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Aloui A, Salah-Abbès JB, Zinedine A, Meile JC, Riba A, Durand N, Montet D, Abbès S, Brabet C. Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:274-287. [PMID: 37387604 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2219996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty two mycotoxins in 136 durum wheat collected from Tunisia in 2020 and 2021 were investigated. Mycotoxins were analyzed by UHPLCMS/MS. In 2020, 60.9% of the samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or enniatin. Whereas, in 2021, 34.4% were contaminated by enniatins. AFB1 was detected only in 2020, in the continental region (6/46) and all samples exceeded limits. AFB1 was detected in stored wheat (24-37.8 µg/kg) but also in pre-stored wheat (17-28.4 µg/kg) and in one sample collected in the field (21 µg/kg). Enniatin A1, enniatin B and enniatin B1 were detected in wheat collected in the field (30-7684 µg/kg), pre-storage (42-1266 µg/kg) and storage (65.8-498.2 µg/kg) from the continental region also, in sample collected in pre-storage (31.3-1410 µg/kg) and at harvest (48- 1060 µg/kg). Samples had a water activity less than 0.7 and moisture content ranged between 09-14%. AFB1 level represent a health risk to the Tunisian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aloui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Faculty of Sciences, BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Jean Christophe Meile
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Brabet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Quantitative Estimation of Aflatoxin Level in Poultry Feed in Selected Poultry Farms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5397561. [PMID: 35141333 PMCID: PMC8820898 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5397561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Statement of Novelty. Poultry feed contamination due to mycotoxins is one of the major threats to the growing poultry industry. Surveillance of different mycotoxins, including aflatoxin, is very important to control economic and health hazards associated with these toxins. Studies reporting aflatoxin levels in poultry feed are limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the occurrence of total aflatoxin in poultry feed. This study is the first-ever documentation about the frequency and quantitative estimations of total aflatoxin levels in poultry feed consumed to provide solid feedback to the poultry industrialists and researchers involved in studying the mycotoxins. Objective. Contamination of poultry feed with mycotoxins such as aflatoxin is a major concern for the poultry industry that results in a significant economic loss and directly affects consumers. Monitoring the aflatoxin levels in poultry feed is crucial for controlling economic loss and decreasing the health hazards to the population. This study was conducted to examine the occurrence of total aflatoxin in poultry feed in a high consumption area. Three different poultry feeds, i.e., starter, grower, and finisher, were assessed through continuous sampling from farms. The incidence of positive samples for aflatoxin contamination was 92.5%. Grower feed had the highest frequency (100%) of aflatoxin positive samples and aflatoxin levels with a mean value of 56.34 ppb. Further, the range of moisture content was around 6.8%-10.98%. No significant correlation between humidity and aflatoxin contamination was revealed when analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient with r2 of 0.05 and p value of 0.13. The results warrant the need for constant monitoring programs for the prevention of aflatoxin contamination in local poultry farms
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Pena GA, Cardenas MA, Monge MP, Yerkovich N, Planes GA, Chulze SN. Reduction of Fusarium proliferatum growth and fumonisin accumulation by ZnO nanoparticles both on a maize based medium and irradiated maize grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109510. [PMID: 34974282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antifungal effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on Fusarium proliferatum growth and fumonisin accumulation both on a maize-based medium (in vitro) and on irradiated maize grains (in situ). The ZnO-NPs were obtained by drop-by-drop synthesis without further thermal treatment and characterized by scanning electronic microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM analysis showed them as thin flakes of 200 × 200 nm, ~30 nm thickness and its purity were confirmed by XRD. During the in vitro assay ZnO-NPs (0, 0.8; 4, 8 g L-1) were evaluated at 25 °C during 21 days under darkness or photoperiod incubation (12/12 h light (cold white and black fluorescent lamps)/darkness) to determine its possible photocatalytic influence. Fumonisins were detected by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC- MS/MS). All ZnO-NPs concentrations significantly affected growth rates and FB1 accumulation by F. proliferatum RCFP 5033 (p < 0.05). Similar reduction of growth and FB1 (%) was observed at 0.8 and 8 g L-1 ZnO-NPs under photoperiod or darkness incubation. FB1 reduction was observed after 14 and 21 days, although the highest reduction occurred after 14 days under photoperiod incubation (84-98%). No clear light enhancing effect on the antifungal and anti-mycotoxin capability of the ZnO-NPs was observed. Morphological alterations in mycelia and conidia were observed by SEM. Under the in situ assay, the effect of the ZnO-NPs (0, 0.4, 0.8, 2 g kg-1) on growth rates and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 accumulation by two F. proliferatum strains was evaluated on irradiated maize grains adjusted to 0.995, 0.98 and 0.97 aW in darkness at 25 °C during 21 days. Also, zinc acetate at 0.8 g kg-1 was included to compare their antifungal effect against the same ZnO-NPs concentration. Growth rates decreased significantly as ZnO-NPs concentrations increased. Higher than 60% of growth reduction was observed for both F. proliferatum strains. Zinc acetate significantly reduced growth, although it was less efficient that the same ZnO-NPs concentration. ZnO-NPs reduced total fumonisins accumulation by 71-99% at 0.8-2 g kg-1 ZnO-NPs and 0.98-0.995 aW. Moreover, 0.4 g kg-1 ZnO-NPs also produced significant reduction of the 3 fumonisins. This study showed the application of ZnO-NPs in maize grains could be a low cost and environmental impact strategy to control phytopathogen and toxigenic fungi such as F. proliferatum and to reduce fumonisins accumulation, both during crop development at preharvest stage and during maize storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pena
