1
|
Ashraf W, Rehman A, Rabbani M, Shaukat W, Wang JS. Aflatoxins posing threat to food safety and security in Pakistan: Call for a one health approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114006. [PMID: 37652127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most important mycotoxins due to their widespread occurrence and adverse impacts on humans and animals. These toxins and/or their metabolites cannot be destroyed with cooking or boiling methods. Therefore, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food may lead to impaired growth, compromised immunity, stomach and liver cancer, and acute toxicity. These adverse effects along with food wastage might have detrimental consequences on a country's economy. Several studies from Pakistan reported a high prevalence of aflatoxins in food and feed commodities (Range; milk = 0.6-99.4%, cereals, and grains = 0.38-41%, animal feed = 31-100%). Notably, Pakistan reported very high figures of impaired child growth-stunted 40.2%, wasted 17.7% and underweight 28.9%-that could be associated with the higher aflatoxin prevalence in food items. Importantly, high aflatoxins prevalence, i.e. 100%, 69% and 60.5%, in children has been reported in Pakistan. Food and feed are more prone to aflatoxin contamination due to Pakistan's hot and humid climate; however, limited awareness, inadequate policy framework, and weak implementation mechanisms are the major obstacles to effective control. This review will discuss aflatoxins prevalence, associated risk factors, adverse health effects, required regulatory regime, and effective control strategies adopting the One Health approach to ensure food safety and security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Health Services Academy, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Shaukat
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Opuni KF, Kretchy JP, Agyabeng K, Boadu JA, Adanu T, Ankamah S, Appiah A, Amoah GB, Baidoo M, Kretchy IA. Contamination of herbal medicinal products in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19370. [PMID: 37674839 PMCID: PMC10477504 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) has grown significantly across low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Consequently, the safety of these products due to contamination is a significant public health concern. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence, types, and levels of contaminants in HMPs from LMICs. A search was performed in seven online databases, i.e., Africa journal online (AJOL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Health Inter-Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), World Health Organization Global Index Medicus (WHO GIM), Scopus, and PubMed using appropriate search queries and reported as per the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. Ninety-one peer-reviewed articles published from 1982 to 2021 from 28 different countries across four continents were included in the study. Although metals, microbial, mycotoxins, pesticides, and residual solvents were the reported contaminants in the 91 articles, metals (56.0%, 51/91), microbial (27.5%, 25/91), and mycotoxins (18.7%, 17/91) were the most predominant. About 16.4% (1236/7518) of the samples had their contaminant levels above the regulatory limits. Samples tested for microbial contaminants had the highest proportion (46.4%, 482/1039) of contaminants exceeding the regulatory limit, followed by mycotoxins (25.8%, 109/423) and metals (14.3%, 591/4128). The proportion of samples that had their average non-essential metal contaminant levels above the regulatory limit was (57.6%, 377/655), 18.3% (88/480), 10.7% (24/225), and 11.3% (29/257) for Pb, Cd, Hg, and As, respectively. The commonest bacteria species found were Escherichia coli (52.3%, 10/19) and Salmonella species (42.1%, 8/19). This review reported that almost 90% of Candida albicans and more than 80% of moulds exceeded the required regulatory limits. HMP consumption poses profound health implications to consumers and patients. Therefore, designing and/or implementing policies that effectively regulate HMPs to minimize the health hazards related to their consumption while improving the quality of life of persons living in LMICs are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F.M. Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James-Paul Kretchy
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box 2305, Miotso, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Agyabeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A. Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theodosia Adanu
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Ankamah
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Appiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Geralda B. Amoah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mariam Baidoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A. Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kos J, Anić M, Radić B, Zadravec M, Janić Hajnal E, Pleadin J. Climate Change-A Global Threat Resulting in Increasing Mycotoxin Occurrence. Foods 2023; 12:2704. [PMID: 37509796 PMCID: PMC10379110 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, scientists have given increasingly frequent warnings about global warming, linking it to mycotoxin-producing moulds in various geographical regions across the world. In the future, more pronounced climate change could alter host resilience and host-pathogen interaction and have a significant impact on the development of toxicogenic moulds and the production of their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins. The current climate attracts attention and calls for novel diagnostic tools and notions about the biological features of agricultural cultivars and toxicogenic moulds. Since European climate environments offer steadily rising opportunities for Aspergillus flavus growth, an increased risk of cereal contamination with highly toxic aflatoxins shall be witnessed in the future. On top of that, the profile (representation) of certain mycotoxigenic Fusarium species is changing ever more substantially, while the rise in frequency of Fusarium graminearum contamination, as a species which is able to produce several toxic mycotoxins, seen in northern and central Europe, is becoming a major concern. In the following paper, a high-quality approach to a preventative strategy is tailored to put a stop to the toxicogenic mould- and mycotoxin-induced contamination of foods and feeds in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mislav Anić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Manuela Zadravec
