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Lopes P, Sobral MMC, Lopes GR, Martins ZE, Passos CP, Petronilho S, Ferreira IMPLVO. Mycotoxins’ Prevalence in Food Industry By-Products: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040249. [PMID: 37104187 PMCID: PMC10142126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products’ contamination with mycotoxins represents a drawback for their reliable valorization for food and feed, hampering their application range, especially as food ingredients. Mycotoxin contamination occurs even in dried matrices. There is a need for the implantation of monitoring programs, even for by-products used as animal feed, since very high levels can be reached. This systematic review aims to identify the food by-products that have been studied from 2000 until 2022 (22 years) concerning mycotoxins’ contamination, distribution, and prevalence in those by-products. PRISMA (“Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses”) protocol was performed via two databases (PubMed and SCOPUS) to summarize the research findings. After the screening and selection process, the full texts of eligible articles (32 studies) were evaluated, and data from 16 studies were considered. A total of 6 by-products were assessed concerning mycotoxin content; these include distiller dried grain with solubles, brewer’s spent grain, brewer’s spent yeast, cocoa shell, grape pomace, and sugar beet pulp. Frequent mycotoxins in these by-products are AFB1, OTA, FBs, DON, and ZEA. The high prevalence of contaminated samples, which surpasses the limits established for human consumption, thus limiting their valorization as ingredients in the food industry. Co-contamination is frequent, which can cause synergistic interactions and amplify their toxicity.
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Kitaw G, Terefe G, Faji M. Nutritional and logarithmic fungal count of brewery spent grain in different conservation techniques and brewery factories’. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:120. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kitaw G, Faji M, Terefe G. Nutritional and fungal load dynamics of fresh brewers' grain stored under aerobic conditions. AMB Express 2022; 12:10. [PMID: 35103893 PMCID: PMC8807820 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the amplest by-product of the brewing process. The fresh BSG is currently used as low-cost cattle feed due to its microbiological instability and high perishability. While recent research looked at the effects of storage time and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as ruminant feeds. Three storage temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and periods (2, 4 and 6 days) were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Surface spoilage was not apparent at 15 °C throughout the storage periods. Deterioration was not also observed at 20 °C until the fourth day of storage where slight mold growth was apparent. Extensive mold growth was detected late in the sixth day at 20 °C and continued manifestations up until the last day of storage at 25 °C. Changes in major nutrients, DM losses, and yeast and mold colony count were significantly affected by the interaction of storage temperatures and durations (P < 0.05). Except for samples stored at 15 °C, nutrients contents decreased concomitantly (exceptions are ADF, lignin, and loss in DM) with prolonged storage times (p < 0.05) and increasing temperatures (p < 0.05). Contrast analysis indicated that it would be safe to store under aerobic storage conditions and feed the WBG for dairy cattle.
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Asurmendi P, Gerbaldo G, Pascual L, Barberis L. Lactic acid bacteria with promising AFB 1 binding properties as an alternative strategy to mitigate contamination on brewers' grains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1002-1008. [PMID: 32816607 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1807834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of molecules to the cell walls of microorganisms plays an important role in helping to prevent animal exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxins (AFs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of LAB strains, isolated from brewers' grains, to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). All LAB were able to reduce the bioavailability of AFB1 from phosphate buffered-saline (PBS). In addition, the strains retained their effectiveness even after heat treatment. The AFB1-LAB complex stability was first evaluated through sequential washing steps. These assays demonstrated that a low percentage of AFB1 was released after consecutive washes. After subjecting the complex to different pH and bile salt treatments, the percentage of bound AF decreased, as compared to the control, but remained at high levels. Finally, to simulate the formation of the AFB1-LAB complex at conditions similar to those of the gastrointestinal tract, LAB and AFB1 were homogenized in PBS adjusted at acidic conditions or under different bile salt concentrations. In general, LAB strains showed the highest AFB1 adsorption at the lowest pH (2) and bile salt concentration (0.05%). In conclusion, the studied strains represent promising biocontrol agents for preventing and/or ameliorating the AFB1 contamination of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Asurmendi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Gerbaldo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Pascual
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila Barberis
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Iwase CHT, Piacentini KC, Giomo PP, Čumová M, Wawroszová S, Běláková S, Minella E, Rocha LO. Characterization of the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and detection of multiple mycotoxins in Brazilian barley samples. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109336. [PMID: 32846534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the fungal diversity in Brazilian barley samples, focusing on the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and the presence of multiple mycotoxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, and B1, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) B1 and B2, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, nivalenol (NIV) and ochratoxin A (OTA) from two different regions, São Paulo (SP) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC), with F. graminearum s.s. characterized as the major contaminant. F. meridionale and F. poae were the second most frequent fungi isolated from SP and RS, respectively. All of the F. graminearum s.s. isolates demonstrated 15-ADON genotype, whereas F. poae and F. meridionale were all NIV. The majority of the F. cortaderiae isolates were NIV, with only one 3-ADON genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that none of the samples were contaminated by aflatoxins, OTA, FB2 and type A trichothecenes, however, all of the samples were contaminated with at least one Fusarium toxin. Contamination by DON, ZEA, ENNB and ENNB1 levels were significantly higher in RS. Co-contamination of BEA, DON, ENNs, NIV and ZEA in 18.5% and 24.2% of the analyzed samples was observed, from SP and RS respectively. More than 20% of the samples from RS presented DON and ZEA levels above the regulations established by Europe and Brazil. The results provide further information on the FSAMSC from South America and detected multiple Fusarium toxins in barley samples. This highlights the importance for further studies on the possible interactions of these mycotoxins in order to determine potential risks to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H T Iwase
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Giomo
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Martina Čumová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Wawroszová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Malting Institute Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil.
