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de la Rocha C, Caprara CDSC, Poester VR, Xavier MO, Porte AF, Galarça MM, Filgueira DDMVB, Votto APDS, Ramos DF. Highly effective decontamination in a hospital environment: An easy-to-operate, low-cost prototype. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38572693 DOI: 10.1111/php.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are illnesses acquired during healthcare and are often the most important adverse event during healthcare. With the aim of increasing the effectiveness of disinfection/decontamination processes in the health service with safe and not promote microbial resistance, we propose the development of portable equipment associated with type C ultraviolet light (UVC). The efficiency of the irradiance emitted by the equipment (at dosages 3.5, 5.0, and 60 mJ/cm2) was determined by the action exerted after exposure against four different bacterial (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and three different fungi (Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and Aspergillus section Fumigati). It was possible to observe that all treatments were capable of inactivating the bacterial species evaluated (p < 0.05), causing the irreversible death of these microorganisms. The most effective elimination of fungal agents was at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 of UVC radiation, with a decrease in the fungal inoculum varying between 94% and 100% in relation to the control without exposure. Thus, our study showed that the application of the portable prototype with UVC light (254 nm) at a distance of 48 mm, allowed an average irradiance of 3.5 mW/cm2, with doses of 3.5 ≈ 60 mJ/cm2 (from 1 to 60 s of exposure), which can promote the total reduction of the bacteria evaluated and significantly reduce fungal growth. Therefore, this prototype could be used safely and effectively in the hospital environment, considerably reducing contamination and contributing to the reduction of healthcare-associated infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice de la Rocha
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos (LADEFA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anderson Favero Porte
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Moraes Galarça
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daza de Moraes Vaz Batista Filgueira
- Laboratório de Cultura Celular-Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza Votto
- Laboratório de Cultura Celular-Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fernandes Ramos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos (LADEFA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Tan MTH, Gong Z, Li D. Use of Zebrafish Embryos To Reproduce Human Norovirus and To Evaluate Human Norovirus Infectivity Decay after UV Treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0011523. [PMID: 36943055 PMCID: PMC10132098 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports an essential improvement of the method for replication of human norovirus (HNoV) with the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. With three HNoV genotypes and P-types GII.2[P16], GII.4[P16], and GII.17[P31], we demonstrated that this tool had higher efficiency and robustness than the zebrafish larvae as reported previously. When zebrafish larvae were injected with virus (1.6 ± 0.3 log genome copies/10 larvae), a significant increase of virus genome copies was detected at 2 days postinfection (dpi; 4.4 ± 0.8 log genome copies/10 larvae, P < 0.05) and the viral loads started to decrease gradually from 3 dpi. In comparison, when the viruses were injected into the zebrafish embryos, significant virus replication was noticed from 1 dpi and lasted to 6 dpi (P < 0.05). The virus levels detected at 3 dpi had the highest mean value and the smallest variation (7.7 ± 0.2 log genome copies/10 larvae). The high levels of virus replication enabled continuous passaging for all three strains up to four passages. The zebrafish embryo-generated HNoVs showed clear patterns of binding to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in human saliva by a simple saliva-binding reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Last, in a disinfection study, it was shown that a dose of 6 mJ/cm2 UV254 was able induce a >2-log reduction in HNoV infectivity for all three HNoV strains tested, suggesting that HNoVs were more UV susceptible than multiple enteric viruses and commonly used HNoV surrogates as tested before. IMPORTANCE HNoVs are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. The zebrafish embryo tool as developed in this study serves as an efficient way to generate viruses with high titers and clean background and a straightforward platform to evaluate HNoV inactivation efficacies. It is expected that this tool will not only benefit epidemiological research on HNoV but also be used to generate HNoV inactivation parameters which are highly needed by the water treatment and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Silva PGD, Nascimento MSJ, Sousa SIV, Mesquita JR. SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor air following the third wave lockdown release, Portugal, 2021. