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Bacha SAS, Li Y, Nie J, Xu G, Han L, Farooq S. Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139757. [PMID: 37077634 PMCID: PMC10108681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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Scheibenzuber S, Dick F, Bretträger M, Gastl M, Asam S, Rychlik M. Development of analytical methods to study the effect of malting on levels of free and modified forms of Alternaria mycotoxins in barley. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:137-146. [PMID: 35396694 PMCID: PMC9038834 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) multi-mycotoxin method was developed for the analysis of the Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), altertoxin II (ATX II), alterperylenol (ALTP), and altenuene (ALT), as well as the modified toxins AOH-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), AME-3-glucoside (AME-3-G), AOH-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), and AME-3-sulfate (AME-3-S) in barley and malt. The toxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) was analyzed separately as it could not be included into the multi-mycotoxin method. Quantitation was conducted by using a combination of stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) for AOH, AME, and TeA, and matrix-matched calibration for all other toxins. Limits of detection were between 0.05 µg/kg (AME) and 2.45 µg/kg (ALT), whereas limits of quantitation ranged from 0.16 µg/kg (AME) to 8.75 µg/kg (ALT). Recoveries between 96 and 107% were obtained for the analytes when SIDA was applied, while recoveries between 84 and 112% were found for analytes quantified by matrix-matched calibration. The method was applied for the analysis of 50 barley samples and their respective malts from the harvest years 2016–2020 for their mycotoxin content, showing the overall potential of toxin formation during the malting process. The toxins ALTP and ATX I were mainly found in the malt samples, but not in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Fabian Dick
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Bretträger
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martina Gastl
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Beetroot Extracts against Alternaria alternata Mycotoxins on Potato Crop. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria species, mainly air-borne fungi, affect potato plants, causing black spots symptoms. Morphological identification, pathogenicity assessment, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular identification confirmed that all isolates were Alternaria alternata. The annotated sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN592771–MN592777. HPLC analysis revealed that the fungal isolates KH3 (133,200 ng/g) and NO3 (212,000 ng/g) produced higher levels of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), respectively. Beet ethanol extract (BEE) and beet methanol extract (BME) at different concentrations were used as antimycotoxins. BME decreased the production of mycotoxins by 66.99–99.79%. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.39%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In comparison, the most effective AME reduction rate (99.79%) was shown in the NO3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In the same way, BEE application resulted in 95.60–99.91% mycotoxin reduction. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.91%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BEE treatment, while the greatest AME reduction rate (99.68%) was shown in the Alam1 isolate with 75 µg/mL BEE treatment. GC-MS analysis showed that the main constituent in BME was the antioxidant compound 1-dodecanamine, n,n-dimethyl with a peak area of 43.75%. In contrast, oxirane, methyl- (23.22%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.72%); and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.32%) were the main components in BEE found by GC-MS. They are probably antimicrobial molecules and have an effect on the mycotoxin in general. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antimycotoxigenic activity of beet extracts against A. alternata mycotoxins-contaminated potato crops in Egypt, aimed to manage and save the environment.