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina - National University of Río Cuarto, Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M A Cardenas
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina - National University of Río Cuarto, Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M P Monge
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina - National University of Río Cuarto, Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N Yerkovich
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina - National University of Río Cuarto, Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G A Planes
- Research Institute for Energy Technologies and Advanced Materials (IITEMA) - CONICET- UNRC. Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S N Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina - National University of Río Cuarto, Road 36, Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NI, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Prevalence of mycotoxigenic fungi and assessment of aflatoxin contamination: a multiple case study along the integrated corn-based poultry feed supply chain in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1812-1821. [PMID: 32893877 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn, a main feed ingredient in the livestock industry, is one of the most susceptible crops to fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination. Livestock feeding on aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated feed have been shown to experience feed refusal, and decreased growth rate, milk production, and feed efficiency. In poultry, AF poisoning causes weight loss, poor feed efficiency, and reduced egg production and egg weight. The present work therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of mycotoxigenic fungi and the occurrence of AF contamination along the integrated corn-based poultry feed supply chain in Malaysia. A total of 51 samples were collected from different points along the feed supply chain from integrated poultry feed companies. The samples were subjected to mycological analyses (fungal isolation, enumeration, identification), and AFs were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). RESULTS Samples collected from sampling point 1 (company A) and sampling point 9 (company B) yielded the highest total fungal load (>log 4 CFU g-1 ). The prevalent fungal genera isolated were Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 8.3% of corn samples, and 7.4% of corn-based poultry feed samples along the feed supply chain, whereas AFs B2 , G1 , and G2 were not detected. CONCLUSION The incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi along the integrated poultry feed supply chain warrant continuous monitoring of mycotoxin contamination to reduce the exposure risk of mycotoxin intake in poultry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafidah Nasaruddin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Ip Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nitty H Kamarulzaman
- Laboratory of Halal Policy and Management, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Chiotta ML, Fumero MV, Cendoya E, Palazzini JM, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Ramirez ML, Chulze SN. Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:339-347. [PMID: 32718824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
| | - María Verónica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Hernández-Ramírez JO, Nava-Ramírez MJ, Merino-Guzmán R, Téllez-Isaías G, Vázquez-Durán A, Méndez-Albores A. The effect of moderate-dose aflatoxin B 1 and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:31-39. [PMID: 31297722 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability was investigated. Two hundred 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments of 5 replicates each (10 birds per replicate), which were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with the following treatments: control, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet; AF, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet at 470 ng/g; SE, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet and challenged with 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis per bird at 18 days old; AF + SE, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet and challenged with 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis per bird at 18 days old. At day 21 of age, chicks received an oral gavage dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran) to evaluate gastrointestinal leakage. Blood and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate serum biochemistry and total intestinal IgA secretion, respectively. Liver tissues were aseptically collected to assess bacterial invasiveness and for histomorphological studies. The results showed that chickens receiving AFB1 presented a significant increment (up to 2.4-fold) in serum FITC-dextran concentration (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, S. Enteritidis infection had no additional effect on gastrointestinal leakage. Furthermore, the ingestion of AFB1 had no impact on the invasive potential of S. Enteritidis. These results suggest that moderate-dose AFB1 adversely affects intestinal barrier function resulting in increased gut permeability in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Hernández-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54714, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - M J Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54714, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - R Merino-Guzmán
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Téllez-Isaías
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - A Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54714, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54714, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Mexico.