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seasonal Variation of Aflatoxin Levels in Selected Spices Available in Retail Markets: Estimation of Exposure and Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090597. [PMID: 36136535 PMCID: PMC9501981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 603 samples of selected spices from different seasons (winter and summer) were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total AFs, and tocopherols. The findings revealed that 120 (38.7%) samples from the summer and 136 (46.4%) samples from the winter season were observed to be infected with AFB1 and a large amount of AFs. The highest means of both AFB1 and total Afs were observed in red pepper, i.e., 15.5 ± 3.90 µg/kg and 22.90 ± 4.10 µg/kg, respectively. The minimum averages of AFB1 and total AFs were observed in cloves of 6.32 ± 1.8 and 8.40 ± 1.60 µg/kg, respectively (from the winter season). The seasonal variations in the levels of the total AFs in selected spices were observed to be nonsignificant (p ≥ 0.05), except for the levels in red pepper and ginger samples, which showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum average of the dietary intake of Afs, 4.80 µg/day/kg, was found in ginger from the winter season in individual females. Furthermore, the findings document that the maximum level of total tocopherol, i.e., 44.8 ± 9.3 mg/100 g, was observed in black pepper from the winter season. A significant difference in the concentration of total tocopherols was observed in selected spices from the summer and the winter seasons (p ≤ 0.05).
Collapse
|
5
|
Esam RM, Hafez RS, Khafaga NIM, Fahim KM, Ahmed LI. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in some dairy products with referring to the analytical performances of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography. Vet World 2022; 15:91-101. [PMID: 35369598 PMCID: PMC8924389 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.91-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major fungal metabolite found in milk coming from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated rations and is subsequently present in milk-based products demonstrating a serious public health hazard. This study aimed to investigate the levels of AFM1 and AFB1 in milk and some dairy products consumed widely by infants and children. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the incidence of AFM1 in 105 samples of processed cheese, Ras cheese, and raw milk (35 of each) retailed in the Egyptian markets. The degree of sensitivity and accuracy was evaluated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method followed by the estimation of the positive samples using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Mold count was determined in the examined samples by investigating AFB1 content using HPLC. Results: AFM1 was found in all investigated Ras cheese, raw milk, and 82.86% of the processed cheese samples with mean values of 51.05±6.19, 40.27±3.996, and 10.77±1.39 ng/kg, respectively. Moreover, there was statistically no significant difference between AFM1 levels in the core and crust parts of the tested Ras cheese. AFM1 contaminated Ras cheese and raw milk samples were 48.57% and 25.71%, which exceeded the European and Egyptian tolerance levels. Results showed an acceptable correlation between ELISA and HPLC methods with no significant difference (p>0.05). Alternatively, none of the examined samples proved to be contaminated with AFB1 despite the presence of mold with mean counts of 3.79±3.29, 4.39±4.34, and 4.84±4.29 log CFU/g in the examined processed cheese, Ras cheese, and raw milk samples, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, it is urgent to regularly inspect the contamination of animal feeds with AFB1 and apply special measures and novel techniques to protect the feed and food from public health hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghda Mohamed Esam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ragaa Shehata Hafez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Karima Mogahed Fahim
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa Ibrahim Ahmed
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iqbal SZ, Mumtaz A, Mahmood Z, Waqas M, Ghaffar A, Ismail A, Pervaiz W. Assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in chili sauce samples and estimation of dietary intake. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Costa J, Rodríguez R, Garcia-Cela E, Medina A, Magan N, Lima N, Battilani P, Santos C. Overview of Fungi and Mycotoxin Contamination in Capsicum Pepper and in Its Derivatives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E27. [PMID: 30626134 PMCID: PMC6356975 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum products are widely commercialised and consumed worldwide. These substrates present unusual nutritional characteristics for microbial growth. Despite this, the presence of spoilage fungi and the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the pepper production chain have been commonly detected. The main aim of this work was to review the critical control points, with a focus on mycotoxin contamination, during the production, storage and distribution of Capsicum products from a safety perspective; outlining the important role of ecophysiological factors in stimulating or inhibiting mycotoxin biosynthesis in these food commodities. Moreover, the human health risks caused by the ingestion of peppers contaminated with mycotoxins were also reviewed. Overall, Capsicum and its derivative-products are highly susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins. Pepper crop production and further transportation, processing and storage are crucial for production of safe food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza, via Emilia Parmense 84, 2910010 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Rodrigo Rodríguez