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Wang F, Wan DB, Shen YD, Tian YX, Xiao ZL, Xu ZL, Yang JY, Sun YM, Hammock BD, Wang H. Development of a chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of tenuazonic acid mycotoxin in fruit juices with a specific camel polyclonal antibody. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1795-1802. [PMID: 33885655 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) in foods is identified as the most toxic mycotoxin among the over 70 kinds of secondary toxic metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata. Some hapten-antibody-mediated immunoassays have been developed for TeA detection in food samples, but these methods show unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In this study, a rationally designed hapten for TeA mycotoxin generated with computer-assisted modeling was prepared to produce a highly specific camel polyclonal antibody, and an indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (icCLEIA) was established with a limit of detection of 0.2 ng mL-1 under optimized conditions. The cross-reactivity results showed that several analogs and some common mycotoxins had negligible recognition by the anti-TeA polyclonal antibody. The average recoveries spiked in fruit juices were determined to be 92.7% with an acceptable coefficient of variation, and good correlations between icCLEIA and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results were obtained in spiked samples. This developed icCLEIA for TeA detection with significantly improved sensitivity and satisfactory specificity is a promising alternative for environmental monitoring and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - De-Bin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Xin Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
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Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Analysis and Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Grapes and Derived Products. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that can cause toxic effects in human and animal health. Most of the filamentous fungi that produce these mycotoxins belong to four genera, namely, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Mycotoxigenic fungi, along with mycotoxins, create a constant and serious economic threat for agriculture in many terms, counting product losses due to crop contamination and food spoilage, as well malnutrition when considering nutritional quality degradation. Given the importance of robust and precise diagnostics of mycotoxins and the related producing fungi in the grape food chain, one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide, the present review initially delivers a comprehensive presentation of mycotoxin reports on grape and derived products, including a wide range of commodities such as fresh grapes, raisins, wine, juices, and other processed products. Next, based on worldwide regulations’ requirements for mycotoxins, and referring to the relative literature, this work presents methodological approaches for mycotoxin determination, and stresses major methods for the detection of fungal species responsible for mycotoxin production. The principle of function and basic technical background on the available analytical and molecular biology techniques developed—including chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunochemical-based assays, biosensors, and molecular assays—is briefly given, and references for their application to grape and derived product testing are highlighted.
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Gotthardt M, Asam S, Gunkel K, Moghaddam AF, Baumann E, Kietz R, Rychlik M. Quantitation of Six Alternaria Toxins in Infant Foods Applying Stable Isotope Labeled Standards. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30787913 PMCID: PMC6373459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria fungi are widely distributed saprophytes and plant pathogens. As pathogens, Alternaria fungi infect crops and vegetables and cause losses in the fields and during postharvest storage. While farmers suffer from declining yields, consumers are endangered by the formation of secondary metabolites, because some of these exhibit a pronounced toxicological potential. The evaluation of the toxicological capabilities is still ongoing and will contribute to a valid risk assessment. Additionally, data on the incidence and the quantity of Alternaria mycotoxins found in food products is necessary for dietary exposure evaluations. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), alterperylenol (ALTP), and tenuazonic acid (TA) was developed. AOH, AME, and TA were quantified using stable-isotopically labeled standards. TEN, ATX I, and ALTP were determined using matrix matched calibration. The developed method was validated by using starch and fresh tomato matrix and resulted in limits of detection ranging from 0.05 to 1.25 μg/kg for starch (as a model for cereals) and from 0.01 to 1.36 μg/kg for fresh tomatoes. Limits of quantification were determined between 0.16 and 4.13 μg/kg for starch and between 0.02 and 5.56 μg/kg for tomatoes. Recoveries varied between 83 and 108% for starch and between 95 and 111% for tomatoes. Intra-day precisions were below 4% and inter-day precisions varied from 3 to 8% in both matrices. Various cereal based infant foods, jars containing vegetables and fruits as well as tomato products for infants were analyzed for Alternaria mycotoxin contamination (n = 25). TA was the most frequently determined mycotoxin and was detected in much higher contents than the other toxins. AME and TEN were quantified in many samples, but in low concentrations, whereas AOH, ATX I, and ALTP were determined rarely, among which AOH had higher concentration. Some infant food products were highly contaminated with Alternaria mycotoxins and the consumption of these individual products might pose a risk to the health of infants. However, when the mean or median is considered, no toxicological risk was obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gotthardt
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klara Gunkel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Atefeh Fooladi Moghaddam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth Baumann
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Kietz