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36763082 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to contribute with more data on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in outdoor environments, we performed air sampling in outdoor terraces from restaurants in three major cities of Portugal in April 2021, following the third wave lockdown release in the country. Air samples (n=19) were collected in 19 restaurant terraces during lunch time. Each air sample was collected using a Coriolis Compact air sampler, followed by RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of viral RNA. Viral viability was also assessed through RNAse pre-treatment of samples. Only one of the 19 air samples was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, with 7337 gene copies m-3 for the genomic region N2, with no viable virus in this sample. The low number of positive samples found in this study is not surprising, as sampling took place in outdoor settings where air circulation is optimal, and aerosols are rapidly dispersed by the air currents. These results are consistent with previous reports stating that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor spaces is low, although current evidence shows an association of exposures in settings where drinking and eating is possible on-site with an increased risk in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the minimal infectious dose for SARS-CoV-2 still needs to be determined so that the real risk of infection in different environments can be accurately established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Luz IS, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of heat treatment for inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in foods. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1159-1165. [PMID: 35312990 PMCID: PMC9433490 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective food processing technology is a key step in eliminating human noroviruses in foods mainly due to their stability in diverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rising temperatures for inactivation of norovirus genogroup (G) II and murine norovirus 1 in samples of tomato sauce (72-74 °C for 1 min) and ground meat (100 °C for 30 min). Spiking experiments were carried out in triplicate using TRIzol® reagent method associated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) TaqMan™ system combined with previous free RNA digestion. Success rate and efficiency recoveries of both viruses as well limit of detection of a method for each matrix were also conducted. The heat treatment applied here proved to be efficient to reduce the burden of norovirus GII in a range of 1-4 log10 genomic copies per gram (percentage ranging from 0.45 to 104.54%) in both matrices. The experiments in this study showed that the results of norovirus GII and murine norovirus 1 in tomato sauce and ground meat tested during thermal treatments cannot be generalized to other food matrices, since there may be food-specific protective effects, as the presence of different components, that can interfere in virus inactivation. Studies using different food matrices reinforce the importance to investigate viruses' inactivation thermal processes in foods due to the resistance of these viruses to adverse conditions, contributing to food security in food virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle S Luz
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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Mariita RM, Davis JH, Randive RV. Illuminating Human Norovirus: A Perspective on Disinfection of Water and Surfaces Using UVC, Norovirus Model Organisms, and Radiation Safety Considerations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020226. [PMID: 35215169 PMCID: PMC8879714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis and are associated with high morbidity because of their ability to survive in the environment and small inoculum size required for infection. Norovirus is transmitted through water, food, high touch-surfaces, and human-to-human contact. Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can disrupt the norovirus transmission chain for water, food, and surfaces. Here, we illuminate considerations to be adhered to when picking norovirus surrogates for disinfection studies and shine light on effective use of UVC for norovirus infection control in water and air and validation for such systems and explore the blind spot of radiation safety considerations when using UVC disinfection strategies. This perspective also discusses the promise of UVC for norovirus mitigation to save and ease life.
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Mariita RM, Wilson Miller AC, Randive RV. Evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of Klaran UVC LEDs against surface-dried norovirus. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000323. [PMID: 35252757 PMCID: PMC8895607 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a highly contagious pathogenic virus that is transmitted through contaminated food, water, high-touch surfaces and aerosols. Globally, there are an estimated 685 million infections annually due to norovirus, including 200 million affecting children under the age of 5. HuNoV causes approximately 50, 000 child deaths per year and costs an estimated USD $60 billion annually in healthcare. This study sought to determine the inactivation profile of ultraviolet subtype C (UVC) against norovirus using a UVC light-emitting diode (LED) array, KL265-50V-SM-WD. The array emitted radiation at 269 nm peak wavelength and a measured fluence of 1.25 mW cm−2 at a 7 cm source–surface distance. Since the HuNoV is not cultivable, the study utilized feline calicivirus (FCV) ATCC VR-782, a recommended surrogate as challenge organism. The test followed modified ASTM E2197. Assessment of virus inactivation was performed using a plaque assay method. With irradiance at a UVC dose of 22.5 mJ cm−2, the study obtained 99.9 % virus reduction (3 log reduction). The results demonstrate that the UVC LED array can provide effective inactivation of HuNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Mariita