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Nelson Lima
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza, via Emilia Parmense 84, 2910010 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Cledir Santos
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Mehmood Z, Mumtaz A, Malik N. Survey of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in retail market chilies and chili sauce samples. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Pre-harvest aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus contamination in variable germplasms of red chillies from Kunri, Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:147-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Thermophilic Fungi to Dominate Aflatoxigenic/Mycotoxigenic Fungi on Food under Global Warming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020199. [PMID: 28218685 PMCID: PMC5334753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain filamentous fungi produce mycotoxins that contaminate food. Mycotoxin contamination of crops is highly influenced by environmental conditions and is already affected by global warming, where there is a succession of mycotoxigenic fungi towards those that have higher optimal growth temperatures. Aflatoxigenic fungi are at the highest limit of temperature although predicted increases in temperature are beyond that constraint. The present paper discusses what will succeed these fungi and represents the first such consideration. Aflatoxins are the most important mycotoxins and are common in tropical produce, much of which is exported to temperate regions. Hot countries may produce safer food under climate change because aflatoxigenic fungi will be inhibited. The same situation will occur in previously temperate regions where these fungi have recently appeared, although decades later. Existing thermotolerant and thermophilic fungi (TTF) will dominate, in contrast to the conventional mycotoxigenic fungi adapting or mutating, as it will be quicker. TTF produce a range of secondary metabolites, or potential mycotoxins and patulin which may become a new threat. In addition, Aspergillus fumigatus will appear more frequently, a serious human pathogen, because it is (a) thermotolerant and (b) present on crops: hence this is an even greater problem. An incubation temperature of 41 °C needs employing forthwith to detect TTF. Finally, TTF in crops requires study because of the potential for diseases in humans and animals under climate change.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jha SN, Jaiswal P, Grewal MK, Gupta M, Bhardwaj R. Detection of Adulterants and Contaminants in Liquid Foods-A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1662-84. [PMID: 25975571 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.798257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk and fruit juices have paramount importance in human diet. Increasing demand of these liquid foods has made them vulnerable to economic adulteration during processing and in supply chain. Adulterants are difficult to detect by consumers and thus necessitating the requirement of rapid, accurate and sensitive detection. The potential adulterants in milk and fruit juices and their limits set by different regulatory bodies have been briefly described in this review. Potential advantages and limitations of various techniques such as physicochemical methods, chromatography, immunoassays, molecular, electrical, spectroscopy with chemometrics, electronic nose, and biosensors have been described. Spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has shown potential for rapid, precise, and sensitive detection of potential adulterants in these liquid foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Narayan Jha
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Pranita Jaiswal
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Manpreet Kaur Grewal
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Mansha Gupta
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Rishi Bhardwaj
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seasonally Feed-Related Aflatoxins B1 and M1 Spread in Semiarid Industrial Dairy Herd and Its Deteriorating Impacts on Food and Immunity. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/4067989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To comparatively determine the levels of aflatoxin (AF) B1 in feedstuffs and of AFM1 in milk from semiarid industrial cattle farms in northeastern Iran during four seasons and to elucidate the effects of mixed AFB1 and AFM1 on bovine granulocytes, 72 feedstuffs (concentrate, silage, and totally mixed ration (TMR)) and 200 bulk milk samples were simultaneously collected for ELISA-based AFs detection. Isolated blood and milk neutrophils (n=8/treatment) were also preincubated with mix of 10 ng/ml AFB1 and 10 ng/ml AFM1 for 12 h; the impact was assessed on neutrophils functions. AFB1 levels in feedstuffs averaged 28 μg/kg (4–127 μg/kg), with TMR maximal (38±6.3 μg/kg), concentrate (32±6.5 μg/kg), and silage (16±1.5 μg/kg). The levels of AFB1 and AFM1 in feedstuffs and milk averaged 42±9.3, 27±2.8, 26±4.1, and 18.5±2.8 μg/kg and 85±7.3, 62±6.1, 46±6.2, and 41±6.5 ppb μg/kg in winter (maximal), autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Mix of AFB1 and AFM1 weakened various functions of granulocytes. It adds new reason why during winter semiarid raised food-producing animals show more immune-incompetence.
