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Pineda APA, Cueva CLR, Chacón RD, Ramírez M, de Almeida OGG, de Oliveira DP, Franco BDGM, Lacorte G, Landgraf M, Silva NCC, Pinto UM. Genomic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheeses. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2103-2116. [PMID: 37594655 PMCID: PMC10485191 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheese is produced in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais using raw milk, rennet, and pingo, a natural endogenous starter culture (fermented whey) collected from the previous day's production. Due to the use of raw milk, the product can carry microorganisms that may cause foodborne diseases (FBD), including Staphylococcus aureus. Genomic characterization of S. aureus is an important tool to assess diversity, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and the potential for causing food poisoning due to enterotoxin production. This study is aimed at exploring the genomic features of S. aureus strains isolated from Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheeses. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified these strains as ST1, ST5, and a new profile ST7849 (assigned to the clonal complex CC97). These strains belonged to four spa types: t008, t127, t359, and t992. We identified antimicrobial resistance genes with phenotypic correlation against methicillin (MRSA) and tetracycline. Virulome analysis revealed genes associated with iron uptake, immune evasion, and potential capacity for adherence and biofilm formation. The toxigenic potential included cyto- and exotoxins genes, and all strains presented the genes that encode for Panton-Valentine toxin and hemolysin, and two strains encoded 4 and 8 Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. The results revealed the pathogenic potential of the evaluated S. aureus strains circulating in the Canastra region, representing a potential risk to public health. This study also provides useful information to monitor and guide the application of control measures to the artisanal dairy food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Arellano Pineda
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carmen L Rodríguez Cueva
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Peru
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Faculty of Science and Health, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC, Prolongación Primavera 2390, Santiago de Surco, Lima, 15023, Peru
| | - Otávio G G de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Débora P de Oliveira
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bernadette D G M Franco
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lacorte
- Federal Institute of Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, 30575-180, Brazil
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uelinton Manoel Pinto
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Huynh TQ, Tran VN, Thai VC, Nguyen HA, Nguyen NTG, Tran MK, Nguyen TPT, Le CA, Ho LTN, Surian NU, Chen S, Nguyen TTH. Genomic alterations involved in fluoroquinolone resistance development in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287973. [PMID: 37494330 PMCID: PMC10370734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Fluoroquinolone (FQ) is a potent antibiotic class. However, resistance to this class emerges quickly which hinders its application. In this study, mechanisms leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains under FQ exposure were investigated. METHODOLOGY S. aureus ATCC 29213 was serially exposed to ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFL), or levofloxacin (LEV) at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) for 12 days to obtain S. aureus -1 strains and antibiotic-free cultured for another 10 days to obtain S. aureus-2 strains. The whole genome (WGS) and target sequencing were applied to analyze genomic alterations; and RT-qPCR was used to access the expressions of efflux-related genes, alternative sigma factors, and genes involved in FQ resistance. RESULTS A strong and irreversible increase of MICs was observed in all applied FQs (32 to 128 times) in all S. aureus-1 and remained 16 to 32 times in all S. aureus-2. WGS indicated 10 noticeable mutations occurring in all FQ-exposed S. aureus including 2 insdel mutations in SACOL0573 and rimI; a synonymous mutation in hslO; and 7 missense mutations located in an untranslated region. GrlA, was found mutated (R570H) in all S. aureus-1 and -2. Genes encoding for efflux pumps and their regulator (norA, norB, norC, and mgrA); alternative sigma factors (sigB and sigS); acetyltransferase (rimI); methicillin resistance (fmtB); and hypothetical protein BJI72_0645 were overexpressed in FQ-exposed strains. CONCLUSION The emergence of MDR S. aureus was associated with the mutations in the FQ-target sequences and the overexpression of efflux pump systems and their regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Quyen Huynh
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van Nhi Tran
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van Chi Thai
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang An Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Thuy Giang Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Khang Tran
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Truc Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cat Anh Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Ngan Ho
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Swaine Chen
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thi Thu Hoai Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Self-association of the glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin A2 in aqueous solution studied by molecular hydrodynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1969. [PMID: 36737502 PMCID: PMC9895975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin is used for the treatment of serious Gram-positive related bacterial infections and can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, topically (ocular infections), or orally. It has also been considered for targeting viral infection by SARS-CoV-2. The hydrodynamic properties of teicoplanin A2 (M1 = 1880 g/mol) were examined in phosphate chloride buffer (pH 6.8, I = 0.10 M) using sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge together with capillary (rolling ball) viscometry. In the concentration range, 0-10 mg/mL teicoplanin A2 was found to self-associate plateauing > 1 mg/mL to give a molar mass of (35,400 ± 1000) g/mol corresponding to ~ (19 ± 1) mers, with a sedimentation coefficient s20, w = ~ 4.65 S. The intrinsic viscosity [[Formula: see text]] was found to be (3.2 ± 0.1) mL/g: both this, the value for s20,w and the hydrodynamic radius from dynamic light scattering are consistent with a globular macromolecular assembly, with a swelling ratio through dynamic hydration processes of ~ 2.
