration. Moreover, cell-free assays revealed COX-1 and TXAS as additional targets of GA with lower affinity (IC50 = 8.1 and 5.2 µM). Notably, 5-LO, the key enzyme in LT biosynthesis, was potently inhibited by GA (IC50 = 0.2 µM) in a reversible and substrate-independent manner. Docking simulations support the molecular interaction of GA with mPGES-1 and 5-LO and suggest concrete binding sites. Interestingly, interference of GA with mPGES-1, COX-1, TXAS, and 5-LO was evident also in intact cells with IC50 values of 2.1-3.8 µM; no radical scavenging or cytotoxic properties were obvious. Analysis of LM profiles from bacteria-stimulated human M1- and M2-like macrophages confirmed the multi-target features of GA and revealed LM redirection towards the formation of 12-/15-LO products including SPM. Conclusions: We reveal GA as potent multi-target inhibitor of key enzymes in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory LMs that contribute to the complex pharmacological and toxicological properties of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gerstmeier
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Seegers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Finja Witt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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19
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Thibault MP, Tremblay É, Wallace JL, Beaulieu JF. Effect of Ketoprofen and ATB-352 on the Immature Human Intestine: Identification of Responders and Non-responders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:623-629. [PMID: 31022092 PMCID: PMC6510328 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a broad spectrum of life-threatening adverse effects on the immature gastrointestinal tract. NSAID derivatives exploiting the beneficial effects of biologically active gases, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), have been developed. Herein, we determined the effects of ketoprofen and ATB-352, a H2S-releasing ketoprofen derivative, on selected metabolic pathways previously identified to be significantly altered by indomethacin in the human immature intestine. METHODS Ketoprofen and ATB-352 were tested on human mid-gestation small intestinal explants maintained in a serum-free organ culture system for 48 hours. The expression levels of the representative genes involved in selected metabolic pathways were measured by real-time PCR after a treatment of 48 hours. RESULTS Tested at a concentration that allows more than 80% inhibition of PGE2 production, ketoprofen was found to be less damaging than indomethacin at an equivalent dosage. However, based on the inducibility of cyclooxygenase-2 transcript expression, we were able to discriminate between responder individuals in which the deleterious effects observed with indomethacin were attenuated, and non-responder specimens in which the effects were similar to those observed with indomethacin. ATB-352 did not induce significant changes compared to ketoprofen on these metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results show less damaging effects of ketoprofen compared to indomethacin on the immature intestine and indicate that the intestinal response to this NSAID significantly varies between individuals. However, the results did not allow us to demonstrate a specific beneficial effect of H2S release in organ culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Thibault
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - Éric Tremblay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
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20
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Werner M, Jordan PM, Romp E, Czapka A, Rao Z, Kretzer C, Koeberle A, Garscha U, Pace S, Claesson HE, Serhan CN, Werz O, Gerstmeier J. Targeting biosynthetic networks of the proinflammatory and proresolving lipid metabolome. FASEB J 2019; 33:6140-6153. [PMID: 30735438 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802509r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interfere with the metabolism of arachidonic acid to proinflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes by targeting cyclooxygenases (COXs), 5-lipoxygenase (LOX), or the 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP). These and related enzymes act in conjunction with marked crosstalk within a complex lipid mediator (LM) network where also specialized proresolving LMs (SPMs) are formed. Here, we present how prominent LM pathways can be differentially modulated in human proinflammatory M1 and proresolving M2 macrophage phenotypes that, upon exposure to Escherichia coli, produce either abundant prostaglandins and leukotrienes (M1) or SPMs (M2). Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabololipidomics was applied to analyze and quantify the specific LM profiles. Besides expected on-target actions, we found that: 1) COX or 15-LOX-1 inhibitors elevate inflammatory leukotriene levels, 2) FLAP and 5-LOX inhibitors reduce leukotrienes in M1 but less so in M2 macrophages, 3) zileuton blocks resolution-initiating SPM biosynthesis, whereas FLAP inhibition increases SPM levels, and 4) that the 15-LOX-1 inhibitor 3887 suppresses SPM formation in M2 macrophages. Conclusively, interference with discrete LM biosynthetic enzymes in different macrophage phenotypes considerably affects the LM metabolomes with potential consequences for inflammation-resolution pharmacotherapy. Our data may allow better appraisal of the therapeutic potential of these drugs to intervene with inflammatory disorders.-Werner, M., Jordan, P. M., Romp, E., Czapka, A., Rao, Z., Kretzer, C., Koeberle, A., Garscha, U., Pace, S., Claesson, H.-E., Serhan, C. N., Werz, O., Gerstmeier, J. Targeting biosynthetic networks of the proinflammatory and proresolving lipid metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Romp
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Czapka
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhigang Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Erik Claesson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Pang KL, Chin KY. The Biological Activities of Oleocanthal from a Molecular Perspective. Nutrients 2018; 10:E570. [PMID: 29734791 PMCID: PMC5986450 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleocanthal is a minor constituent of olive oil with strong anti-inflammatory activities. Since the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases involves inflammatory and oxidative components, oleocanthal is a promising agent to prevent these conditions. This review aimed to summarise the current beneficial health effects of oleocanthal and the molecular basis of its biological actions. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer and neuroprotective activities of oleocanthal have been examined by previous studies. Of these, studies on the anticancer effects have been the most extensive. Oleocanthal was reported to suppress melanoma, breast, liver, and colon cancer cells. Neurological studies focused on the effects of oleocanthal against Alzheimer’s disease. Oleocanthal improved clearance of the amyloid beta protein from neurons and reduced the inflammation of astrocytes. Despite the positive results, validation of the biological effects of oleocanthal in animal disease models is limited and should be emphasized in the future. As a conclusion, oleocanthal may act together with other bioactive compounds in olive oil to achieve its therapeutic potential. The use of oleocanthal alone as a single therapeutic measure awaits validation from future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia.
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Flavocoxid, a Natural Antioxidant, Protects Mouse Kidney from Cadmium-Induced Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9162946. [PMID: 29849925 PMCID: PMC5932425 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9162946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Cadmium (Cd), a diffused environmental pollutant, has adverse effects on urinary apparatus. The role of flavocoxid, a natural flavonoid with antioxidant activity, on the morphological and biochemical changes induced in vivo by Cd in mice kidney was evaluated. Methods C57 BL/6J mice received 0.9% NaCl alone, flavocoxid (20 mg/kg/day i.p.) alone, Cd chloride (CdCl2) (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) alone, or CdCl2 plus flavocoxid (2 mg/kg/day i.p. plus 20 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 14 days. The kidneys were processed for biochemical, structural, ultrastructural, and morphometric evaluation. Results Cd treatment alone significantly increased urea nitrogen and creatinine, iNOS, MMP-9, and pERK 1/2 expression and protein carbonyl; reduced GSH, GR, and GPx; and induced structural and ultrastructural changes in the glomeruli and in the tubular epithelium. After 14 days of treatment, flavocoxid administration reduced urea nitrogen and creatinine, iNOS, MMP-9, and pERK 1/2 expression and protein carbonyl; increased GSH, GR, and GPx; and showed an evident preservation of the glomerular and tubular structure and ultrastructure. Conclusions A protective role of flavocoxid against Cd-induced oxidative damages in mouse kidney was demonstrated for the first time. Flavocoxid may have a promising antioxidant role against environmental Cd harmful effects on glomerular and tubular lesions.
