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Rajamoorthi A, LeDuc CA, Thaker VV. The metabolic conditioning of obesity: A review of the pathogenesis of obesity and the epigenetic pathways that "program" obesity from conception. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032491. [PMID: 36329895 PMCID: PMC9622759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental origins of health and disease is integral to overcome the global tide of obesity and its metabolic consequences, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The rising prevalence of obesity has been attributed, in part, to environmental factors including the globalization of the western diet and unhealthy lifestyle choices. In this review we argue that how and when such exposures come into play from conception significantly impact overall risk of obesity and later health outcomes. While the laws of thermodynamics dictate that obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, the drivers of each of these may be laid down before the manifestation of the phenotype. We present evidence over the last half-century that suggests that the temporospatial evolution of obesity from intrauterine life and beyond is, in part, due to the conditioning of physiological processes at critical developmental periods that results in maladaptive responses to obesogenic exposures later in life. We begin the review by introducing studies that describe an association between perinatal factors and later risk of obesity. After a brief discussion of the pathogenesis of obesity, including the systemic regulation of appetite, adiposity, and basal metabolic rate, we delve into the mechanics of how intrauterine, postnatal and early childhood metabolic environments may contribute to adult obesity risk through the process of metabolic conditioning. Finally, we detail the specific epigenetic pathways identified both in preclinical and clinical studies that synergistically "program" obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthi Rajamoorthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vidhu V. Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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The Combined Effect of Birth Weight and Lifestyle on Clustered Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A National School-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153131. [PMID: 35956308 PMCID: PMC9370142 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the adverse effects of cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in children and adolescents on their current and later life health, and the growing evidence that birth weight and lifestyle have on CMRFs, we aimed to estimate the combined effect of birth weight and lifestyle on clustered CMRFs in children and adolescents. Methods: We enrolled 11,509 participants aged 7–18 years old in a national school-based cross-sectional study in seven provinces in China in 2013. Information on CMRFs was collected through anthropometric measurements and blood sample testing. Information on birth weight, lifestyle and other basic information were investigated through children and adolescents’ as well as parents’ questionnaires. The generalized linear mixed model was applied to estimate the odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the associations between CMRFs, clustered CMRFs and birth weight, lifestyle, and the combinations of birth weight and lifestyle. Results: Overall, the prevalence of clustered CMRFs was 3.6% in children and adolescents aged 7–18 years, higher in boys (4.4%) than girls (2.9%). The combination of LBW/ideal lifestyle (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.07–3.72) was associated with higher risk of clustered CMRFs, as well as in adolescents aged 13–18 years and in boys. The combination of HBW/poor lifestyle (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.13–2.68) was related to elevated risk of clustered CMRFs, especially in children aged 7–12 years. Conclusions: CMRFs in Chinese children and adolescents is concerning, ideal lifestyle could weaken the association of birth weight with clustered CMRFs, especially in younger age, indicating that programs to prevent abnormal birth weight or poor lifestyle or both among children and adolescents may reduce CMRFs in China.
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Cho KH, Yoon SJ, Lim J, Eun H, Park MS, Park KI, Jo HS, Lee SM. Epidemiology of Macrosomia in Korea: Growth and Development. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e320. [PMID: 34873886 PMCID: PMC8648607 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrosomia, as an infant with birth weight over 4 kg, can have several perinatal, and neonatal complications. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of macrosomia in Korea and to identify the growth and developmental outcomes and other neonatal complications. METHODS In total, 397,203 infants who were born in 2013 with birth weight ≥ 2.5 kg and who underwent infant health check-up between their 1st and 7th visit were included from the National Health Insurance Service database. The information was obtained by the International Classification of Diseases-10 codes or self-reported questionnaires in the National Health Screening Program. RESULTS The distribution of infants by birth weight was as follows: 384,181 (97%) infants in the 2.5-3.99 kg (reference) group, 12,016 (3%) infants in the 4.0-4.49 kg group, 772 (0.2%) infants in the 4.5-4.99 kg group, and 78 (0.02%) infants in the ≥ 5 kg group. Macrosomia showed significantly higher incidence of sepsis, male sex, and mothers with GDM and birth injury. There was a significant difference in weight, height, and head circumference according to age, birth weight group, and combination of age and birth weight, respectively (P < 0.001). The number of infants with the weight above the 90th percentile in macrosomia at each health check-up showed higher incidence than in reference group. The mean body mass index significantly differed among the groups, as 50.6 in infants with 2.5-3.99 kg of birth weight, 63.5 with 4.0-4.49 kg, 71.0 with 4.5-4.99 kg, and 73.1 with ≥ 5 kg. There was a significant difference in the incidence of poor developmental results between infants with macrosomia and the reference group at 24, 36 and 48 month of age. CONCLUSION Macrosomia was significantly associated with the risk of sepsis, birth injury, obesity and developmental problem especially in a boy born from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Careful monitoring and proper strategies for monitoring growth and development are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hyun Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - So Jin Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohee Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoseon Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Soo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook In Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heui Seung Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Padial-Ruz R, Puga-González ME, Céspedes-Jiménez Á, Cabello-Manrique D. Determining Factors in the Use of Urban Parks That Influence the Practice of Physical Activity in Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073648. [PMID: 33807466 PMCID: PMC8037159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The design and/or remodelling of urban parks is a good health strategy to alleviate the lack of physical activity (PA) in children and, consequently, the different health problems derived from this. The main objective of the present study was to obtain a systematic review of the design features and characteristics that influence users’ visits to urban parks and the PA engagement in them. A literature search was carried out in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases during the months of June and July 2020. After considering and applying inclusion criteria, the final review sample was formed of 31 scientific papers published between 2010–2020. The results obtained in the review lead us to conclude that the needs of the population (children and family members who care for them) and socio-economic context of the area in which they are built must be considered when constructing and/or remodelling parks. Involving community members in playground renovations can have a positive effect on park use and PA engagement in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Padial-Ruz
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Mª Esther Puga-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-6075-875-23
| | - Álvaro Céspedes-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (Á.C.-J.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - David Cabello-Manrique
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (Á.C.-J.); (D.C.-M.)
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Bernhardsen GP, Stensrud T, Hansen BH, Steene-Johannesen J, Kolle E, Nystad W, Anderssen SA, Hallal PC, Janz KF, Kriemler S, Andersen LB, Northstone K, Resaland GK, Sardinha LB, van Sluijs EMF, Ried-Larsen M, Ekelund U. Birth weight, cardiometabolic risk factors and effect modification of physical activity in children and adolescents: pooled data from 12 international studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2052-2063. [PMID: 32494037 PMCID: PMC7508671 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Methods We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA). Results Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028). Conclusion MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørge Herman Hansen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Chronic Diseases and Aging, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Kathleen F Janz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Geir Kåre Resaland
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Campus Sogndal, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) & MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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