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Aghamohammad S, Rohani M. Antibiotic resistance and the alternatives to conventional antibiotics: The role of probiotics and microbiota in combating antimicrobial resistance. Microbiol Res 2022; 267:127275. [PMID: 36493661 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From the introduction of the first antibiotic to the present day, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has been a difficult problem for medicine. Regardless of the type of antibiotic resistance, the presence of resistant isolates in clinical and even asymptomatic fecal carriers becomes a difficult public health problem. Therefore, the use of new antimicrobial combination therapies or alternative agents with antimicrobial activity that have the least side effects, including plant-, metal-, and nanoparticle-based agents, could be crucial and useful. Recently, the use of probiotics as a hypothetical candidate to combat infectious disease control and antimicrobial resistance has received notable attention. Considering the alteration of the microbiota in fecal carriers and also in patients with resistant bacterial isolates, the use of probiotics could have an appropriate effect on the balance of the microbial population. In this review, we have attempted to discuss the history of antimicrobial resistance and provide an overview of microbiota change and the use of probiotics as new agents with antimicrobial activity associated with the emergence of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Miranda CD, Concha C, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Aquatic Environments as Hotspots of Transferable Low-Level Quinolone Resistance and Their Potential Contribution to High-Level Quinolone Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1487. [PMID: 36358142 PMCID: PMC9687057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposal of antibiotics in the aquatic environment favors the selection of bacteria exhibiting antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Quinolones are bactericidal antimicrobials extensively used in both human and animal medicine. Some of the quinolone-resistance mechanisms are encoded by different bacterial genes, whereas others are the result of mutations in the enzymes on which those antibiotics act. The worldwide occurrence of quinolone resistance genes in aquatic environments has been widely reported, particularly in areas impacted by urban discharges. The most commonly reported quinolone resistance gene, qnr, encodes for the Qnr proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone activity. It is important to note that low-level resistance usually constitutes the first step in the development of high-level resistance, because bacteria carrying these genes have an adaptive advantage compared to the highly susceptible bacterial population in environments with low concentrations of this antimicrobial group. In addition, these genes can act additively with chromosomal mutations in the sequences of the target proteins of quinolones leading to high-level quinolone resistance. The occurrence of qnr genes in aquatic environments is most probably caused by the release of bacteria carrying these genes through anthropogenic pollution and maintained by the selective activity of antimicrobial residues discharged into these environments. This increase in the levels of quinolone resistance has consequences both in clinical settings and the wider aquatic environment, where there is an increased exposure risk to the general population, representing a significant threat to the efficacy of quinolone-based human and animal therapies. In this review the potential role of aquatic environments as reservoirs of the qnr genes, their activity in reducing the susceptibility to various quinolones, and the possible ways these genes contribute to the acquisition and spread of high-level resistance to quinolones will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D. Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Christopher Concha
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Félix A. Godoy
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Matthew R. Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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Fluoroquinolones Hybrid Molecules as Promising Antibacterial Agents in the Fight against Antibacterial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081749. [PMID: 36015376 PMCID: PMC9414178 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance has motivated researchers to discover new antibacterial agents. Nowadays, fluoroquinolones keep their status as one of the essential classes of antibacterial agents. The new generations of fluoroquinolones are valuable therapeutic tools with a spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. This review article surveys the design of fluoroquinolone hybrids with other antibacterial agents or active compounds and underlines the new hybrids' antibacterial properties. Antibiotic fluoroquinolone hybrids have several advantages over combined antibiotic therapy. Thus, some challenges related to joining two different molecules are under study. Structurally, the obtained hybrids may contain a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, an essential element for their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The design of hybrids seems to provide promising antibacterial agents helpful in the fight against more virulent and resistant strains. These hybrid structures have proven superior antibacterial activity and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance than the component molecules. In addition, fluoroquinolone hybrids have demonstrated other biological effects such as anti-HIV, antifungal, antiplasmodic/antimalarial, and antitumor activity. Many fluoroquinolone hybrids are in various phases of clinical trials, raising hopes that new antibacterial agents will be approved shortly.