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Wang Y, Sherchan P, Huang L, Akyol O, McBride DW, Zhang JH. Multiple mechanisms underlying neuroprotection by secretory phospholipase A2 preconditioning in a surgically induced brain injury rat model. Exp Neurol 2018; 300:30-40. [PMID: 29074417 PMCID: PMC5745263 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-operative bleeding, post-operative brain edema and neuroinflammation are major complications in patients with surgical brain injury (SBI). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the upstream enzyme which initiates the PLA2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) inflammatory pathway. We hypothesized PLA2preconditioning (PPC) prior to SBI can activate endogenous anti-inflammatory responses to protect against SBI. This study evaluated if PPC can ameliorate neurosurgical complications and elucidated PPC-mediated possible protective mechanisms in a rat SBI model. METHODS Total 105 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used for this study. SBI was induced by partial resection of the right frontal lobe. PLA2 or 0.9% NaCl was injected via rats' tail vein for 3 consecutive days prior to SBI. For mechanism study, a selective PLA2 inhibitor, Manoalide and 5-LOX inhibitor, Zileuton were injected intravenously with PPC to elucidate the role of PLA2 and 5-LOX in PPC-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Brain water content (BWC) and lung water content, neurological tests, ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, white blood cells (WBC) count, and spectrophotometric assay for intra-operative hemorrhage volume were evaluated. RESULTS First, PPC reduced brain water content, intra-operative bleeding, and improved neurological function after SBI. Second, PPC decreased 5-LOX expression and brain leukocyte infiltration, while increasing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the peri-resection brain tissue after SBI. Third, PPC induced peripheral inflammation represented by mild pulmonary inflammation and increased peripheral blood WBC count and LTB4 level. Lastly, PPC increased blood glucose concentration and glucocorticoid levels after SBI. In addition, PPC mediated above-mentioned changes were partially reversed by administration of PLA2 inhibitor, Manoalide and 5-LOX inhibitor, Zileuton. CONCLUSIONS PPC conferred neuroprotection against SBI via multi-target involvement induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Devin W. McBride
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
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Alleviating Promotion of Inflammation and Cancer Induced by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:9632018. [PMID: 28573063 PMCID: PMC5442344 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9632018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical Relevance Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin are of intensive use nowadays. These drugs exert their activity via the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenase inhibition. Though beneficial for health in some instances, both unspecific and specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity interfere with AA metabolism producing also proinflammatory lipids that may promote cancer. Materials and Methods This review is based on available literature on clinical uses, biochemical investigations, molecular medicine, pharmacology, toxicity, and epidemiology-clinical studies on NSAIDs and other drugs that may be used accordingly, which was collected from electronic (SciFinder, Medline, Science Direct, and ACS among others) and library searches of books and journals. Results Relevant literature supports the notion that NDSAID use may also promote proinflammatory biochemical events that are also related to precancerous predisposition. Several agents are proposed that may be employed in immediate future to supplement and optimize treatment with NSAIDs. In this way serious side effects arising from promotion of inflammation and cancer, especially in chronic NSAID users and high risk groups of patients, could be avoided.
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Langhansova L, Landa P, Kutil Z, Tauchen J, Marsik P, Rezek J, Lou JD, Yun ZL, Vanek T. Myrica rubra leaves as a potential source of a dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1272554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Langhansova
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsik
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rezek
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ji Dong Lou
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Li Yun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tomas Vanek
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Grösch S, Niederberger E, Geisslinger G. Investigational drugs targeting the prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:51-61. [PMID: 27841017 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1260544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever. Although they are effective for a huge number of users, their analgesic properties are not sufficient for several patients and the occurrence of side effects still constitutes a big challenge during long term therapy. Areas covered: This review gives an overview about the first and second generations of NSAIDs (COX1/2 non-selective, COX-2 selective), and their main side effects which gave still an urgent need for safer drugs and for the establishment of novel treatment strategies (improved safety, tolerability, patient convenience). The current developments of a possible third generation NSAID class comprise changes in the formulation of already approved drugs, combination therapies, dual cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitors, NO- and H2S-releasing NSAIDs, prostaglandin synthase inhibitors and EP receptor modulators, respectively. Literature search has been done with PubMed NCBI. Expert opinion: Currently, there is no newly developed drug that is superior to the already approved selective and non-selective NSAIDs. Several novel approaches show promising analgesic efficacy but side effects are still an important problem. Solutions might be constituted by combination therapies allowing administration of lower drug doses or by individualized therapies targeting molecules apart from COX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grösch