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Oliveira RCD, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Correa B. Epicoccum sorghinum in food: occurrence, genetic aspects and tenuazonic acid production. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prendes LP, Fontana AR, Merín MG, D´ Amario Fernández A, Bottini R, Ramirez ML, Morata de Ambrosini VI. Natural occurrence and production of tenuazonic acid in wine grapes in Argentina. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:523-531. [PMID: 29876102 PMCID: PMC5980183 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey was carried out to determine natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid (TA) in healthy and rotten wine grapes samples from different varieties (n = 37) collected during 2016 vintage in the region of DOC San Rafael (Argentina). In addition, inoculation experiments with three Alternaria alternata strains in wine grapes were done to elucidate TA production and its major influencing factors. The 16.2% (6/37) of total wine grape samples showed TA contamination with 4% (1/25) of incidence in healthy samples (77 μg·kg-1) and 42% (5/12) in rotten samples (10-778 μg·kg-1). Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah varieties showed TA contamination, whereas Bonarda, Ancelota, Torrontés, Semillón, and Chenin did not. During inoculation experiments in wine grapes, two of three strains were able to produce TA among the evaluated conditions and the highest TA production was observed at 15°C and 25°C after 24 days of incubation. Nutritional composition of grapes results appropriate for A. alternata infection and TA production and, together with the adequate field conditions, favors TA natural occurrence in wine grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P. Prendes
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la IndustriaUniversidad Nacional de CuyoSan RafaelArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Sede CentralBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ariel R. Fontana
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de MendozaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoChacras de CoriaArgentina
| | - María G. Merín
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la IndustriaUniversidad Nacional de CuyoSan RafaelArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Sede CentralBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Agustina D´ Amario Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de MendozaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoChacras de CoriaArgentina
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de MendozaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoChacras de CoriaArgentina
| | - María L. Ramirez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Sede CentralBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e InmunologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico‐Químicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoRío CuartoArgentina
| | - Vilma I. Morata de Ambrosini
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la IndustriaUniversidad Nacional de CuyoSan RafaelArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Sede CentralBuenos AiresArgentina
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Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid Detection and Molecular Modeling Studies of Antibody Recognition. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gambacorta L, Magistà D, Perrone G, Murgolo S, Logrieco A, Solfrizzo M. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five samples of a landrace of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) widely cultivated in Basilicata (Italy) were screened for 17 mycotoxins and potential toxigenic fungal species. Two different LC-MS/MS methods were used for the determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria mycotoxins altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Frequency of potential toxigenic fungal species occurrence was: 87% Aspergillus Sect. Nigri; 58% Aspergillus Sect. Flavi; 38% Aspergillus Sect. Circumdati; 42% Alternaria spp.; 33% Penicillium spp. and 20% Fusarium spp. Frequency of mycotoxin occurrence and mean of positives were: 51% OTA, 29.5 µg/kg, 5 samples above the EU limit of 20 µg/kg; 31% aflatoxins, 12.8 µg/kg, two samples above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1; 91% ZEA, 1.4 µg/kg; 78% FB2, 7.6 µg/kg; 58% FB1, 22.8 µg/kg; 38% NIV, 39.5 µg/kg; 36% DON, 6.9 µg/kg; 20% T-2 toxin, 5.6 µg/kg and 22% HT-2 toxin, 13.8 µg/kg. For the Alternaria mycotoxins, 100% of samples contained TeA, 4817.9 µg/kg; 93% TTX, 29.7 µg/kg; 56% AOH, 114.4 µg/kg; 33% AME, 13.0 µg/kg and 9% ALT, 61.7 µg/kg. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in each sample ranged from 2 to 16 mycotoxins (mean 7). No statistical correlation was found between moulds and their mycotoxins occurrence. Within the four groups of peppers collected herein (fresh, dried, grounded and fried) higher percentages of contamination and mycotoxin levels were measured in grounded peppers, whereas much lower values were observed for fried peppers. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study confirm the susceptibility of peppers to mycotoxin contamination and claims for an improvement of the conditions used during production and drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Magistà
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. Murgolo
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - A.F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Meena M, Swapnil P, Upadhyay RS. Isolation, characterization and toxicological potential of Alternaria-mycotoxins (TeA, AOH and AME) in different Alternaria species from various regions of India. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8777. [PMID: 28821789 PMCID: PMC5562829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species produce various sorts of toxic metabolites during their active growth and causes severe diseases in many plants by limiting their productivity. These toxic metabolites incorporate various mycotoxins comprising of dibenzo-α-pyrone and some tetramic acid derivatives. In this study, we have screened out total 48 isolates of Alternaria from different plants belonging to different locations in India, on the basis of their pathogenic nature. Pathogenicity testing of these 48 strains on susceptible tomato variety (CO-3) showed 27.08% of the strains were highly pathogenic, 35.41% moderately pathogenic and 37.5% were less pathogenic. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of at least eight evolutionary cluster of the pathogen. Toxins (TeA, AOH and AME) were isolated, purified on the basis of column chromatography and TLC, and further confirmed by the HPLC-UV chromatograms using standards. The final detection of toxins was done by the LC-MS/MS analysis by their mass/charge ratio. The present study develops an approach to classify the toxicogenic effect of each of the individual mycotoxins on tomato plant and focuses their differential susceptibility to develop disease symptoms. This study represents the report of the natural occurrence and distribution of Alternaria toxins in various plants from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Abstract
Alternariais one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites.Alternariamycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence ofAlternariamycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products—mainly tomato and apples—while cereals and cereal by-products represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilution-direct injection (both 14%). High- and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.