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Dual Transcriptional Profile of Aspergillus flavus during Co-Culture with Listeria monocytogenes and Aflatoxin B1 Production: A Pathogen-Pathogen Interaction. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040198. [PMID: 31635192 PMCID: PMC6963788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of growth temperature and co-culture of Aspergillus flavus with Listeria monocytogenes on the production of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the transcriptional profile of associated regulatory and biosynthetic genes. The transcription of virulence- and homeostasis-associated genes of L. monocytogenes was also assessed. For this purpose, mono- and co-cultures of L. monocytogenes strain LQC 15257 and A. flavus strain 18.4 were inoculated into Malt Extract broth and allowed to grow for seven days at 25 °C and 30 °C. AFB1 quantification was performed by HPLC analysis and gene expression assessment by RT-qPCR. AFB1 production was lower at 30 °C compared to 25 °C during monoculture and also lower during co-cultures at both temperatures. This was accompanied by downregulation of aflM, aflR, aflP, and aflS during monoculture and aflM and aflS during co-culture at 30 °C. On the other hand, transcription of prfA, plcA, plcB, inlA, inlB, inlJ, murE, accA, acpP, as well as fapR, was not affected. sigB gene was downregulated after co-culture with the fungus at 25 °C and hly was downregulated after monoculture at 30 °C compared to 25 °C. In this work, the molecular interactions between A. flavus and L. monocytogenes were studied for the first time, offering a novel insight into their co-occurrence. Monitoring of their toxigenic and virulence potential at the molecular level revealed a complex dynamic in natural ecosystems.
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Asurmendi P, García MJ, Ruíz F, Dalcero A, Pascual L, Barberis L. Biological control of AFB1-producing Aspergillus section Flavi strains isolated from brewer's grains, alternative feed intended for swine production in Argentina. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:477-481. [PMID: 27070819 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1159460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from brewer's grains on Aspergillus section Flavi growth and aflatoxin B1 production. The Aspergillus strains tested were inhibited by all the LAB strains assayed. The isolates Lactobacillus brevis B20, P. pentosaceus B86, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis B87, L. brevis B131, and Lactobacillus sp. B144 completely suppressed the fungal growth and reduced aflatoxin B1 production. In conclusion, LAB isolated from brewer's grains show a high inhibitory activity on fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Further studies must be conducted to evaluate the success of in vitro assays under food environment conditions and to elucidate the antifungal mechanism of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Asurmendi
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
- b Member of National Research Council Scientific and Technical (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María J García
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
- b Member of National Research Council Scientific and Technical (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Francisco Ruíz
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
- b Member of National Research Council Scientific and Technical (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana Dalcero
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
- b Member of National Research Council Scientific and Technical (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Liliana Pascual
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Lucila Barberis
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , National University of Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto , Córdoba , Argentina
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Wang B, Luo Y, Myung KH, Liu JX. Effects of Storage Duration and Temperature on the Chemical Composition, Microorganism Density, and In vitro Rumen Fermentation of Wet Brewers Grains. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:832-40. [PMID: 25050021 PMCID: PMC4093173 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage duration and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as feeds for ruminant animals. Four storage temperatures (5°C, 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C) and four durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 d) were arranged in a 4×4 factorial design. Surface spoilage, chemical composition and microorganism density were analyzed. An in vitro gas test was also conducted to determine the pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations after 24 h incubation. Surface spoilage was apparent at higher temperatures such as 25°C and 35°C. Nutrients contents decreased concomitantly with prolonged storage times (p<0.01) and increasing temperatures (p<0.01). The amount of yeast and mold increased (p<0.05) with increasing storage times and temperatures. As storage temperature increased, gas production, in vitro disappearance of organic matter, pH, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA from the WBG in the rumen decreased (p<0.01). Our results indicate that lower storage temperature promotes longer beneficial use period. However, when storage temperature exceeds 35°C, WBG should be used within a day to prevent impairment of rumen fermentation in the subtropics such as Southeast China, where the temperature is typically above 35°C during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - K H Myung
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - J X Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Figueredo P, Almeida A, Carolino E, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Viegas C. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 in swine production and possible contamination sources. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:944-951. [PMID: 24156697 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.826569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the adverse health consequences of ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are known, relatively few studies are available on the adverse effects of exposure in occupational settings. Taking this into consideration, our study was developed aiming to elucidate the possible effects of occupational exposure to AFB1 in Portuguese swine production facilities using a specific biomarker to assess exposure to AFB1. In total, 28 workers participated in this study, providing blood samples, and a control group (n = 30) was composed of subjects without any type of agricultural activity. Fungal contamination was also studied by conventional methods through air, surfaces, and new and used floor coverage. Twenty-one workers (75%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to 8.94 ng/ml and with a mean value of 1.91 ± 1.68 ng/ml. In the control group, the AFB1 values were all below 1 ng/ml. Twelve different Aspergillus species were identified. Aspergillus versicolor presented the highest airborne spore counts (3210 CFU/m3) and was also detected in higher values in surfaces (>300 CFU/cm2). Data indicate that exposure to AFB1 occurs in swine barns, and this site serves as a contamination source in an occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- a Environmental Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnique Institute of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
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