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Omori AM, Ono EYS, Hirozawa MT, de Souza Suguiura IM, Hirooka EY, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Ono MA. Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E48. [PMID: 30658385 PMCID: PMC6356808 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides which are associated with poultry health hazard and great economic losses. The objective of the present study was to develop an immunological method to detect F. verticillioides in poultry feed samples. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a polyclonal antibody against 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen was developed to detect this fungus. Antibody anti-67 kDa protein showed cross-reactivity against F. graminearum (2⁻7%) and F. sporotrichioides (10%), but no or low cross-reactivity against Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. exoantigens. The detection limit for the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides was 29 ng/mL. Eighty-one poultry feed samples were analyzed for Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides and fumonisin concentrations. Eighty of the 81 feed samples (98.6%) showed Fusarium sp. contamination (mean 6.2 x 10⁴ CFU/g). Mean 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentration in the poultry feed samples was 21.0 µg/g and 1.02 µg/g, respectively. The concentration of 67 kDa protein, as determined by ic-ELISA correlated positively (p < 0.05) with fumonisin levels (r = 0.76). These results suggest that this ic-ELISA has potential to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Myuki Omori
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
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Greco M, Pardo A, Pose G, Patriarca A. Effect of water activity and temperature on the growth of Eurotium species isolated from animal feeds. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 35:39-48. [PMID: 29137926 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xerophilic fungi represent a serious problem due to their ability to grow at low water activities causing the spoiling of low and intermediate moisture foods, stored goods and animal feeds, with the consequent economic losses. AIMS The combined effect of water activity and temperature of four Eurotium species isolated from animal feeds was investigated. METHODS Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium chevalieri, Eurotium repens and Eurotium rubrum were grown at 5, 15, 25, 37 and 45°C on malt extract agar adjusted with glycerol in the range 0.710-0.993 of water activities. RESULTS The cardinal model proposed by Rosso and Robinson (2001) was applied to fit growth data, with the variable water activity at fixed temperatures, obtaining three cardinal water activities (awmin, awmax, awopt) and the specific growth rate at the optimum aw (μopt). A probabilistic model was also applied to define the interface between growth and no-growth. The cardinal model provided an adequate estimation of the optimal aw to grow and the maximum growth rate. The probabilistic model showed a good performance to fit growth/no-growth cases in the predicted range. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here could be applied to predict Eurotium species growth in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Greco
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Graciela Pose
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Mitre 331, 8336 Villa Regina, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 3 Piso, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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XIONG Y, MENG QS, GAO J, TANG XF, ZHANG HF. Effects of relative humidity on animal health and welfare. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2017; 16:1653-1658. [PMID: 32288955 PMCID: PMC7128667 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(16)61532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Farm animals are sources of meat, milk and eggs for the humans, and animal health ensures the quality and security of these agricultural and sideline products. The animal raising conditions in livestock stations and poultry houses play vital roles in both animal health and production. One of the major factors affecting raising conditions, relative humidity, has not received much attention even though it is important for animal husbandry. In this review, we summarize the impacts of relative humidity on animal health and welfare to draw attention for its importance in the improvement of animal raising conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang-fang TANG
- Correspondence TANG Xiang-fang, Tel: +86-10-62816076, Fax: +86-10-62819432
| | - Hong-fu ZHANG
- ZHANG Hong-fu, Tel: +86-10-62816013, Fax: +86-10-62818910
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Effect of γ-irradiation on fumonisin producing Fusarium associated with animal and poultry feed mixtures. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:57. [PMID: 28444604 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of animal and poultry feeds by Fusarium and the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 is frequent in the feed supply chain. The present study evaluated the prevalence of fumonisin B1 producing Fusarium among irradiated and non-irradiated animal and poultry feed mixtures. Further, the efficiency of γ-rays (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kGy) to minimize Fusarium growth and biosynthesis of fumonisin B1 in artificially inoculated feed was evaluated. A total of 108 feed samples were collected in which 45.37% of feed mixtures were contaminated with Fusarium species. Among the contaminated samples, the frequency levels of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were 42.59 and 24.07%, respectively. Out of the 98 Fusarium isolates from feed samples, 84.7% of F. verticillioides and 64.28% of F. proliferatum were positive for FUM1 set of primers. Fumonisin B1 biosynthesis by the FUM1 positive isolates in feed was confirmed by LC/MS which recorded 0.1-45 µg/g of feed. Fungal growth and viable count of Fusarium in PDA medium and feed decreased with increasing irradiation dosage. Interestingly, fumonisin content was 11 µg/g of feed in 2.5 kGy irradiated sample as compared to 5 µg/g of feed in non-irradiated control. Ionizing radiation at 7.5 kGy was found lethal for fungal growth and fumonisin production. Our findings suggest that γ-radiation above 7.5 kGy effectively prevented fungal growth in feed mixtures and minimized the exposure of animal and human life to the potential risk of mycotoxin. Also it is necessary to maintain proper storage system for feeds until consumption.
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Kovalsky P, Kos G, Nährer K, Schwab C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G, Sulyok M, Krska R. Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Finished Feed and Maize-An Extensive Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E363. [PMID: 27929415 PMCID: PMC5198557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global trade of agricultural commodities (e.g., animal feed) requires monitoring for fungal toxins. Also, little is known about masked and emerging toxins and metabolites. 1926 samples from 52 countries were analysed for toxins and metabolites. Of 162 compounds detected, up to 68 metabolites were found in a single sample. A subset of 1113 finished feed, maize and maize silage samples containing 57 compounds from 2012 to 2015 from 44 countries was investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins showed large increases of annual medians in Europe. Within a region, distinct trends were observed, suggesting importance of local meteorology and cultivars. In 2015, median DON concentrations increased to 1400 μ g·kg - 1 in Austria, but were stable in Germany at 350 μ g·kg - 1 . In 2014, enniatins occurred at median concentrations of 250 μ g·kg - 1 in Europe, at levels similar to DON and ZEN. The latter were frequently correlated with DON-3-glucoside and ZEN-14-sulfate. Co-occurrence of regulated toxins was frequent with e.g., enniatins, and moniliformin. Correlation was observed between DON and DON-3-glucoside and with beauvericin. Results indicate that considerably more than 25% of agricultural commodities could be contaminated with mycotoxins as suggested by FAO, although this is at least partly due to the lower limits of detection in the current survey. Observed contamination percentages ranged from 7.1 to 79% for B trichothecenes and 88% for ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
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12
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Bordini JG, Rossi CN, Ono MA, Hirooka EY, Sataque Ono EY. Exposure degree of broilers to ochratoxin A through naturally contaminated feed. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Gozzi Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; State University of Londrina; P.O. Box 10.011 Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Carolina Nachi Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; State University of Londrina; P.O. Box 10.011 Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences; State University of Londrina; P.O. Box 10.011 Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology; State University of Londrina; P.O. Box 10.011 Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; State University of Londrina; P.O. Box 10.011 Londrina Paraná 86057-970 Brazil
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13
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Monge MDP, Magnoli AP, Bergesio MV, Tancredi N, Magnoli CE, Chiacchiera SM. Activated carbons as potentially useful non-nutritive additives to prevent the effect of fumonisin B1 on sodium bentonite activity against chronic aflatoxicosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1043-52. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1185923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Paola Magnoli
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maria Virginia Bergesio
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Nestor Tancredi
- Cátedra Fisicoquímica y Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carina E. Magnoli
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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14
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Abstract
Considering the impact ofAspergillusspecies on crops, it appears to be highly desirable to apply strategies to prevent their growth, as well as to eliminate or reduce their presence in food products. For this reason, the aims of this investigation were to evaluate the effects of ten natural phenolic compounds on theAspergillus parasiticusgrowth and to determine which physicochemical properties are involved in the antifungal activity. According to the results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the individual compounds, isoeugenol, carvacrol, and thymol were the most active phenolic components (1.26 mM, 1.47 mM, and 1.50 mM, resp.), followed by eugenol (2.23 mM). On the other hand, creosol, p-cresol, o-cresol, m-cresol, vanillin, and phenol had no effects on fungal development. Logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), refractivity index (RI), and molar volume (MV) were demonstrated to be the descriptors that best explained the antifungal activity correlated to lipophilicity, reactivity of the components, and steric aspect. These findings make an important contribution to the search for new compounds with antifungal activity.