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Biophysical Reviews’ “meet the editors series”—a profile of Steve Harding’s career in macromolecular hydrodynamics. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:605-610. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Hall D. Biophysical reviews: call for nominations for the 2023 Michèle Auger Award. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:599-603. [PMID: 38625311 PMCID: PMC9210329 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This Editorial for Issue 3 (Vol. 14 2022) of Biophysical Reviews first describes the Issue's contents (five commentaries/editorials within the front matter and seven review/letter articles appearing within the main body) before going on to discuss a number of matters of potential importance to the journal and its readers. Amongst this second tranche of content is the opening of the call for nominations for the 2023 Michèle Auger Award for Young Scientists' Independent Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hall
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1164 Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Vieira TO, Ricci-Junior E, de Barros AODS, Rebelo Alencar LM, Ferreira MRS, de Jesus Andreoli Pinto T, Santos-Oliveira R, de Holanda Saboya Souza D. Tertiary Nanosystem Composed of Graphene Quantum Dots, Levofloxacin and Silver Nitrate for Microbiological Control. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2022; 16:234-240. [PMID: 35850654 DOI: 10.2174/2667387816666220715121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases have the highest mortality rate in the world and these numbers are associated with scarce and/or ineffective diagnosis and bacterial resistance. Currently, with the development of new pharmaceutical formulations, nanotechnology is gaining prominence. METHODS Nanomicelles were produced by ultrasonication. The particle size and shape were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by dynamic light scattering, also thermogravimetric analysis was performed to evaluate the thermal stability. Finally, antibacterial activity has been performed. RESULTS The results showed that a rod-shaped nanosystem, with 316.1 nm and PDI of 0.243 was formed. The nanosystem was efficient against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii with MIC inferior to 0.98 and a synergistic effect between silver graphene quantum dots and levofloxacin was observed. CONCLUSION The nanosystem produced may rise as a promising agent against the bacterial threat, especially regarding bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires Oliveira Vieira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, College of Pharmacy, Galenical Development Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro 21941900, Brazil
| | - Aline Oiveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Regina Spuri Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil
| | - Diego de Holanda Saboya Souza
- Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloísa Mano (IMA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941900, Brazil
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The Usage of Antibiotics by COVID-19 Patients with Comorbidities: The Risk of Increased Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010035. [PMID: 35052912 PMCID: PMC8772884 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue that plays a significant role in morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. It also becomes a serious threat to the successful treatment of many bacterial infections. The widespread and irrelevant use of antibiotics in hospitals and local clinics is the leading cause of AMR. Under this scenario, the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, from 2 August 2021 to 31 October 2021 to discover the prevalence of bacterial infections and AMR rates in COVID-19 patients admitted in surgical intensive care units (SICUs). Clinical samples were collected from the patients and we proceeded to identify bacterial isolates, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The data of other comorbidities were also collected from the patient’s medical record. The current study showed that the most common pathogens were E. coli (32%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (17%). Most E. coli were resistant to ciprofloxacin (16.8%) and ampicillin (19.8%). Klebsiella pneumoniae were more resistant to ampicillin (13.3%) and amoxycillin (12.0%). The most common comorbidity was chronic kidney disease (CKD) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Around 17 different types of antibiotic, the carbapenem, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycoside, and quinolones, were highly prevalent in ICU patients. The current study provides valuable data on the clinical implication of antibiotics consumed by COVID-19 patients in SICUs and the AMR rates, especially with different comorbidities.
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Harding SE. Analytical Ultracentrifugation as a Matrix-Free Probe for the Study of Kinase Related Cellular and Bacterial Membrane Proteins and Glycans. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196080. [PMID: 34641622 PMCID: PMC8512968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation is a versatile approach for analysing the molecular mass, molecular integrity (degradation/aggregation), oligomeric state and association/dissociation constants for self-association, and assay of ligand binding of kinase related membrane proteins and glycans. It has the great property of being matrix free-providing separation and analysis of macromolecular species without the need of a separation matrix or membrane or immobilisation onto a surface. This short review-designed for the non-hydrodynamic expert-examines the potential of modern sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium and the challenges posed for these molecules particularly those which have significant cytoplasmic or extracellular domains in addition to the transmembrane region. These different regions can generate different optimal requirements in terms of choice of the appropriate solvent (aqueous/detergent). We compare how analytical ultracentrifugation has contributed to our understanding of two kinase related cellular or bacterial protein/glycan systems (i) the membrane erythrocyte band 3 protein system-studied in aqueous and detergent based solvent systems-and (ii) what it has contributed so far to our understanding of the enterococcal VanS, the glycan ligand vancomycin and interactions of vancomycin with mucins from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
- Science for Cultural History (SciCult) Laboratory, Kulturhistorisk Museum, University of Oslo, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Robison ATR, Zaengle-Barone J, Franz KJ, Kell DB. Membrane Transporters Involved in the Antimicrobial Activities of Pyrithione in Escherichia coli. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195826. [PMID: 34641370 PMCID: PMC8510280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrithione (2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide) is a metal binding modified pyridine, the antibacterial activity of which was described over 60 years ago. The formulation of zinc-pyrithione is commonly used in the topical treatment of certain dermatological conditions. However, the characterisation of the cellular uptake of pyrithione has not been elucidated, although an unsubstantiated assumption has persisted that pyrithione and/or its metal complexes undergo a passive diffusion through cell membranes. Here, we have profiled specific membrane transporters from an unbiased interrogation of 532 E. coli strains of knockouts of genes encoding membrane proteins from the Keio collection. Two membrane transporters, FepC and MetQ, seemed involved in the uptake of pyrithione and its cognate metal complexes with copper, iron, and zinc. Additionally, the phenotypes displayed by CopA and ZntA knockouts suggested that these two metal effluxers drive the extrusion from the bacterial cell of potentially toxic levels of copper, and perhaps zinc, which hyperaccumulate as a function of pyrithione. The involvement of these distinct membrane transporters contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of pyrithione specifically and highlights, more generally, the important role that membrane transporters play in facilitating the uptake of drugs, including metal-drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Correspondence: (J.E.S.-S.); (K.J.F.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Amy T. R. Robison
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (A.T.R.R.); (J.Z.-B.)