- Crystal IS, Inc., an Asahi Kasei company, 70 Cohoes Avenue, Green Island, New York, 12183, USA
- *Correspondence: Richard M. Mariita,
| | - Amy C. Wilson Miller
- Crystal IS, Inc., an Asahi Kasei company, 70 Cohoes Avenue, Green Island, New York, 12183, USA
| | - Rajul V. Randive
- Crystal IS, Inc., an Asahi Kasei company, 70 Cohoes Avenue, Green Island, New York, 12183, USA
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Tan MTH, Xue L, Wang D, Eshaghi Gorji M, Li Y, Gong Z, Li D. The globally re-emerging norovirus GII.2 manifests higher heat resistance than norovirus GII.4 and Tulane virus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2441-2449. [PMID: 34821445 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the heat stability of two globally prevalent human norovirus (HuNoV) strains (GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16]) and a commonly used HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TV). METHODS AND RESULTS With the use of a newly developed zebrafish larvae platform, we measured the change of infectivity of HuNoV GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] toward mild heat treatment at 55°C for 5 min. TV was tested with the same experimental design. As a result, the virus infectivity measurement clearly indicated the higher heat resistance of HuNoV GII.2[P16] (no reduction) than GII.4[P16] (>0.8-log TCID50 ml-1 reduction) and TV (2.5-log TCID50 ml-1 reduction). Further exploration revealed higher virus structural stability of HuNoV GII.2 than GII.4 strains by the use of different clinical samples with different evaluation methods. CONCLUSION The inactivation data generated from the surrogate virus TV cannot be used directly to describe the inactivation of HuNoV. The phylogenetic classification of HuNoVs may correlate with the virus stability and/or circulation dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is expected to serve as an important reference when revisiting the numerous previous data evaluating HuNoV inactivation conditions in foods with the use of TV as the cultivable surrogate or with genuine HuNoV but using molecular methods. The higher resistance of NoV GII.2 strains than GII.4 strains toward inactivation treatment supplies a possible explanation for the global re-emerging of NoV GII.2 epidemic in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Xue
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Loeb SK, Jennings WC, Wigginton KR, Boehm AB. Sunlight Inactivation of Human Norovirus and Bacteriophage MS2 Using a Genome-Wide PCR-Based Approach and Enzyme Pretreatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8783-8792. [PMID: 34101449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus (hNoV) is an important etiology of gastrointestinal illness and can be transmitted via ingestion of contaminated water. Currently impractical to culture, hNoV detection is reliant on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based methods. This approach cannot distinguish between infective and inactivated viruses because intact regions of the RNA genome can amplify even if the damage is present in other regions of the genome or because intact genetic material is not contained within an infectious virion. Herein, we employ a multiple long-amplicon RT-qPCR extrapolation approach to assay genome-wide damage and an enzymatic pretreatment to study the impact of simulated sunlight on the infectivity of hNoV in clear, sensitizer-free water. Using MS2 coliphage as an internal control, the genome-wide damage extrapolation approach, previously successfully applied for UV-254 inactivation, vastly overestimated sunlight inactivation, suggesting key differences in photoinactivation under different spectral conditions. hNoV genomic RNA was more susceptible to simulated sunlight degradation per base compared to MS2 genomic RNA, while enzymatic pretreatment indicated that hNoV experienced more capsid damage than MS2. This work provides practical and mechanistic insight into the endogenous sunlight inactivation of single-stranded RNA bacteriophage MS2, a widely used surrogate, and hNoV GII.4 Sydney, an important health-relevant virus, in clear sensitizer-free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Loeb
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wiley C Jennings
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Krista Rule Wigginton