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ellen Niederberger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology (TMP) , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Jamal SK, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy: A Journey Toward Safety. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:802-859. [PMID: 28005273 DOI: 10.1002/med.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against inflammation, pain, and fever has been supporting their worldwide use in the treatment of painful conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases until today. However, the long-term therapy with NSAIDs was soon associated with high incidences of adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the search for novel drugs with improved safety has begun with COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) being straightaway developed and commercialized. Nevertheless, the excitement has fast turned to disappointment when diverse coxibs were withdrawn from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity. Such events have once again triggered the emergence of different strategies to overcome NSAIDs toxicity. Here, an integrative review is provided to address the breakthroughs of two main approaches: (i) the association of NSAIDs with protective mediators and (ii) the design of novel compounds to target downstream and/or multiple enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. To date, just one phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAID has already been approved for commercialization. Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data obtained so far indicate that both strategies may improve the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah K Jamal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iolanda M Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cidade AF, Vasconcelos PA, Silva DP, Florentino IF, Vasconcelos GA, Vaz BG, Costa EA, Lião LM, Menegatti R. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new anti-inflammatory compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mazaleuskaya LL, Lawson JA, Li X, Grant G, Mesaros C, Grosser T, Blair IA, Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. A broad-spectrum lipidomics screen of antiinflammatory drug combinations in human blood. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27547824 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods of drug screening in human blood focus on the immediate products of the affected pathway and mostly rely on approaches that lack sensitivity and the capacity for multiplex analysis. We have developed a sensitive and selective method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to scan the effect of drugs on the bioactive eicosanoid lipidome in vitro and ex vivo. Using small sample sizes, we can reproducibly measure a broad spectrum of eicosanoids in human blood and capture drug-induced substrate rediversion and unexpected shifts in product formation. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an antiinflammatory drug target alternative to COX-1/-2. Contrasting effects of targeting mPGES-1 versus COX-1/-2, due to differential substrate shifts across the lipidome, were observed and can be used to rationalize and evaluate drug combinations. Finally, the in vitro results were extrapolated to ex vivo studies by administration of the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, to volunteers, illustrating how this approach can be used to integrate preclinical and clinical studies during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila L Mazaleuskaya
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John A Lawson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Grant
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tilo Grosser
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Banti CN, Hadjikakou SK. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Metal Complexes and Their Effect at the Cellular Level. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. Banti
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Sotiris K. Hadjikakou
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
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32
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Chindo BA, Schröder H, Koeberle A, Werz O, Becker A. Analgesic potential of standardized methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla in mice: Mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 184:101-106. [PMID: 26945978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the stem bark of Ficus platyphylla (FP) have been used in traditional the Nigerian medicine to treat psychoses, depression, epilepsy, pain and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of FP in different assays including acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, and albumin-induced oedema. PURPOSE/METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of the standardised extract of FP on hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold in response to electrical stimulation of the tail root in order to confirm its acclaimed analgesic properties. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, with the focus on opiate receptor binding and the key enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis, namely cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). RESULTS FP (i) increased the hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold. The increase in hot plate nociceptive threshold was detectable over a period of 30min whereas the increase in vocalisation threshold persisted over a period of 90min. (ii) FP showed an affinity for µ opiate receptors but not for δ or κ opiate receptors, and (iii) FP inhibited the activities of COX-2 and 5-LO but not of COX-1. CONCLUSIONS We provided evidence supporting the use of FP in Nigerian folk medicine for the treatment of different types of pain, and identified opioid and non-opioid targets. It is interesting to note that the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO appears favourable in terms of both efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P. M. B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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The Lipoxygenases: Their Regulation and Implication in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:243-57. [PMID: 26677076 PMCID: PMC4773476 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and alterations of lipid metabolism play a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) metabolism impaired by cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), which are responsible for formation of several eicosanoids, and by lipoxygenases (LOXs) that catalyze the addition of oxygen to linolenic, arachidonic (AA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and other PUFA leading to formation of bioactive lipids, significantly affects the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Among several isoforms, 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX are especially important in neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration. These two LOXs are regulated by substrate concentration and availability, and by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation through protein kinases PKA, PKC and MAP-kinases, including ERK1/ERK2 and p38. The protein/protein interaction also is involved in the mechanism of 5-LOX regulation through FLAP protein and coactosin-like protein. Moreover, non-heme iron and calcium ions are potent regulators of LOXs. The enzyme activity significantly depends on the cell redox state and is differently regulated by various signaling pathways. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX convert linolenic acid, AA, and DHA into several bioactive compounds e.g. hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-HPETE, 12S-HPETE, 15S-HPETE), which are reduced to corresponding HETE compounds. These enzymes synthesize several bioactive lipids, e.g. leucotrienes, lipoxins, hepoxilins and docosahexaenoids. 15-LOX is responsible for DHA metabolism into neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) with significant antiapoptotic properties which is down-regulated in AD. In this review, the regulation and impact of 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX in the pathomechanism of AD is discussed. Moreover, we describe the role of several products of LOXs, which may have significant pro- or anti-inflammatory activity in AD, and the cytoprotective effects of LOX inhibitors.
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Minutoli L, Micali A, Pisani A, Puzzolo D, Bitto A, Rinaldi M, Pizzino G, Irrera N, Galfo F, Arena S, Pallio G, Mecchio A, Germanà A, Bruschetta D, Laurà R, Magno C, Marini H, Squadrito F, Altavilla D. Flavocoxid Protects Against Cadmium-Induced Disruption of the Blood–Testis Barrier and Improves Testicular Damage and Germ Cell Impairment in Mice [corrected]. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:311-29. [PMID: 26424772 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) causes male infertility. There is the need to identify safe treatments counteracting this toxicity. Flavocoxid is a flavonoid that induces a balanced inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 peroxidase moieties and of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and has efficacy in the male genitourinary system. We investigated flavocoxid effects on Cd-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups received 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1 ml/kg/day) or flavocoxid (20 mg/kg/day ip); 2 groups were challenged with cadmium chloride (CdCl2; 2 mg/kg/day ip) and administered with vehicle or flavocoxid. The treatment lasted for 1 or 2 weeks. The testes were processed for biochemical and morphological studies. CdCl2 increased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) 1/2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, COX-2, 5-LOX, malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell-lymphoma (Bcl)-2-associated X protein (Bax), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), transforming growth factor (TGF) -β3, decreased Bcl-2, testosterone, inhibin-B, occludin, N-Cadherin, induced structural damages in the testis and disrupted the blood-testis barrier. Many TUNEL-positive germ cells and changes in claudin-11, occludin, and N-cadherin localization were present. Flavocoxid administration reduced, in a time-dependent way, p-ERK 1/2, TNF-α, COX-2, 5-LOX, MDA, Bax, FSH, LH, TGF-β3, augmented Bcl-2, testosterone, inhibin B, occludin, N-Cadherin, and improved the structural organization of the testis and the blood-testis barrier. Few TUNEL-positive germ cells were present and a morphological retrieval of the intercellular junctions was observed. In conclusion, flavocoxid has a protective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic function against Cd-induced toxicity in mice testis. We suggest that flavocoxid may play a relevant positive role against environmental levels of Cd, otherwise deleterious to gametogenesis and tubular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Arena
- Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Anna Mecchio
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | | | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Rosaria Laurà
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and
| | - Carlo Magno
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences
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Dual and selective lipid inhibitors of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase: a molecular docking study. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Exploring the molecular basis for selective binding of homoserine dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium leprae TN toward inhibitors: a virtual screening study. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1826-41. [PMID: 24469317 PMCID: PMC3958823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) from Mycobacterium leprae TN is an antifungal target for antifungal properties including efficacy against the human pathogen. The 3D structure of HSD has been firmly established by homology modeling methods. Using the template, homoserine dehydrogenase from Thiobacillus denitrificans (PDB Id 3MTJ), a sequence identity of 40% was found and molecular dynamics simulation was used to optimize a reliable structure. The substrate and co-factor-binding regions in HSD were identified. In order to determine the important residues of the substrate (l-aspartate semialdehyde (l-ASA)) binding, the ASA was docked to the protein; Thr163, Asp198, and Glu192 may be important because they form a hydrogen bond with HSD through AutoDock 4.2 software. After use of a virtual screening technique of HSD, the four top-scoring docking hits all seemed to cation–π ion pair with the key recognition residue Lys107, and Lys207. These ligands therefore seemed to be new chemotypes for HSD. Our results may be helpful for further experimental investigations.