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- Microbiology Department and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Climate impact on Alternaria moulds and their mycotoxins in fresh produce: The case of the tomato chain. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
15
|
Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Ariño A. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in cow and buffalo milk samples from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 4:282-8. [PMID: 24786252 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.637237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A total of 178 milk samples (94 of buffalo and 84 of cow) were randomly taken from Punjab and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan (n = 89 in each province) and analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by HPLC-FLD. From Punjab about 46% of buffalo's and 49% of cow's milks were contaminated with AFM1 as compared with 52% and 51% for milk samples from NWFP, respectively. Overall, the mean AFM1 concentration was 0.046 µg kg(-1) with a maximum of 0.350 µg kg(-1). All samples complied with the Codex Alimentarius limit of 0.50 µg kg(-1) for AFM1 in milk, but 16.3% of samples exceeded the European Union maximum level of 0.05 µg kg(-1). Another set of 415 buffalo's and cow's milk samples (213 morning milks and 202 evening milks) were analysed. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between mean AFM1 concentrations in milk during the morning (0.043 µg kg(-1)) and the evening (0.028 µg kg(-1)) lactation times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Z Iqbal
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , GC University Faisalabad , 38000, Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Golge O, Hepsag F, Kabak B. Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in chilli commercialised in Turkey. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Selamat J. Aflatoxin M1 in milk from urban and rural farmhouses of Punjab, Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 7:17-20. [PMID: 24779973 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.828322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined in 107 milk samples collected from urban and rural farmhouses from Punjab, Pakistan, by HPLC with fluorescence detection. An incidence rate of 64% (38/59) in milk samples from urban farmhouses was found, with a mean concentration of 0.064 ± 0.023 μg L(-1). In rural samples about 52% (25/48) of milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, with a mean of 0.04 ± 0.034 μg L(-1). About 42% of milk samples from urban and 27% from rural farmhouses were well above the limit permitted by the European Union (EU). However, only 15% and 8% of milk samples from urban and rural farmhouses, respectively, exceeded the limit of USDA/Codex regulations. The results showed that the contamination of milk with AFM1 from Punjab, Pakistan, when compared with Codex limit is present and needs continuous monitoring. The awareness and education among dairy farmers on the potential health risks associated with aflatoxins should be communicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khan MA, Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Ahmed A, Shamsuddin ZA. Aflatoxins contamination and prevention in red chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) in Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 7:1-6. [PMID: 24779970 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.825330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During 2006-2011, 331 red chilli samples (226 whole, 69 powdered and 36 crushed) were collected from all over Pakistan for the estimation of total aflatoxins (AFs = AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) contamination by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mean AFs levels in whole, powdered and crushed chillies were 11.7, 27.8 and 31.2 µg kg(-1), respectively. AFs levels in 62.4% of whole, 26.1% of powdered and 19.4% of crushed chillies were found lower than the maximum limit (ML = 10 µg kg(-1)) as assigned by the European Union. Furthermore, whole (27.9%), powdered (28%) and crushed (27.8%) chillies showed AFs contamination which ranged between 10 and 20 µg kg(-1). However, 9.7% of whole, 46% of powdered and 52.8% of crushed chillies showed AFs levels beyond the ML of 20 µg kg(-1) as assigned by the USDA. It was concluded that AFs contamination in chillies requires further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis. Furthermore, proper harvesting, drying, handling, storage and transport conditions need to be employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Ahmed Khan
- a Food and Feed Safety Laboratory , Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi , Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Zuber M, Akhtar J, Jawwad Saif M. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in commercial chilli and chilli sauce samples. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2011-2012. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2011 and mid- 2012. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. A section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices is also included. Methods for mycotoxin determination continue to be developed using a wide range of analytical systems ranging from rapid immunochemical-based methods to the latest advances in mass spectrometry. This review follows the format of previous reviews in this series (i.e. sections on individual mycotoxins), but due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of multimycotoxin methods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a separate section has been devoted to advances in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, National Centre for Food, km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.A. Jonker
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Ariño A, Akram N, Zuber M. Aflatoxin contamination in different fractions of rice from Pakistan and estimation of dietary intakes. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Effect of seasonal variations and lactation times on aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk of different species from Punjab, Pakistan. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
|