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Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in sorghum grains and sorghum-based infant food. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:75-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Risk evaluation of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in foods for adults and infants and subsequent risk management. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hövelmann Y, Hickert S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Determination of Exposure to the Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid and Its Isomer allo-Tenuazonic Acid in a German Population by Stable Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS(3). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6641-6647. [PMID: 27452834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The content of the Alternaria toxin tenuazonic acid and its isomer allo-tenuazonic acid was quantitated in urine of a German cohort (n = 48) using a newly developed and successfully validated solid phase extraction based stable isotope dilution HPLC-MS(3) method. Tenuazonic acid was detected in all of the samples and quantifiable in 97.9% of these samples in a range of 0.16-44.4 ng/mL (average = 6.58 ng/mL) or 0.07-63.8 ng/mg creatinine (average = 8.13 ng/mg creatinine). allo-Tenuazonic acid was for the first time detected in human urine (95.8% of the samples positive) and quantitated in 68.8% of the samples in a range of 0.11-5.72 ng/mL (average = 1.25 ng/mL) or 0.08-10.1 ng/mg creatinine (average = 1.52 ng/mg creatinine), representing 3.40-25.0% of the sum of both isomers (average = 12.4%). Food-frequency questionnaires were used to document food consumption of study participants to correlate mycotoxin exposure to nutritional habits. Although no statistically significant correlation between consumption of a specific food and urinary excretion of tenuazonic acid could be determined, a trend regarding elevated intake of cereal products and higher excretion of tenuazonic acid was evident. On the basis of these results, a provisional mean daily intake (PDI) for both tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid was calculated, being 0.183 and 0.025 μg/kg body weight, respectively. A combined mean PDI for both isomers amounts to 0.208 μg/kg body weight with the highest individual PDI for one of the participants (1.582 μg/kg body weight) slightly exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern assumed for tenuazonic acid by the European Food Safety Authority of 1.500 μg/kg body weight. This is the first study to investigate the tenuazonic acid content in human urine of a larger sample cohort enabling the calculation of PDIs for tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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18
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Possibility of Alternaria toxins reduction by extrusion processing of whole wheat flour. Food Chem 2016; 213:784-790. [PMID: 27451248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first report about possibility of reduction of Alternaria toxins in wheat using the extrusion process. Effects of extrusion processing parameters - moisture content (w=16, 20, 24g/100g), feeding rate (q=15, 20, 25kg/h), and screw speed (v=300, 390, 480rpm), on reduction rate of tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), in whole wheat flour were investigated. Temperature ranged between 111.1 and 160.8°C, while the absolute pressure was from 0.17 to 0.23MPa. The simultaneous influence of w and v was the most important for TeA reduction (p<0.05), while v and q were the most influential for AOH reduction (p<0.01). Level of AME reduction was mostly influenced by w and v (p<0.10). Optimal parameters for reduction of all three Alternaria toxins were as follows: w=24g/100g, q=25kg/h, v=390rpm, with a reduction of 65.6% for TeA, 87.9% for AOH and 94.5% for AME.