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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da Silva PG, Nascimento MSJ, Soares RRG, Sousa SIV, Mesquita JR. Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: Moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142802. [PMID: 33071145 PMCID: PMC7543729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an increasing body of data reports the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air, this does not correlate to the presence of infectious viruses, thus not evaluating the risk for airborne COVID-19. Hence there is a marked knowledge gap that requires urgent attention. Therefore, in this systematic review, viability/stability of airborne SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses is discussed. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus to assess the stability and viability of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 on air samples. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The initial search identified 27 articles. Following screening of titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 11 articles were considered relevant. Temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 25 °C and relative humidity ranging from 40% to 50% were reported to have a protective effect on viral viability for airborne SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. As no data is yet available on the conditions influencing viability for airborne SARS-CoV-2, and given the genetic similarity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, one could extrapolate that the same conditions would apply. Nonetheless, the effect of these conditions seems to be residual considering the increasing number of cases in the south of USA, Brazil and India, where high temperatures and humidities have been observed. CONCLUSION Higher temperatures and high relative humidity can have a modest effect on SARS-CoV-2 viability in the environment, as reported in previous studies to this date. However, these studies are experimental, and do not support the fact that the virus has efficiently spread in the tropical regions of the globe, with other transmission routes such as the contact and droplet ones probably being responsible for the majority of cases reported in these regions, along with other factors such as human mobility patterns and contact rates. Further studies are needed to investigate the extent of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as this would have important implications for public health and infection-control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria São José Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruben R G Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden; Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Molina-Chavarria A, Félix-Valenzuela L, Silva-Campa E, Mata-Haro V. Evaluation of gamma irradiation for human norovirus inactivation and its effect on strawberry cells. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Pendyala B, Patras A, Pokharel B, D'Souza D. Genomic Modeling as an Approach to Identify Surrogates for Use in Experimental Validation of SARS-CoV-2 and HuNoV Inactivation by UV-C Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572331. [PMID: 33133042 PMCID: PMC7550400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that continues to pose significant public health concerns. While research to deliver vaccines and antivirals are being pursued, various effective technologies to control its environmental spread are also being targeted. Ultraviolet light (UV-C) technologies are effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms when used even on large surface areas. In this study, we developed a pyrimidine dinucleotide frequency based genomic model to predict the sensitivity of select enveloped and non-enveloped viruses to UV-C treatments in order to identify potential SARS-CoV-2 and human norovirus surrogates. The results revealed that this model was best fitted using linear regression with r 2 = 0.90. The predicted UV-C sensitivity (D 90 - dose for 90% inactivation) for SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV was found to be 21.5 and 28 J/m2, respectively (with an estimated 18 J/m2 obtained from published experimental data for SARS-CoV-1), suggesting that coronaviruses are highly sensitive to UV-C light compared to other ssRNA viruses used in this modeling study. Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) A59 strain with a D 90 of 21 J/m2 close to that of SARS-CoV-2 was identified as a suitable surrogate to validate SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by UV-C treatment. Furthermore, the non-enveloped human noroviruses (HuNoVs), had predicted D 90 values of 69.1, 89, and 77.6 J/m2 for genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, respectively. Murine norovirus (MNV-1) of GV with a D 90 = 100 J/m2 was identified as a potential conservative surrogate for UV-C inactivation of these HuNoVs. This study provides useful insights for the identification of potential non-pathogenic (to humans) surrogates to understand inactivation kinetics and their use in experimental validation of UV-C disinfection systems. This approach can be used to narrow the number of surrogates used in testing UV-C inactivation of other human and animal ssRNA viral pathogens for experimental validation that can save cost, labor and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaiah Pendyala
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Food Science Program, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ankit Patras
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Food Science Program, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bharat Pokharel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Food Science Program, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Doris D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Interaction between norovirus and Histo-Blood Group Antigens: A key to understanding virus transmission and inactivation through treatments? Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103594. [PMID: 32950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.