| | - Jacqueline Zaengle-Barone
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (A.T.R.R.); (J.Z.-B.)
| | - Katherine J. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (A.T.R.R.); (J.Z.-B.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.S.-S.); (K.J.F.); (D.B.K.)
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence: (J.E.S.-S.); (K.J.F.); (D.B.K.)
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Kell DB. The Transporter-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biotechnology Products: How and Why Phospholipid Bilayer Transport Is Negligible in Real Biomembranes. Molecules 2021; 26:5629. [PMID: 34577099 PMCID: PMC8470029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, my colleagues and I have come to realise that the likelihood of pharmaceutical drugs being able to diffuse through whatever unhindered phospholipid bilayer may exist in intact biological membranes in vivo is vanishingly low. This is because (i) most real biomembranes are mostly protein, not lipid, (ii) unlike purely lipid bilayers that can form transient aqueous channels, the high concentrations of proteins serve to stop such activity, (iii) natural evolution long ago selected against transport methods that just let any undesirable products enter a cell, (iv) transporters have now been identified for all kinds of molecules (even water) that were once thought not to require them, (v) many experiments show a massive variation in the uptake of drugs between different cells, tissues, and organisms, that cannot be explained if lipid bilayer transport is significant or if efflux were the only differentiator, and (vi) many experiments that manipulate the expression level of individual transporters as an independent variable demonstrate their role in drug and nutrient uptake (including in cytotoxicity or adverse drug reactions). This makes such transporters valuable both as a means of targeting drugs (not least anti-infectives) to selected cells or tissues and also as drug targets. The same considerations apply to the exploitation of substrate uptake and product efflux transporters in biotechnology. We are also beginning to recognise that transporters are more promiscuous, and antiporter activity is much more widespread, than had been realised, and that such processes are adaptive (i.e., were selected by natural evolution). The purpose of the present review is to summarise the above, and to rehearse and update readers on recent developments. These developments lead us to retain and indeed to strengthen our contention that for transmembrane pharmaceutical drug transport "phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd., IC1, Liverpool Science Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
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14
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Ma P, Phillips-Jones MK. Membrane Sensor Histidine Kinases: Insights from Structural, Ligand and Inhibitor Studies of Full-Length Proteins and Signalling Domains for Antibiotic Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165110. [PMID: 34443697 PMCID: PMC8399564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find new antibacterial agents to combat bacterial infections, including agents that inhibit novel, hitherto unexploited targets in bacterial cells. Amongst novel targets are two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) which are the main mechanism by which bacteria sense and respond to environmental changes. TCSs typically comprise a membrane-embedded sensory protein (the sensor histidine kinase, SHK) and a partner response regulator protein. Amongst promising targets within SHKs are those involved in environmental signal detection (useful for targeting specific SHKs) and the common themes of signal transmission across the membrane and propagation to catalytic domains (for targeting multiple SHKs). However, the nature of environmental signals for the vast majority of SHKs is still lacking, and there is a paucity of structural information based on full-length membrane-bound SHKs with and without ligand. Reasons for this lack of knowledge lie in the technical challenges associated with investigations of these relatively hydrophobic membrane proteins and the inherent flexibility of these multidomain proteins that reduces the chances of successful crystallisation for structural determination by X-ray crystallography. However, in recent years there has been an explosion of information published on (a) methodology for producing active forms of full-length detergent-, liposome- and nanodisc-solubilised membrane SHKs and their use in structural studies and identification of signalling ligands and inhibitors; and (b) mechanisms of signal sensing and transduction across the membrane obtained using sensory and transmembrane domains in isolation, which reveal some commonalities as well as unique features. Here we review the most recent advances in these areas and highlight those of potential use in future strategies for antibiotic discovery. This Review is part of a Special Issue entitled “Interactions of Bacterial Molecules with Their Ligands and Other Chemical Agents” edited by Mary K. Phillips-Jones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikyee Ma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;
| | - Mary K. Phillips-Jones
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence:
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16
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Antimicrobial activity of polypyrrole nanoparticles and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus spp. carriers of multi-drug efflux system genes isolated from dairy farms. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:309-314. [PMID: 32958093 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029920000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to identify genes of the multi-drug efflux system and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dairy farms in Northeast Brazil. Initially, 162 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Of these, 35 presented antimicrobial multi-drug resistance phenotypes. These 35 isolates were then referred for the detection of norA, norB, norC, msrA, mgrA, tet-38, and lmrS genes, all of which feature in multi-drug efflux systems. In the isolates carrying the genes, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs and Moringa oleifera aqueous extract were determined. In the molecular analysis of the 35 isolates norA, norC, tet-38, and msrA genes were detected and for the other genes norB, lmrS and mgrA there was no amplification. Antimicrobial activity was verified of PPy-NPs and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera in Staphylococcus spp. carrying multi-drug efflux system genes. We concluded that there are multi-drug efflux system genes present in the Staphylococcus spp. from the agricultural environment in Northeast Brazil, and that aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and PPy-NPs show bactericidal activity against these isolates.