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19
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Walravens J, Mikula H, Rychlik M, Asam S, Devos T, Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Jacxsens L, Van Landschoot A, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5101-5109. [PMID: 27180605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (alternariol (1), alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7-5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0-110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (<LOQ to 333 μg/kg), while 1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21-86%, <LOQ to 62 μg/kg). Moreover, low levels (<LOQ to 9.9 μg/kg) of modified Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Walravens
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Devos
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Vyhnánek T, Machálková Z, Trojan V, Hanáček P, Šafránková I, Havel L. Qualitative Detection of Fungal Contamination in Paprika Powder. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Vyhnánek
- Department of Plant Biology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Machálková
- Department of Plant Biology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Václav Trojan
- Department of Plant Biology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hanáček
- Department of Plant Biology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Šafránková
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine Faculty of AgriSciences; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
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21
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Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in wine and juice using ionic liquid modified countercurrent chromatography as a pretreatment method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Fontana AR, Prendes LP, Morata VI, Bottini R. High-throughput modified QuEChERS method for the determination of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in wine grapes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22990e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and validation of a robust QuEChERS method for the quantification of tenuazonic acid in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel R. Fontana
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5528AHB Chacras de Coria
| | - Luciana P. Prendes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5600 San Rafael
- Argentina
| | - Vilma I. Morata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5600 San Rafael
- Argentina
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5528AHB Chacras de Coria
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23
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Non-synergistic cytotoxic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria toxin combinations in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:1-8. [PMID: 26529482 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins via food and feed generally involves a conglomeration of compounds contaminating the consumed products. Investigations on combinatory effects of mycotoxins are therefore of great importance. In this study, cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of the Fusarium toxins enniatin B, aurofusarin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone, and tenuazonic acid produced by Alternaria spp., were evaluated by the WST-1 assay in the colorectal carcinoma cell-line Caco-2 after 24h of incubation. The selection of these mycotoxins was based on typically occurring natural contamination patterns in grains. Aurofusarin, which can be found abundantly in contaminated foodstuff and has not been toxicologically characterized properly so far, showed pronounced cytotoxicity, decreasing the mitochondrial activity at 10μM to 51% compared to a solvent control. Combinations of other mycotoxins with aurofusarin showed additive effects. In contrast, binary mixtures of enniatin B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone at cytotoxic concentrations, predominantly resulted in antagonistic effects. Binary combinations of these four Fusarium toxins with tenuazonic acid also revealed interacting effects leading to a decrease in cytotoxicity, compared to expected combinatory effects. Especially in combination with deoxynivalenol, tenuazonic acid was found to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of this mycotoxin in Caco-2 cells. Synergistic effects were not observed for any toxin combination under the chosen conditions.
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24
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Fraeyman S, Devreese M, Broekaert N, De Mil T, Antonissen G, De Baere S, De Backer P, Rychlik M, Croubels S. Quantitative Determination of Tenuazonic Acid in Pig and Broiler Chicken Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Its Comparative Toxicokinetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8560-8567. [PMID: 26371380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantitate tenuazonic acid (TeA) in pig and broiler chicken plasma was successfully developed and validated. Linear matrix-matched calibration curves ranged between 5 and 200 ng/mL. Correlation coefficients, goodness-of-fit coefficients, and within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell well within the acceptance criteria. The limit of quantitation was 5.0 ng/mL in both pig and broiler chicken plasma. The LC-MS/MS method was applied in a comparative toxicokinetic study in both pigs and broiler chickens. TeA was completely bioavailable after oral administration in both animal species. However, absorption was deemed to be slower in broiler chickens (mean tmax 0.32 h in pigs vs 2.60 h in chickens). TeA was more slowly eliminated in broiler chickens (mean t1/2el 0.55 h in pigs vs 2.45 h in chickens after oral administration), mainly due to the significantly lower total body clearance (mean Cl 446.1 mL/h/kg in pigs vs 59.2 mL/h/kg in chickens after oral administration). Tissue residue studies and further research to elucidate the biotransformation and excretion processes of TeA in pigs, broiler chickens, and other animal species are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
