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Wang S, Liang C, Gao Y, Ye Y, Qiu J, Tao C, Wang H. Social media insights into spatio-temporal emotional responses to COVID-19 crisis. Health Place 2024; 85:103174. [PMID: 38241850 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus pandemic has presented multifaceted challenges in urban emotional well-being and mental health management. Our study presents a spatio-temporal sentiment mining (STSM) framework to address these challenges, focusing on the space-time geography and environmental psychology. This framework analyzes the distribution and trends of 6 categories of public sentiments in Shanghai during the COVID-19 crisis, considering the potential urban spatial influencing factors. The research specifically draws on social media data temporally coinciding with the spread of COVID-19 and the pre-trained language model RoBERTa-wwm-ext to classify public sentiment, in order to characterize the distribution and trends of dominant urban sentiment under the influence of epidemic at different phases. The interactions between urban geospatial features and sentiments are further modelled and explained using LightGBM algorithm and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique. The experimental findings reveal the subtle yet dynamic impact of the urban environment on the long-term spatial variation and trends of public sentiment under the epidemic, with green spaces and socio-economic status emerging as significant factors. Regions with higher permanent population consumption demonstrated more positive sentiments, underscoring the significance of socio-economic factors in urban planning and public health policy. This research offers the most extensive analysis to date on the influence of urban characteristics on public sentiment during Shanghai's epidemic life cycle also lays the groundwork for applying the STSM framework in future crises beyond COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Guangdong Guodi Institute of Resources and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfan Gao
- Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ye
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy-saving Study of Dense Habitat (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Qiu
- Wayz AI Technology Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuang Tao
- Wayz AI Technology Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Haofen Wang
- College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Xu XR, Zhou S, Jin GQ, Wu HZ, Li JH, Zhou J, Peng W, Zhang W, Sun D, Fang BJ. Reyanning Mixture on Asymptomatic or Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:867-874. [PMID: 37523100 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect and safety of Reyanning Mixture (RYN) in treating asymptomatic or mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents. METHODS This is a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Patients aged 1-17 years and diagnosed with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were assigned to an intervention group (RYN plus standard care) and a control group (standard care) according to a randomization list. The primary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion time. Secondary outcomes included negative conversion rate on days 3 and 7, hospital length of stay, symptom relief rate, new-onset symptoms of asymptomatic infected patients, and progressive disease rate. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of ORF1ab or N genes were also tested. RESULTS A total of 214 patients in the intervention group and 217 in the control group were analyzed. The SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion time was significantly shortened in the intervention group [5 days (interquartile range (IQR): 5-6) vs. 7 days (IQR: 6-7), P<0.01]. By days 3 and 7, the negative conversion rates were significantly higher in the intervention group (day 3: 32.7% vs. 21.2%, P=0.007; day 7: 75.2% vs. 60.8%, P=0.001). Ct values significantly increase on day 2 [ORF1ab gene: 35.62 (IQR: 29.17-45.00) vs. 34.22 (IQR: 28.41-39.41), P=0.03; N gene: 34.97 (IQR: 28.50-45.00) vs. 33.51 (IQR: 27.70-38.25), P=0.024] and day 3 [ORF1ab gene: 38.00 (IQR: 32.72-45.00) vs. 35.81 (IQR: 29.96-45.00), P=0.003; N gene: 37.16 (IQR: 32.01-45.00) vs. 35.26 (IQR: 29.09-45.00), P=0.01]. No significant difference was found in hospital length of stay between the two groups (P>0.05). Symptoms of cough were significantly improved (82.2% vs. 70.0%, P=0.02) and wheezing was significantly reduced (0.7% vs. 12.9%, P<0.01) in the intervention group compared with the control group. During the trial, no disease progression or serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Adding RYN to standard care may be a safe and effective treatment for children with asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Registration No. ChiCTR2200060292).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ru Xu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Jin
- Department of Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hong-Ze Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Nephropathy Clinical Research Center, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, 332099, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Nephropathy Clinical Research Center, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, 332099, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ding Sun
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bang-Jiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institute of Critical Care, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Mohamed ZA, Tang C, Thokerunga E, Deng Y, Fan J. Pediatric infection with the Omicron variant increases the risks of febrile seizures among COVID-19 infected children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1226403. [PMID: 37664550 PMCID: PMC10469930 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1226403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Omicron variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is less likely to cause severe disease in children than the other variants but has become an increasing cause of febrile seizures (FS) among children. In this case-control study, we aimed to examine the risk factors associated with FS in children infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant and related treatment modalities. Methods This retrospective case-control study includes 113 subjects infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant, grouped into 45 cases (those with FS) and 68 controls (those without FS). Data on clinical features, laboratory parameters, and treatment modalities were collected and analyzed. Results Approximately 5.74% of COVID-19 infected children developed COVID-19-associated FS. Children with COVID-19 and high body temperatures [RR 1.474; (95% CI: 1.196-1.818), p < 0.001], previous history of FS [RR 1.421; (95% CI: 1.088-1.855), p = 0.010], high procalcitonin levels [RR 1.140; (95% CI: 1.043-1.246), p = 0.048] and high neutrophil counts [RR 1.015; (95% CI: 1.000-1.029), p = 0.048] were more likely to experience FS than the controls. In contrast, children with COVID-19 and low eosinophil counts, low hemoglobin levels, and cough had a lower risk of developing FS [RR 0.494; (95% CI: 0.311-0.783), p = 0.003], [RR 0.979; (95% CI: 0.959-0.999), p = 0.044]; and [RR 0.473 (95% CI 0.252-0.890), p = 0.020]; respectively. Children with FS received more anti-flu medications than those without. Conclusion A significant increase in FS was observed in children with Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection. A higher body temperature, a history of FS, a higher procalcitonin level, and a high neutrophil count were all associated with an increased risk of FS in children with COVID-19. The risk of developing FS was lower in children with COVID-19 and low eosinophil counts and hemoglobin levels than in those without.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunjiao Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erick Thokerunga