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17
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Silva JG, Araujo WJ, Leite EL, Dias LM, Vasconcelos PC, Silva NMV, Oliveira RP, Sena MJ, Oliveira CJB, Mota RA. First report of a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST126 harbouring the mecC variant in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1019-1025. [PMID: 32762020 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile and highly adaptable pathogen associated with a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and animals. In the last decades, concern has increased worldwide due to the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains shortly after this drug became a therapeutic option. In this study, we report the genomic features of the first mecC-mediated, β-lactam resistant MRSA strain associated with livestock in Brazil and in the American continent. Three clonally related phenotypic MRSA isolates originated from a dairy herd were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction as mecC-harbouring MRSA isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed by Illumina Miseq platform. Downstream analyses showed that the strain was identified as the sequence type 126 (ST126) and spa type t605. In silico analysis revealed a mecC homolog gene in the orfX region associated with different penicillin-binding proteins. Moreover, genes encoding for efflux pump systems (arlR, mepR, LmrS, norA and mgrA), and antibiotic inactivation enzymes (blaZ and FosB) were also detected. Virulence analyses revealed that the strain harbours genes encoding for exoenzymes (aur, splA, splB and splE), toxin (hlgA, hlgB, hlgC, lukD and lukE) and enterotoxin (sea). The epidemiologic and genomic information provided by this study will support further epidemiological and evolutionary investigations to understand the origin and dissemination of mecC-MRSA among animals and its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Givanildo Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wydemberg José Araujo
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Elma Lima Leite
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maranhão Dias
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Priscylla Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Núbia Michelle Vieira Silva
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria José Sena
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno Oliveira
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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18
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Roedel A, Dieckmann R, Makarewicz O, Hartung A, Noll M, Pletz MW, Dahouk SA, Vincze S. Evaluation of a Newly Developed Vacuum Dried Microtiter Plate for Rapid Biocide Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Enterococcus Faecium Isolates. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E551. [PMID: 32290364 PMCID: PMC7232460 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the suitability of a newly developed biocide susceptibility test system based on microtiter plates containing vacuum dried biocides as a fast and reliable screening method. The evaluated substances included the cationic biocides benzalkonium chloride (BAC), chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and octenidine dihydrochloride. Testing a selection of Escherichia coli and enterococci, the biocide microtiter plates provided results comparable to those obtained from broth microdilution according to ISO 20776-1. Broad MIC ranges allowed for testing gram-positive and gram-negative species with the same plate design. In the second part of our study, we applied the established method to analyze the susceptibility of 90 clinical Enterococcus faecium isolates from a German university hospital, as previous studies have indicated a link between reduced susceptibility to substances such as CHX and BAC and vancomycin resistance. We therefore determined MIC and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for 48 non-clonal vancomycin susceptible and 42 non-clonal vancomycin resistant isolates, but MIC95 and MBC95 were quite similar in both groups. Our easy to handle and ready to use test system enables the routine surveillance of bacterial tolerance towards disinfectants in hospitals. As a result, hygiene measures can be adapted and nosocomial infections controlled despite increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roedel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dieckmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostics, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anita Hartung
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostics, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostics, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Szilvia Vincze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Esfahani S, Ahmadrajabi R, Mollaei H, Saffari F. Co-Incidence of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations and Efflux Expression in High Fluoroquinolone Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:553-559. [PMID: 32110065 PMCID: PMC7035903 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s237299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most common pathogens in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Fluoroquinolones have been frequently used to treat E. faecalis UTIs, and the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. faecalis strains has recently been reported in several countries. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical E. faecalis isolates by analyzing mutations in quinolone- resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC and investigating the role of some efflux pumps. Methods In total, 70 clinical E. faecalis isolates collected from UTIs were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and multidrug-resistant (including ciprofloxacin resistant) isolates were studied for minimum inhibitory concentrations to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. In the following, mutations in QRDRs of gyrA and parC and expression of EfrA, EfrB, and EmeA efflux pumps were investigated in 20 high-level ciprofloxacin resistant and two ciprofloxacin susceptible isolates. Results High-level resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 97.5% of isolates. Sequencing of QRDRs revealed that 65% and 75% of isolates carried mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively. The presence of efflux genes was detected in all studied isolates, but expression of efrA, emeA, and efrB was demonstrated in 50%, 40%, and 30% of resistant isolates, respectively. Neither QRDR mutation nor the expression of efflux genes showed any significant association with MIC. Conclusion Co-incidence of mutation and efflux gene expression in more than half of isolates (13/20) suggests that both mechanisms may play a role in fluoroquinolone resistance. The other unknown mechanisms including different efflux pumps and probably other QRDRs mutations may contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roya Ahmadrajabi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mollaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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20