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Dubuis ME, Dumont-Leblond N, Laliberté C, Veillette M, Turgeon N, Jean J, Duchaine C. Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: Bacteriophage and norovirus models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231164. [PMID: 32275685 PMCID: PMC7147755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to test the efficacy of an air treatment using ozone and relative humidity (RH) for the inactivation of airborne viruses. Four phages (φX174, PR772, MS2 and φ6) and one eukaryotic virus (murine norovirus MNV-1) were exposed to low ozone concentrations (1.23 ppm for phages and 0.23 ppm for MNV-1) and various levels of RH for 10 to 70 minutes. The inactivation of these viruses was then assessed to determine which of the tested conditions provided the greatest reduction in virus infectivity. An inactivation of at least two orders of magnitude for φX174, MS2 and MNV-1 was achieved with an ozone exposure of 40 minutes at 85% RH. For PR772 and φ6, exposure to the reference condition at 20% RH for 10 minutes yielded the same results. These findings suggest that ozone used at a low concentration is a powerful disinfectant for airborne viruses when combined with a high RH. Air treatment could therefore be implemented inside hospital rooms ventilated naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Dubuis
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathan Dumont-Leblond
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Laliberté
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Veillette
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Rockey N, Young S, Kohn T, Pecson B, Wobus CE, Raskin L, Wigginton KR. UV Disinfection of Human Norovirus: Evaluating Infectivity Using a Genome-Wide PCR-Based Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2851-2858. [PMID: 31976661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The removal and inactivation of infectious human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major focus in water purification, but the effectiveness of disinfection processes on norovirus is largely unknown owing to the lack of a readily available infectivity assay. In particular, norovirus behavior through unit processes may be over- or underestimated using current approaches for assessing HuNoV infectivity (e.g., surrogates, molecular methods). Here, we fill a critical knowledge gap by estimating inactivation data for HuNoV after exposure to UV254, a commonly used disinfection process in the water industry. Specifically, we used a PCR-based approach that accurately tracks positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus inactivation without relying on culturing methods. We first confirmed that the approach is valid with a culturable positive-sense single-stranded RNA human virus, coxsackievirus B5, by applying both qPCR- and culture-based methods to measure inactivation kinetics with UV254 treatment. We then applied the qPCR-based method to establish a UV254 inactivation curve for HuNoV (inactivation rate constant = 0.27 cm2 mJ-1). Based on a comparison with previously published data, HuNoV exhibited similar UV254 susceptibility compared with other enteric single-stranded RNA viruses (e.g., Echovirus 12, feline calicivirus) but degraded much faster than MS2 (inactivation rate constant = 0.14 cm2 mJ-1). In addition to establishing a HuNoV inactivation rate constant, we developed an approach using a single qPCR assay that can be applied to estimate HuNoV inactivation in UV254 disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rockey
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
| | - Suzanne Young
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Brian Pecson
- Trussell Technologies, Inc., Oakland 94612, California, United States
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
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15
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Kowalski W, Bahnfleth W, Raguse M, Moeller R. The cluster model of ultraviolet disinfection explains tailing kinetics. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1003-1014. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W.P. Bahnfleth
- The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - M. Raguse
- Space Microbiology Research Group Radiation Biology Department German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.) Institute of Aerospace Medicine Cologne Germany
| | - R. Moeller
- Space Microbiology Research Group Radiation Biology Department German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.) Institute of Aerospace Medicine Cologne Germany
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16
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Ciofi-Silva C, Bruna C, Carmona R, Almeida A, Santos F, Inada N, Bagnato V, Graziano K. Norovirus recovery from floors and air after various decontamination protocols. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:328-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Walker DI, Cross LJ, Stapleton TA, Jenkins CL, Lees DN, Lowther JA. Assessment of the Applicability of Capsid-Integrity Assays for Detecting Infectious Norovirus Inactivated by Heat or UV Irradiation. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:229-237. [PMID: 31165999 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. In the absence of a practical culture technique for routine analysis of infectious noroviruses, several methods have been developed to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious viruses by removing non-viable viruses prior to analysis by RT-qPCR. In this study, two such methods (RNase and porcine gastric mucin) which were designed to remove viruses with compromised capsids (and therefore assumed to be non-viable), were assessed for their ability to quantify viable F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNAP) and human norovirus following inactivation by UV-C or heat. It was found that while both methods could remove a proportion of non-viable viruses, a large proportion of non-viable virus remained to be detected by RT-qPCR, leading to overestimations of the viable population. A model was then developed to determine the proportion of RT-qPCR detectable RNA from non-viable viruses that must be removed by such methods to reduce overestimation to acceptable levels. In most cases, nearly all non-viable virus must be removed to reduce the log overestimation of viability to within levels that might be considered acceptable (e.g. below 0.5 log10). This model could be applied when developing alternative pre-treatment methods to determine how well they should perform to be comparable to established infectivity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK.