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Markworth JF, Vella L, Lingard BS, Tull DL, Rupasinghe TW, Sinclair AJ, Maddipati KR, Cameron-Smith D. Human inflammatory and resolving lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and ibuprofen treatment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1281-96. [PMID: 24089379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Classical proinflammatory eicosanoids, and more recently discovered lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and proresolving bioactivity, exert a complex role in the initiation, control, and resolution of inflammation. Using a targeted lipidomics approach, we investigated circulating lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and treatment with the NSAID ibuprofen. Human subjects undertook a single bout of unaccustomed resistance exercise (80% of one repetition maximum) following oral ingestion of ibuprofen (400 mg) or placebo control. Venous blood was collected during early recovery (0-3 h and 24 h postexercise), and serum lipid mediator composition was analyzed by LC-MS-based targeted lipidomics. Postexercise recovery was characterized by elevated levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and 2-derived prostanoids (TXB2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF2α, and PGI2), lipooxygenase (5-LOX, 12-LOX, and 15-LOX)-derived hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and leukotrienes (e.g., LTB4), and epoxygenase (CYP)-derived epoxy/dihydroxy eicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs/DiHETrEs). Additionally, we detected elevated levels of bioactive lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties, including arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins (LXA4 and LXB4), and the EPA (E-series) and DHA (D-series)-derived resolvins (RvD1 and RvE1), and protectins (PD1 isomer 10S, 17S-diHDoHE). Ibuprofen treatment blocked exercise-induced increases in COX-1 and COX-2-derived prostanoids but also resulted in off-target reductions in leukotriene biosynthesis, and a diminished proresolving lipid mediator response. CYP pathway product metabolism was also altered by ibuprofen treatment, as indicated by elevated postexercise serum 5,6-DiHETrE and 8,9-DiHETrE only in those receiving ibuprofen. These findings characterize the blood inflammatory lipid mediator response to unaccustomed resistance exercise in humans and show that acute proinflammatory signals are mechanistically linked to the induction of a biological active inflammatory resolution program, regulated by proresolving lipid mediators during postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markworth
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed by athletes worldwide, despite growing evidence for a negative influence on the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise, at least in young healthy individuals. This review focuses on the potential of NSAIDs to alter the activity of satellite cells, the muscle stem cell responsible for repair and maintenance of skeletal muscle. The signaling pathways that are potentially modified by NSAID exposure are also considered. Growth factors as well as inflammatory cells and connective tissue appear to be key factors in the response of muscle under conditions where cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin activity are blocked through NSAID ingestion or infusion. Discrepancies in the literature regarding the response of young and old individuals are addressed, where it appears that the elderly may benefit from NSAID ingestion, although this clearly requires further study. The long-term implications for the muscle of the apparent inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on satellite cells in younger individuals are not clear, and it is possible these may first become apparent with chronic use in athletes training at a high level or with advancing age. Reports of the potential for NSAIDs to alter prostaglandin and growth factor signaling provide a basis for further study of the mechanism of NSAID action on satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nisar A, Malik AH, Zargar MA. Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. blunts production of pro-inflammatory mediators eicosanoids., leukotrienes, cytokines in vitro and in vivo models of acute inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:584-594. [PMID: 23528361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. has been widely used in folk medicine for several inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, acute infections and neuroinflammatory disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY Our aim was to evaluate Atropa acuminata for its anti-inflammatory properties and to delineate its possible mechanism of action on the modulation of the inflammatory mediators. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the inhibitory action of ethanolic extract of Atropa acuminata (AAEE) on production of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and also assayed it for COX 1/2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. Next AAEE was tested in acute inflammatory animal models., carragenean induced rat paw edema, carragenean induce pleurisy in rats and vascular permeability in mice and the effects on NO, PGE2 and LTB4 production in the pleural fluid and paw exudates were evaluated. In addition the effects on leukocyte migration and exudation and vascular permeability were also observed. RESULTS Our findings summarized novel anti-inflammatory mechanisms for Atropa acuminata based on dual in vitro cyclooxygenase 1/2/ and 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and also significant downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokin (TNF-α and Il-1 β) release in LPS-stimulated RAW 246.7 macrophage cell line. In acute inflammatory models in vivo (carragenean induced edema, carragenean induced pleurisy in rats and vascular permeability in mice), AAEE exhibited an extensive diverse mechanism for anti-inflammatory properties. This was indicated on the basis of dose dependent suppression of multi targeted inflammatory mediators., NO, TNF-α and IL-1β, eicosanoids., PGE2 and leukotrienes., LTB4 along with significantly decreased leucocyte migration, exudation and decreased vascular permeability. These effects were more potent and prolonged than traditional NSAIDS, thereby indicating fewer side effects. AAEE was found to be safe for long term administration, as confirmed by the results of acute toxicity studies and MTT assay. The complex mode of action of the herbs was attributed possibly due to the high polyphenolic, flavanol and flavonoid content present in the extracts as observed by means of quantitative screening for phytochemicals. CONCLUSION Our study provides scientific evidence to support the traditional anti-inflammatory uses of Atropa acuminata and is probably due to inhibitory effects on multiple inflammatory mediators which indicates a promising potential for the development of a strong anti-inflammatory agent from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albeena Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India.
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Boelsterli UA, Redinbo MR, Saitta KS. Multiple NSAID-induced hits injure the small intestine: underlying mechanisms and novel strategies. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:654-67. [PMID: 23091168 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) injury including jejunal/ileal mucosal ulceration, bleeding, and even perforation in susceptible patients. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, but they are distinct from those related to gastric injury. Based on recent insights from experimental models, including genetics and pharmacology in rodents typically exposed to diclofenac, indomethacin, or naproxen, we propose a multiple-hit pathogenesis of NSAID enteropathy. The multiple hits start with an initial pharmacokinetic determinant caused by vectorial hepatobiliary excretion and delivery of glucuronidated NSAID or oxidative metabolite conjugates to the distal small intestinal lumen, where bacterial β-glucuronidase produces critical aglycones. The released aglycones are then taken up by enterocytes and further metabolized by intestinal cytochrome P450s to potentially reactive intermediates. The "first hit" is caused by the NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites that induce severe endoplasmic reticulum stress or mitochondrial stress and lead to cell death. The "second hit" is created by the significant subsequent inflammatory response that would follow such a first-hit injury. Based on these putative mechanisms, strategies have been developed to protect the enterocytes from being exposed to the parent NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites. Among these, a novel strategy already demonstrated in a murine model is the selective disruption of bacteria-specific β-glucuronidases with a novel small molecule inhibitor that does not harm the bacteria and that alleviates NSAID-induced enteropathy. Such mechanism-based strategies require further investigation but provide potential avenues for the alleviation of the GI toxicity caused by multiple NSAID hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Boelsterli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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