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Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Busche T, Sommer A, Tedin K, Nürnberg DJ, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Fulde M, Antelmann H. The MarR-Type Repressor MhqR Confers Quinone and Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1235-1252. [PMID: 31310152 PMCID: PMC6798810 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Quinone compounds are electron carriers and have antimicrobial and toxic properties due to their mode of actions as electrophiles and oxidants. However, the regulatory mechanism of quinone resistance is less well understood in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Methylhydroquinone (MHQ) caused a thiol-specific oxidative and electrophile stress response in the S. aureus transcriptome as revealed by the induction of the PerR, QsrR, CstR, CtsR, and HrcA regulons. The SACOL2531-29 operon was most strongly upregulated by MHQ and was renamed as mhqRED operon based on its homology to the Bacillus subtilis locus. Here, we characterized the MarR-type regulator MhqR (SACOL2531) as quinone-sensing repressor of the mhqRED operon, which confers quinone and antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus. The mhqRED operon responds specifically to MHQ and less pronounced to pyocyanin and ciprofloxacin, but not to reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorous acid, or aldehydes. The MhqR repressor binds specifically to a 9-9 bp inverted repeat (MhqR operator) upstream of the mhqRED operon and is inactivated by MHQ in vitro, which does not involve a thiol-based mechanism. In phenotypic assays, the mhqR deletion mutant was resistant to MHQ and quinone-like antimicrobial compounds, including pyocyanin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and rifampicin. In addition, the mhqR mutant was sensitive to sublethal ROS and 24 h post-macrophage infections but acquired an improved survival under lethal ROS stress and after long-term infections. Innovation: Our results provide a link between quinone and antimicrobial resistance via the MhqR regulon of S. aureus. Conclusion: The MhqR regulon was identified as a novel resistance mechanism towards quinone-like antimicrobials and contributes to virulence of S. aureus under long-term infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Sommer
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis J Nürnberg
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Willcocks S, Huse KK, Stabler R, Oyston PCF, Scott A, Atkins HS, Wren BW. Genome-wide assessment of antimicrobial tolerance in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis under ciprofloxacin stress. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31580793 PMCID: PMC6927301 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of causing gastrointestinal infection and is closely related to the highly virulent plague bacillus Yersinia pestis. Infections by both species are currently treatable with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, a quinolone-class drug of major clinical importance in the treatment of many other infections. Our current understanding of the mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin is that it inhibits DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase, and that resistance is primarily due to mutation of this target site, along with generic efflux and detoxification strategies. We utilized transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS or TnSeq) to identify the non-essential chromosomal genes in Y. pseudotuberculosis that are required to tolerate sub-lethal concentrations of ciprofloxacin in vitro. As well as highlighting recognized antibiotic resistance genes, we provide evidence that multiple genes involved in regulating DNA replication and repair are central in enabling Y. pseudotuberculosis to tolerate the antibiotic, including DksA (yptb0734), a regulator of RNA polymerase, and Hda (yptb2792), an inhibitor of DNA replication initiation. We furthermore demonstrate that even at sub-lethal concentrations, ciprofloxacin causes severe cell-wall stress, requiring lipopolysaccharide lipid A, O-antigen and core biosynthesis genes to resist the sub-lethal effects of the antibiotic. It is evident that coping with the consequence(s) of antibiotic-induced stress requires the contribution of scores of genes that are not exclusively engaged in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Willcocks
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kristin K Huse
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Richard Stabler
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Petra C F Oyston
- Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Andrew Scott
- Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Helen S Atkins
- University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4SB, UK.,Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
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22