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang YZ, Zhou JG, Lu YM, Hu H, Xiao FF, Ge T, Wang X, Zheng L, Yu LH, Le J, Yu H, Yu GJ, Xia Q, Zhang T, Zhou WH. Altered gut microbiota composition in children and their caregivers infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:478-488. [PMID: 36627507 PMCID: PMC9838448 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to explore gut microbiota changes in a prospective cohort of COVID-19 children and their asymptomatic caregivers infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. METHODS A total of 186 participants, including 59 COVID-19 children, 50 asymptomatic adult caregivers, 52 healthy children (HC), and 25 healthy adults (HA), were recruited between 15 April and 31 May 2022. The gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in fecal samples collected from the participants. Gut microbiota functional profiling was performed by using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) software. RESULTS The gut microbiota analysis of beta diversity revealed that the fecal microbial community of COVID-19 children remained far distantly related to HC. The relative abundances of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were decreased, whereas Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota were increased in COVID-19 children. Feces from COVID-19 children exhibited notably lower abundances of the genera Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Fusicatenibacter, Streptococcus, and Romboutsia and higher abundances of the genera Prevotella, Lachnoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Bacteroides than those from HC. The enterotype distributions of COVID-19 children were characterized by a high prevalence of enterotype Bacteroides. Similar changes in gut microbiota compositions were observed in asymptomatic caregivers. Furthermore, the microbial metabolic activities of KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and COG (cluster of orthologous groups of proteins) pathways were perturbed in feces from subjects infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. CONCLUSION Our data reveal altered gut microbiota compositions in both COVID-19 children and their asymptomatic caregivers infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which further implicates the critical role of gut microbiota in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
- Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Research Center, Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ming Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Fang-Fei Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Lian-Hu Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Jun Le
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Jun Yu
- Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Research Center, Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062 China
- Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Research Center, Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Neonatology, Molecular Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201101 China
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Xu X, Wu H, Jin G, Huang J, Li J, Zhou J, Cao M, Sun D, Zhang W, Peng W, Pu Y, Chen C, Sun Y, Yang H, Zhou S, Fang B. Efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen for children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection: A propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154665. [PMID: 36641977 PMCID: PMC9831666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lianhua Qingwen Granules or Capsules (LHQW) has accumulated much research evidence in the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. However, there are still few data on its efficacy and safety in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW in children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. METHODS We conducted a single-center, propensity-score matched retrospective cohort study of children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in Shanghai New International Expo Center mobile cabin hospital between April 1st and June 1st, 2022. Eligible patients received either LHQW granules/capsules plus supportive care (LHQW group) or supportive care alone (control group). The primary outcome was the negative conversion time of nucleic acid. Secondary outcomes included the negative conversion rate of nucleic acid, the length of hospital stay, clinical disease progression, and cycle threshold [Ct] values for SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame [ORF1ab] or nucleocapsid [N] genes. RESULTS Overall, 2808 patients were enrolled, and 346 patients in each group were included in the analysis. Among the propensity-score matched groups, LHQW treatment was associated with an accelerated negative conversion time of nucleic acid (median: 5 d vs. 6 d, Hazard ratio: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.46, Log-rank p < 0.001), a higher negative conversion rate of nucleic acid (Day 2 - 6: 2.9% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.036; 29.8% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.001; 42.5% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.001; 51.4% vs. 31.5%, p < 0.001; 63.3% vs. 55.2%, p = 0.030), shorter hospital stay (median: 10 d vs. 11 d, Hazard ratio: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.29 - 1.74, Log-rank p < 0.001), and lower rates of asymptomatic infection progressing to mild (37.9% vs. 46.5%, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION Our study suggested that LHQW treatment was associated with faster clinical recovery in children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Xu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongze Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Nephropathy Clinical Research Center, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoqiang Jin
- Department of Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jihan Huang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Nephropathy Clinical Research Center, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Sun
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Pu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Critical Care, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Chen J, Tang Q, Zhang B, Yuan S, Chen J, Shen S, Wang D, Lin J, Dong H, Yin Y, Gao J. Huashi baidu granule in the treatment of pediatric patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019: A single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1092748. [PMID: 36744267 PMCID: PMC9892187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1092748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since late February 2022, a wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant rapidly appeared in Shanghai, China. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment is recommended for pediatric patients; however, the safety and efficacy remain to be confirmed. We conducted a single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herb compound, Huashi Baidu granule (HSBDG) in pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19. Methods: 108 recruited children (aged 3-18 years) with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19 were randomly allocated 2:1 to receive oral HSBDG for five consecutive days (intervention group) and to receive compound pholcodine oral solution for five consecutive days (control group). The negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and symptom scores were recorded. Results: The median negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group (median days [interquartile range (IQR)]: 3 [3-5] vs. 5 [3-6]; p = 0.047). The median total symptom score on day 3 was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (median total symptom score [IQR]: 1 [0-2] vs. 2 [0-3]; p = 0.036). There was no significant differences in the frequency of antibiotic use and side effects between the two groups. Conclusion: HSBDG is a safe, effective oral Chinese herbal compound granule, which shows a good performance within the Omicron wave among pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu Tang
- Department of Respiration, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baoqin Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Taicang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Infection Department, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jilei Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yong Yin, ; Jian Gao,
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yong Yin, ; Jian Gao,
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