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25
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Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Siciliano I, Ortu G, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Mycotoxin production in liquid culture and on plants infected with Alternaria spp. isolated from rocket and cabbage. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:743-54. [PMID: 25751147 PMCID: PMC4379522 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Alternaria are common pathogens of fruit and vegetables with some species able to produce secondary metabolites dangerous to human health. Twenty-eight Alternaria isolates from rocket and cabbage were investigated for their mycotoxin production. Five different Alternaria toxins were extracted from synthetic liquid media and from plant material (cabbage, cultivated rocket, cauliflower). A modified Czapek-Dox medium was used for the in vitro assay. Under these conditions, more than 80% of the isolates showed the ability to produce at least one mycotoxin, generally with higher levels for tenuazonic acid. However, the same isolates analyzed in vivo seemed to lose their ability to produce tenuazonic acid. For the other mycotoxins; alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo production was observed. In vitro assay is a useful tool to predict the possible mycotoxin contamination under field and greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Siciliano
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ortu
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
- DISAFA-Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
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27
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Walravens J, Mikula H, Rychlik M, Asam S, Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Van Landschoot A, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated Alternaria toxins in cereal-based foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:91-101. [PMID: 25465007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of free (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, altertoxin-I) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether) Alternaria toxins in cereals and cereal products (rice, oat flakes and barley) was developed. Optimization of the sample preparation and extraction methodology was achieved through experimental design, using full factorial design for extraction solvent composition optimization and fractional factorial design to identify the critical factors in the sample preparation protocol, which were in turn subjected to optimization. Final extracts were analysed using an Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Quattro Premier XE mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7min. Subsequently, the method, applying isotopically labelled internal standards ([2H4]-alternariol monomethyl ether and [13C6,15N]-tenuazonic acid), was validated for several parameters such as linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, measurement uncertainty and specificity (in agreement with the criteria mentioned in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC). During validation, quality of the bioanalytical data was improved by counteracting the observed heteroscedasticity through the application of weighted least squares linear regression (WLSLR). Finally, 24 commercially available cereal-based foodstuffs were subjected to analysis, revealing the presence of tenuazonic acid in both rice and oat flake samples (<LOQ - 68±7μgkg-1) and tentoxin in rice samples (<LOQ - 10.9±2.0μgkg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Walravens
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Müller ME, Korn U. Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat – A 10 years survey in the Northeast of Germany. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Development of analytical methods for the determination of tenuazonic acid analogues in food commodities. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:27-36. [PMID: 23578482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TA, biosynthesized by the fungus from the amino acid isoleucine) derived from valine (ValTA), leucine (LeuTA), alanine (AlaTA) and phenylalanine (PheTA) were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Concentrations of stock solutions were determined by quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR). Two analytical methods based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and MS detection were developed, one with derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and one without derivatization. Limits of detection (LODs) were between 1-3 μg/kg (with derivatization) and 50-80 μg/kg (without derivatization). Respective limits of quantitation (LOQs) were about three times higher. Beside TA, the analogues LeuTA (about 4% of TA content) and ValTA (about 10% of TA content) were found in highly contaminated sorghum infant cereals and sorghum grains. Other analogues were not detected. Quantification of LeuTA and ValTA was performed using [(13)C6,(15)N]-TA as internal standard and matrix matched calibration. Recovery was between 95±11% and 102±10% for both compounds. Precision (relative standard deviation of triplicate sorghum cereal analyses three times during 3 weeks) was 7% for TA (912±60 μg/kg), 17% for LeuTA (43±8 μg/kg) and 19% for ValTA (118±22 μg/kg). These results indicate that several TA-like compounds, which are not yet characterized in aspects of their toxic properties, were detected in sorghum based infant food highly contaminated with TA, already.