| | - Lisa J Cross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - Tina A Stapleton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - Connaire L Jenkins
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - James A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
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18
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Gyawali P, Kc S, Beale DJ, Hewitt J. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Detection of Norovirus from Shellfish. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060187. [PMID: 31159220 PMCID: PMC6617275 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of norovirus infections associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish negatively impact both consumers and commercial shellfish operators. Current virus recovery and PCR detection methods can be expensive and time consuming. Due to the lack of rapid, user-friendly and onsite/infield methods, it has been difficult to establish an effective virus monitoring regime that is able to identify contamination points across the production line (i.e., farm-to-plate) to ensure shellfish quality. The focus of this review is to evaluate current norovirus detection methods and discuss emerging approaches. Recent advances in omics-based detection approaches have the potential to identify novel biomarkers that can be incorporated into rapid detection kits for onsite use. Furthermore, some omics techniques have the potential to simultaneously detect multiple enteric viruses that cause human disease. Other emerging technologies discussed include microfluidic, aptamer and biosensor-based detection methods developed to detect norovirus with high sensitivity from a simple matrix. Many of these approaches have the potential to be developed as user-friendly onsite detection kits with minimal costs. However, more collaborative efforts on research and development will be required to commercialize such products. Once developed, these emerging technologies could provide a way forward that minimizes public health risks associated with shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Sanjaya Kc
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecoscience Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
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19
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Kamarasu P, Hsu HY, Moore MD. Research Progress in Viral Inactivation Utilizing Human Norovirus Surrogates. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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20
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Qiu Y, Li Q, Lee BE, Ruecker NJ, Neumann NF, Ashbolt NJ, Pang X. UV inactivation of human infectious viruses at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Canada. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:73-81. [PMID: 30300783 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is widely used to inactivate microorganisms prior to release of treated municipal wastewater. However, limited data are available for in situ inactivation of infectious enteric viruses by UV treatment at full-scale. In this study, a total of 51 pre-UV and 50 post-UV samples were collected over a two-year period from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and analyzed for noroviruses, rotavirus, reovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, enteroviruses, adenoviruses and JC virus. Both pre-UV and post-UV samples had relatively high concentrations of these viruses determined by qPCR. Infectious viruses were also observed in 98% of pre-UV samples and 76% of post-UV samples by cell culture, using either cytopathic effect (CPE) or integrated cell culture with qPCR (ICC-qPCR). Reovirus was the most common virus detected by ICC-qPCR, present in 92% of pre-UV and 48% of post-UV samples. Infectious enterovirus and adenovirus were detected by ICC-qPCR in 33% and 31% of pre-UV samples, 14% and 20% of post-UV samples, respectively. Mean log10 reduction estimates for infectious reovirus was 1.2 and 1.8 log for the two WWTPs as assessed by ICC-qPCR, which was similar to the reduction of total infectious viruses (1.5 and 1.7 log) as assessed by CPE in cells culture. Overall, quantification of infectious reovirus appears to provide a useful index of enteric virus inactivation during wastewater treatment at full-scale. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to assess UV inactivation of human enteric viruses at full-scale in WWTPs using both molecular and cell culture techniques, providing important information for quantitative microbial risk assessment of UV inactivation of human viruses in municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G. 2R3, Canada
| | - Qiaozhi Li
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Norma J Ruecker
- City of Calgary, Water Resources, 625, 25 Avenue SE, Calgary, AB, T2G 4K8, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G. 2R3, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
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21
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Mitchell JB, Sifuentes LY, Wissler A, Abd-Elmaksoud S, Lopez GU, Gerba CP. Modelling of ultraviolet light inactivation kinetics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Clostridium difficile spores and murine norovirus on fomite surfaces. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:58-67. [PMID: 30199131 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Quantitative data on the doses needed to inactivate micro-organisms on fomites are not available for ultraviolet applications. The goal of this study was to determine the doses of UV light needed to reduce bacteria and murine norovirus (MNV) on hard surface fomites through experimentation and to identify appropriate models for predicting targeted levels of reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS Stainless steel and Formica laminate coupons were selected as they are common surfaces found in healthcare settings. Test organisms included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Clostridium difficile and MNV. The fomites were inoculated with 105 -107 bacteria or virus and exposed to a range of UV doses. The order of resistance to UV irradiation was virus, bacterial spore and vegetative cell. The best fitting inactivation curves suggested nonlinear responses to increasing doses after a 3-4 log reduction in the test organisms. The average UV doses required for a 3 log reduction in the C. difficile, MRSA and VRE were 16 000, 6164 and 11 228 (mJ-s cm-2 ) for stainless steel, respectively, and 16 000, 11 727 and 12 441 (mJ-s cm-2 ) for Formica laminate, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher UV light doses are required to inactivate bacteria and viruses on hard surfaces than in suspension. Greater doses are needed to inactivate bacterial spores and MNV compared to vegetative bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Quantitative data and models on UV light doses needed to inactivate bacteria and MNV on hard surfaces are now available. The generalizable results of this study can be used to estimate required UV dosages to achieve targeted levels of inactivation based on estimated levels of contamination or to support quantitative microbial risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - L Y Sifuentes
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Wissler
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S Abd-Elmaksoud
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - G U Lopez
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Farkas K, Cooper DM, McDonald JE, Malham SK, de Rougemont A, Jones DL. Seasonal and spatial dynamics of enteric viruses in wastewater and in riverine and estuarine receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1174-1183. [PMID: 29710623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses represent a global public health threat and are implicated in numerous foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks. Nonetheless, relatively little is known of their fate and stability in the environment. In this study we used carefully validated methods to monitor enteric viruses, namely adenovirus (AdV), JC polyomavirus (JCV), noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV) and hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) from wastewater source to beaches and shellfish beds. Wastewater influent and effluent, surface water, sediment and shellfish samples were collected in the Conwy catchment (North Wales, UK) once a month for one year. High concentrations of AdV and JCV were found in the majority of samples, and no seasonal patterns were observed. No HAV and HEV were detected and no related illnesses were reported in the area during the period of sampling. Noroviruses and SaV were also detected at high concentrations in wastewater and surface water, and their presence correlated with local gastroenteritis outbreaks during the spring and autumn seasons. Noroviruses were also found in estuarine sediment and in shellfish harvested for human consumption. As PCR-based methods were used for quantification, viral infectivity and degradation was estimated using a NoV capsid integrity assay. The assay revealed low-levels of viral decay in wastewater effluent compared to influent, and more significant decay in environmental waters and sediment. Results suggest that AdV and JCV may be suitable markers for the assessment of the spatial distribution of wastewater contamination in the environment; and pathogenic viruses can be directly monitored during and after reported outbreaks to prevent further environment-derived illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - David M Cooper
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence Virus des gastro-entérites, Laboratoire de Virologie-Sérologie, CHU de Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP37013, 21070 Dijon cedex, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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23
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Oristo S, Lee HJ, Maunula L. Performance of pre-RT-qPCR treatments to discriminate infectious human rotaviruses and noroviruses from heat-inactivated viruses: applications of PMA/PMAxx, benzonase and RNase. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1008-1016. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oristo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - H.-J. Lee
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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24
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Fraisse A, Niveau F, Hennechart-Collette C, Coudray-Meunier C, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Discrimination of infectious and heat-treated norovirus by combining platinum compounds and real-time RT-PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 269:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Corrêa TQ, Blanco KC, Inada NM, Hortenci MDF, Costa AA, Silva EDS, Gimenes PPDC, Pompeu S, de Holanda e Silva RL, Figueiredo WM, Bagnato VS. Manual Operated Ultraviolet Surface Decontamination for Healthcare Environments. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:666-671. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Quatrini Corrêa
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Physics and Material Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kate Cristina Blanco
- Department of Physics and Material Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- Department of Physics and Material Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maisa de Fátima Hortenci
- Health Special Service of Araraquara, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Angela Aparecida Costa
- Health Special Service of Araraquara, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Evaine da Silveira Silva
- Health Special Service of Araraquara, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Soraya Pompeu