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Jindal S, Yang L, Day PJ, Kell DB. Involvement of multiple influx and efflux transporters in the accumulation of cationic fluorescent dyes by Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:195. [PMID: 31438868 PMCID: PMC6704527 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely believed that most xenobiotics cross biomembranes by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer, and that the use of protein transporters is an occasional adjunct. According to an alternative view, phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible, and several different transporters may be involved in the uptake of an individual molecular type. We recognise here that the availability of gene knockout collections allows one to assess the contributions of all potential transporters, and flow cytometry based on fluorescence provides a convenient high-throughput assay for xenobiotic uptake in individual cells. Results We used high-throughput flow cytometry to assess the ability of individual gene knockout strains of E coli to take up two membrane-permeable, cationic fluorescent dyes, namely the carbocyanine diS-C3(5) and the DNA dye SYBR Green. Individual strains showed a large range of distributions of uptake. The range of modal steady-state uptakes for the carbocyanine between the different strains was 36-fold. Knockouts of the ATP synthase α- and β-subunits greatly inhibited uptake, implying that most uptake was ATP-driven rather than being driven by a membrane potential. Dozens of transporters changed the steady-state uptake of the dye by more than 50% with respect to that of the wild type, in either direction (increased or decreased); knockouts of known influx and efflux transporters behaved as expected, giving credence to the general strategy. Many of the knockouts with the most reduced uptake were transporter genes of unknown function (‘y-genes’). Similarly, several overexpression variants in the ‘ASKA’ collection had the anticipated, opposite effects. Similar results were obtained with SYBR Green (the range being approximately 69-fold). Although it too contains a benzothiazole motif there was negligible correlation between its uptake and that of the carbocyanine when compared across the various strains (although the membrane potential is presumably the same in each case). Conclusions Overall, we conclude that the uptake of these dyes may be catalysed by a great many transporters of putatively broad and presently unknown specificity, and that the very large range between the ‘lowest’ and the ‘highest’ levels of uptake, even in knockouts of just single genes, implies strongly that phospholipid bilayer transport is indeed negligible. This work also casts serious doubt upon the use of such dyes as quantitative stains for representing either bioenergetic parameters or the amount of cellular DNA in unfixed cells (in vivo). By contrast, it opens up their potential use as transporter assay substrates in high-throughput screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Jindal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lei Yang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philip J Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. .,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Vila J, Hebert AA, Torrelo A, López Y, Tato M, García-Castillo M, Cantón R. Ozenoxacin: a review of preclinical and clinical efficacy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:159-168. [PMID: 30686133 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1573671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impetigo is the most common bacterial skin infection in children. Treatment is becoming complicated due to the development of antimicrobial resistance, especially in the main pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Ozenoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone antimicrobial, has demonstrated efficacy in impetigo. Areas covered: This article reviews the microbiology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of ozenoxacin, and its clinical and microbiological efficacy in impetigo. Expert opinion: In an environment of increasing antimicrobial resistance and concurrent slowdown in antimicrobial development, the introduction of a new agent is a major event. Ozenoxacin is characterized by simultaneous affinity for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, appears to be impervious to certain efflux pumps that confer bacterial resistance to other quinolones, shows low selection of resistant mutants, and has a mutant prevention concentration below its concentration in skin. These mechanisms protect ozenoxacin against development of resistance, while the absence of a fluorine atom in its structure confers a better safety profile versus fluoroquinolones. In vitro studies have demonstrated high potency of ozenoxacin against staphylococci and streptococci including resistant strains of S. aureus. Clinical trials of ozenoxacin in patients with impetigo reported high clinical and microbiological success rates. Preserving the activity and availability of ozenoxacin through antimicrobial stewardship is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vila
- a Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI) , Madrid , Spain.,b Servei de Microbiología , Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,c ISGlobal - Hospital Clinic , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Adelaide A Hebert
- d Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics , UT Health McGovern Medical School , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Antonio Torrelo
- e Departament of Dermatology , Hospital del Niño Jesús , Madrid , Spain
| | - Yuly López
- c ISGlobal - Hospital Clinic , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marta Tato
- f Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid , Spain
| | - María García-Castillo
- f Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- a Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI) , Madrid , Spain.,f Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid , Spain
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24
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Upton EC, Maciunas LJ, Loll PJ. Vancomycin does not affect the enzymatic activities of purified VanSA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210627. [PMID: 30677074 PMCID: PMC6345502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