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30
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Determination of tenuazonic acid in human urine by means of a stable isotope dilution assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4149-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Asam S, Rychlik M. Potential health hazards due to the occurrence of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in infant food. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Lohrey L, Marschik S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Large-scale synthesis of isotopically labeled 13C2-tenuazonic acid and development of a rapid HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of tenuazonic acid in tomato and pepper products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:114-120. [PMID: 23230907 DOI: 10.1021/jf305138k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid is a fungal secondary metabolite that is produced by a number of Alternaria species and is therefore a natural contaminant of food and feed samples. This paper describes a new strategy for the efficient and economical large-scale synthesis of the isotopically labeled internal standard (13)C(2)-tenuazonic acid via a three-step procedure. Furthermore, a new reliable and quick method based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) cleanup is presented for the determination of tenuazonic acid in food and feed samples utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) by application of the stable isotope dilution analysis. This new method has a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.86 μg/kg and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 2.89 μg/kg. In total 26 tomato samples and 4 bell pepper samples from the German market were analyzed. Tenuazonic acid was found in each sample with levels from 3 to 2330 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Lohrey
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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33
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Scott PM, Zhao W, Feng S, Lau BPY. Alternaria toxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in grain foods in Canada. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:261-6. [PMID: 23087499 PMCID: PMC3475969 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata has been reported to be the most common fungus on Canadian Western wheat. The Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are mutagenic in vitro and there is also limited evidence for carcinogenic properties. They have been found in wheat from Europe, Argentina, China and Australia, but they have not been looked for in Canadian grains or grain foods. In the present study, 83 samples of grain-based food sold in Canada, including flour, bran, breakfast cereals, infant cereals and bread, were analysed for AOH and AME using extraction with methanol, clean-up on combined aminopropyl/C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) columns, and liquid chromatography (LC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) determination. The overall average recoveries of AOH and AME from a variety of spiked cereal foods (n = 13) were 45 ± 9% and 53 ± 9%, which could be attributed mainly to MS matrix effects The instrumental limits of detection (LOD) were 0.34 ng/g and 0.13 ng/g for AOH and AME, respectively, and the instrumental limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.1 and 0.43 ng/g. Of 83 samples analysed, 70 were positive for AOH (up to 63 ng/g, in a soft wheat bran) and 64 contained AME (up to 12 ng/g in a bran-based breakfast cereal). Of particular interest was the presence of AOH and/or AME in 27 out of 30 infant foods (up to 4.4 ng/g and 9.0 ng/g, respectively, in a sample of multigrain cereal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Scott
- Health Canada, Food Research Division, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada.
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Broggi L, Reynoso C, Resnik S, Martinez F, Drunday V, Bernal ÁR. Occurrence of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in beverages from the Entre Rios Province market, Argentina. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 29:17-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Multi-microbial metabolites in fonio millet (acha) and sesame seeds in Plateau State, Nigeria. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gross M, Curtui V, Ackermann Y, Latif H, Usleber E. Enzyme immunoassay for tenuazonic acid in apple and tomato products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12317-12322. [PMID: 22054343 DOI: 10.1021/jf203540y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid was derivatized with succinic anhydride and conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), respectively. The KLH conjugate was used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. A competitive direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for tenuazonic acid was established, which was moderately sensitive for tenuazonic acid [50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)): 320 ± 130 ng/mL] but strongly reacted with tenuazonic acid acetate (IC(50): 23.3 ± 7.5 ng/mL). Therefore, an optimized EIA protocol was established, which employed acetylation of standard and sample extract solutions. The mean standard curve detection limit (IC(30)) for tenuazonic acid acetate was 5.4 ± 2.0 ng/mL, enabling detection limits for tenuazonic acid in apple and tomato products of 25-50 ng/g (150 ng/g in tomato paste). Recoveries in a concentration range of 50-2000 ng/g were 60-130% in apple juice and tomato juice and 40-150% in other tomato products. Tenuazonic acid was detected in apple juice and tomato products from German retail shops at levels of 50-200 ng/g. In conclusion, this novel EIA for tenuazonic acid could be useful within a screening program for Alternaria mycotoxins in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Gross
- Chair of Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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