- Health Special Service of Araraquara, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Manso Figueiredo
- Health Special Service of Araraquara, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Material Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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26
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Cook N, Knight A, Richards GP. Persistence and Elimination of Human Norovirus in Food and on Food Contact Surfaces: A Critical Review. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1273-94. [PMID: 27357051 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This critical review addresses the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in water, shellfish, and processed meats; on berries, herbs, vegetables, fruits, and salads; and on food contact surfaces. The review focuses on studies using NoV; information from studies involving only surrogates is not included. It also addresses NoV elimination or inactivation by various chemical, physical, or processing treatments. In most studies, persistence or elimination was determined by detection and quantification of the viral genome, although improved methods for determining infectivity have been proposed. NoV persisted for 60 to 728 days in water, depending on water source. It also persisted on berries, vegetables, and fruit, often showing <1-log reduction within 1 to 2 weeks. NoV was resilient on carpets, Formica, stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and ceramic surfaces; during shellfish depuration; and to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Copper alloy surfaces may inactivate NoV by damaging viral capsids. Disinfection was achieved for some foods or food contact surfaces using chlorine, calcium or sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, high hydrostatic pressure, high temperatures, pH values >8.0, freeze-drying, and UV radiation. Ineffective disinfectants included hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, most ethanol-based disinfectants, and antiseptics at normally used concentrations. Thorough washing of herbs and produce was effective in reducing, but not eliminating, NoV in most products. Washing hands with soap generally reduced NoV by <2 log. Recommendations for future research needs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Angus Knight
- Leatherhead Food Research, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7RY, UK
| | - Gary P Richards
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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27
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Park SY, Kim AN, Lee KH, Ha SD. Ultraviolet-C efficacy against a norovirus surrogate and hepatitis A virus on a stainless steel surface. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 211:73-8. [PMID: 26184763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of 10-300 mWs/cm(2) of ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) at 260 nm were investigated for the inactivation of two foodborne viruses: murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1; a human norovirus [NoV] surrogate) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). We used an experimentally contaminated stainless steel surface, a common food-contact surface, to examine the effects of low doses of UV-C radiation on MNV-1 and HAV titers. The modified Gompertz equation was used to generate non-linear survival curves and calculate dR-values as the UV-C dose of 90% reduction for MNV-1 (R(2)=0.95, RMSE=0.038) and HAV (R(2)=0.97, RMSE=0.016). Total MNV-1 and HAV titers significantly decreased (p<0.05) with higher doses of UV-C. MNV-1 and HAV were reduced to 0.0-4.4 and 0.0-2.6 log10PFU/ml, respectively, on the stainless steel surfaces by low-dose UV-C treatment. The dR-value, 33.3 mWs/cm(2) for MNV-1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than 55.4 mWs/cm(2) of HAV. Therefore, the present study shows that HAV is more resistant to UV-C radiation than MNV-1. These data suggest that low doses of UV-C light on food contact surfaces could be effective to inactivate human NoV and HAV in restaurant, institutional, and industrial kitchens and facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Na Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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Lou F, Neetoo H, Chen H, Li J. High hydrostatic pressure processing: a promising nonthermal technology to inactivate viruses in high-risk foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 6:389-409. [PMID: 25884283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072514-104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne outbreaks of viral origin have become increasingly a serious public health concern. High-pressure processing (HPP), a nonthermal technology, has come to the forefront for food processing given its minimal effects on food quality. Recent studies have revealed encouraging results for the inactivation of several human viruses by HPP. This review provides comprehensive information on the use of HPP to eliminate viruses in model systems and foods. We address the influences of various parameters, including pressure level, holding time, pH, temperature, and food matrix on the efficacy of pressure inactivation of viruses, as well as insight into the mechanisms for inactivation of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. HPP is a promising technology for mitigating virus contamination of foods, thus it is essential to identify the optimal parameters for enhancing virus inactivation while ensuring sensory and nutritional quality retention of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Lou
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
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Ultraviolet-C Radiation on the Fresh Chicken Breast: Inactivation of Major Foodborne Viruses and Changes in Physicochemical and Sensory Qualities of Product. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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