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15
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Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feed for food-producing animals. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:968215. [PMID: 25126610 PMCID: PMC4121149 DOI: 10.1155/2014/968215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Moulds are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff as well as elaborating several mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed has adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Also, mycotoxins may be carried over into meat and eggs when poultry are fed with contaminated feed. In a point prevalence study feedstuff used for poultry nutrition in Argentina was analyzed for fungal flora, natural incidence of selected mycotoxins, and nutritional quality. Ten mould genera were recovered, six of them known to be mycotoxigenic. More than 28 species were determined. Fumonisins were detected in all the samples (median 1,750 ppb). Forty-four out of 49 samples (90%) were contaminated with DON (median 222 ppb) and OTA (median 5 ppb). Also, 44 out of 49 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (median 2.685 ppb), 42 samples (86%) with ZEA (median 50 ppb), and 38 samples (78%) with T2-toxin (median 50 ppb). Ninety percent of the samples had at least one type of nutritional deficiency. This study indicates the need for continuous assessment of the mycological status of animal feed production, in order to feed animals for optimal performance ensuring food safety.
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16
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Assessment of exposure of broiler chicken in Brazil to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed. Food Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-013-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Rossi C, Takabayashi C, Ono M, Bordini J, Itano E, Kawamura O, Pinheiro J, Hirooka E, Ono E. Exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed and the hygienic quality of feeds. For this purpose, the natural mycoflora and the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins were evaluated in 95 feed samples intended for laying hens collected from January to December 2010 at the Experimental Farm of the State University of Londrina, Northern Paraná State, Brazil. Fusarium was the prevalent genus (99%), followed by Aspergillus (89%). Fusarium spp. were detected at a low contamination level (<103 to <104 colony forming units (cfu)/g) in 54% of the samples. Aspergillus spp. were detected in 73% of the samples at the same contamination range. The total mould and yeast count ranged from 5.0×102 to 8.7×105 cfu/g; in 60% of the samples the values exceeded 1.0×104 cfu/g, the maximum limit established to ensure good hygienic quality of the product. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were detected in 69.7 and 89.5% of the samples, with mean values of 9.61 ng/g and 1.28 µg/g, respectively. The estimated daily intake of fumonisin B1 for laying hens (0.038 mg/kg body weight/day) was below the lowest observed adverse effect level (2 mg/kg body weight/ day). Regarding aflatoxins, most of the positive samples (85.1%) showed aflatoxin levels below the maximum level laid down by the European Commission. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in laying hen feed is essential to minimize threats to human and animal health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.N. Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C.R. Takabayashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.A. Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.G. Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.N. Itano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - O. Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, 761-0765 Kagawa, Japan
| | - J.W. Pinheiro
- Department of Zootechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.Y. Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.Y.S. Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Monge MP, Dalcero AM, Magnoli CE, Chiacchiera SM. Natural co-occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feeds from Entre Ríos, Argentina. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:168-74. [PMID: 24779900 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.777946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 pelleted poultry feed samples from Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, were evaluated. The aims were to investigate (1) the presence of relevant toxigenic fungi, as well as to determine the ability to produce aflatoxins (AFs) by Aspergillus section Flavi isolated strains; and (2) the natural co-occurrence of AFs, fumonisins (FBs), gliotoxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Total fungal counts were below the established value (1 × 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹). Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were the only aflatoxigenic species isolated. Co-occurrence of fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), HT-2 and T-2 toxin was detected in 100% of the feeds, with mean levels from 4502 to 5813; 6.7 to 21.6 and 19.6 to 30.3 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. A large number of starter samples were co-contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), FB₁, HT-2 and T-2 toxins. Gliotoxin and DAS were not found in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Monge
- a Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
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