VanS is a membrane-bound sensor histidine kinase responsible for sensing vancomycin and activating transcription of vancomycin-resistance genes. In the presence of vancomycin, VanS phosphorylates the transcription factor VanR, converting it to its transcriptionally active form. In the absence of vancomycin, VanS dephosphorylates VanR, thereby maintaining it in a transcriptionally inactive state. To date, the mechanistic details of how vancomycin modulates VanS activity have remained elusive. We have therefore studied these details in an in vitro system, using the full-length VanS and VanR proteins responsible for type-A vancomycin resistance in enterococci. Both detergent- and amphipol-solubilized VanSA display all the enzymatic activities expected for a sensor histidine kinase, with amphipol reconstitution providing a marked boost in overall activity relative to detergent solubilization. A putative constitutively activated VanSA mutant (T168K) was constructed and purified, and was found to exhibit the expected reduction in phosphatase activity, providing confidence that detergent-solubilized VanSA behaves in a physiologically relevant manner. In both detergent and amphipol solutions, VanSA’s enzymatic activities were found to be insensitive to vancomycin, even at levels many times higher than the antibiotic’s minimum inhibitory concentration. This result argues against direct activation of VanSA via formation of a binary antibiotic-kinase complex, suggesting instead that either additional factors are required to form a functional signaling complex, or that activation does not require direct interaction with the antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Upton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lina J. Maciunas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Loll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Production of membrane proteins for characterisation of their pheromone-sensing and antimicrobial resistance functions. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:723-737. [PMID: 30066130 PMCID: PMC6182600 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of membrane proteins in cellular processes, studies of these hydrophobic proteins present major technical challenges, including expression and purification for structural and biophysical studies. A modified strategy of that proposed previously by Saidijam et al. (2005) and others, for the routine expression of bacterial membrane proteins involved in environmental sensing and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is proposed which results in purification of sufficient proteins for biophysical experiments. We report expression successes amongst a collection of enterococcal vancomycin resistance membrane proteins: VanTG, VanTG-M transporter domain, VanZ and the previously characterised VanS (A-type) histidine protein kinase (HPK). Using the same strategy, we report on the successful amplification and purification of intact BlpH and ComD2 HPKs of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Near-UV circular dichroism revealed both recombinant proteins bound their pheromone ligands BlpC and CSP2. Interestingly, CSP1 also interacted with ComD. Finally, we evaluate the alternative strategy for studying sensory HPKs involving isolated soluble sensory domain fragments, exemplified by successful production of VicKESD of Enterococcus faecalis VicK. Purified VicKESD possessed secondary structure post-purification. Thermal denaturation experiments using far-UV CD, a technique which can be revealing regarding ligand binding, revealed that: (a) VicKESD denaturation occurs between 15 and 50 °C; and (b) reducing conditions did not detectably affect denaturation profiles suggesting reducing conditions per se are not directly sensed by VicKESD. Our findings provide information on a modified strategy for the successful expression, production and/or storage of bacterial membrane HPKs, AMR proteins and sensory domains for their future crystallisation, and ligand binding studies.
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The Svedberg Lecture 2017. From nano to micro: the huge dynamic range of the analytical ultracentrifuge for characterising the sizes, shapes and interactions of molecules and assemblies in Biochemistry and Polymer Science. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:697-707. [PMID: 30056489 PMCID: PMC6182603 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) invented by T. Svedberg has now become an extremely versatile and diverse tool in Biochemistry and Polymer Science for the characterisation of the sizes, shapes and interactions of particles ranging in size from a few nanometres to tens of microns, or in molecular weight, M (molar mass) terms from a few hundred daltons to hundreds of megadaltons. We illustrate this diversity by reviewing recent work on (1) small lignin-like isoeugenols of M ~ 0.4–0.9 kDa for archaeological wood conservation, (2) protein-like association of a functional amino-cellulose M = 3.25 kDa, (3) a small glycopeptide antibiotic (M ~ 1.5 kDa) and its association with a protein involved in antibiotic resistance (M ~ 47 kDa), (4) tetanus toxoid protein TTP (M ~ 150 kDa) and (5) the incorporation of TTP into two huge glycoconjugates considered in glycovaccine development with molecular weight species in a broad distribution appearing to reach 100 MDa. In illustrating the diversity, we will highlight developments in hydrodynamic analysis which have made the AUC such an exciting and important instrument, and point to a potential future development for extending its capability to highly concentrated systems.
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Hall D, Takagi J, Nakamura H. Foreword to 'Multiscale structural biology: biophysical principles and mechanisms underlying the action of bio-nanomachines', a special issue in Honour of Fumio Arisaka's 70th birthday. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:105-129. [PMID: 29500796 PMCID: PMC5899743 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This issue of Biophysical Reviews, titled 'Multiscale structural biology: biophysical principles and mechanisms underlying the action of bio-nanomachines', is a collection of articles dedicated in honour of Professor Fumio Arisaka's 70th birthday. Initially, working in the fields of haemocyanin and actin filament assembly, Fumio went on to publish important work on the elucidation of structural and functional aspects of T4 phage biology. As his career has transitioned levels of complexity from proteins (hemocyanin) to large protein complexes (actin) to even more massive bio-nanomachinery (phage), it is fitting that the subject of this special issue is similarly reflective of his multiscale approach to structural biology. This festschrift contains articles spanning biophysical structure and function from the bio-molecular through to the bio-nanomachine level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hall
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-1- Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-1- Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-1- Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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